Historia Normannis +Deus Vult+ Byzantine Military Regulations
Index Ranks in terms of the Thema Wargear by rank Wargear Definitions and Regulations Byzantine Military Clothing and Attire Tagma Colours and Practices 2
Introduction: The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire was ancient by the time of the Crusades, charting a clear line of decent from the Roman Empire and thence the Roman Republic itself. By Normannis period of interest, Constantinople had become a melting pot of cultures where elements of the Roman, Syrian and European cultures comingled. Western cultural influence had begun to restructure the society and the military of Byzantium- moving away from the well organised state regiments and towards a form of quasi-feudalism. The Byzantine military model was an odd hybrid by the 12 th century- most of the central military practises relied on the Macedonian Greek model- large phalanxes of spear-wielding troops supported by missile and cavalry forces. The predominance of the heavy infantry had somewhat declined in response to contact with the Syrian East, as cavalry archery had rendered the solely defensive formation redundant. To adapt the Byzantine world had turned its eyes Westward, and begun to emulate the armoured knights of Europe- forming strong heavy cavalry forces designed to smash through Syrian formations. More auxiliary light cavalry forces were incorporated into the Byzantine force- so that enemy light skirmishers could be met by light skirmishing troops in turn. Mercenaries increasingly bulked out ever decreasing Byzantine forces- Alan and Norman heavy cavalry, Pechneg light cavalry, Varangian heavy infantry and Armenian infantry began to replace native troops. Byzantine Military Forces in Normannis Members wishing to portray Byzantine troops will be, for the most part, required to acquire a distinct second set of equipment- some of their existing equipment may be allowed, but not a great deal of it (with the exception of the Varangi). The nature of the Byzantine army will also require a more strict adherence to a set of military drill and style of combat in addition to the separate equipment and a far more military Encampment, given that Byzantium still had the remnants of a state army and thus formalised and codified regulations to follow. The Byzantine forces portrayed in Normannis are all of a single Thema or Tagma - essentially the Byzantine equivalent of a Roman Legion. Therefore all troops bear a single shield (a blue shield with a golden yellow border) and fit somewhere within a standard Byzantine infantry unit s makeup. Some members can portray mercenaries attached to the Thema from other units- Varangians, Pechnegs or Armenians- these troops bear red shields bordered with blue and gold alternating stripes (to mark their attachment to the Thema). 3
Rank In Terms of the Thema Unlike some of the other regulation expansion, the Normannis rank system does not directly translate across in a rank-to-rank manner. Instead, the ranks are offered more as bands depending on your Normannis Tier and therefore field experience. As such it is far more down to individual members who have completed their Norman kit impression to select a Byzantine kit impression to aim for within a band, depending on how much or how little gear they wish to purchase/acquire. As with all combat regulations, members may portray a lower Tier impression than their own. The military ranks of the Byzantine army are divided into four distinct groups, each one broken down into Ranged infantry, Spear-bearing infantry and Shield-bearing infantry, to fit within the Comnenian battlefield model. Archers are invariably more lightly equipped, spearmen usually moderately so and shield-bearing infantry slightly heavier within each grouping. Light Infantry Field armies were expected to have lightly equipped infantry, who either functioned in a second-or-third rank support role, or fought in looser formations at the flanks. These men were typically equipped with padded armour or lighter forms of lamellar, designed to deflect glancing blows or help resist ranged attack. Heavy Infantry The remaining core of Roman influence in the Byzantine army was evident in their heavy infantry- especially the shield bearing men who were expected to hold a steady front rank behind which subsequent lines of spearmen could form a deep phalanx. These men were deployed as the anvil on which generals would seek to break enemy forces- usually sweeping them in with the hammer of cavalry. Mercenaries As mentioned above, the spine of the Byzantine army was increasingly the mercenary corps- Varangian heavy shock infantry, Armenian cavalry and Pechneg light cavalry. These troops fulfilled specialised roles and were usually deployed to the flanks of the deep central infantry formations. 4
NCOs and Officers Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Commanding Byzantine forces were the NCOs and Officers. These men were typically of Byzantine stock- though some second generation mercenary families would make their way into their ranks in time. These men were well equipped and formally trained in officer academies, but tended towards conservative, classical-world strategy and often led from the rear, in the traditional Roman manner. 5
Light Infantry (T1 and Above) Psiloi (A) These men were the most lightly equipped Byzantine troops in the field- unarmoured skirmishers who used a variety of ranged weapons to cause moderate causalities amongst the oncoming enemy and disrupt their formations. Menavliatoi The Menavliaton was a bill-like spear, mounted on a thicker haft and designed to be wielded in closer quarters than the long spears and pikes of the infantry block. These men stood in the front-most ranks of the spear line and broke up enemy infantry or cavalry charges that came into contact with the phalanx. Peltastoi The Peltastes were the light infantry section of the Thema- men trained to fight in relatively loose order at the flanks or in front of the main line to disrupt enemies who had broken through the screen of Psiloi. Heavy Infantry (T3 and Above) Toxotai (A) These were the more regular line-infantry archers. Where the Psiloi went in front of the infantry lines to throw javelins and lay down disrupting showers of arrows, the Toxotai stood in regular ranks to the rear of the infantry and dropped regular volleys on blocks of enemy troops. Hoplitai Like the Skutatoi these men formed the solid block infantry of the Byzantine empirethey wielded the Makron or long spear, and stood in close formation to present a hedge of points at both infantry and cavalry. Supported sufficiently by missiles and close-combat troops, these men were used on the field as almost a mobile palisade and made up the bulk of Byzantine infantry forces. Skutatoi Literally this name translates as shield bearers - those men who formed the solid infantry lines behind which the spearmen sheltered and fought from. These men were trained with an emphasis on steady nerves, well-drilled manoeuvres and valued 6
unit cohesion over individual combat skills. Mercenaries (T3 and Above) Pechnegs (A) The Pechnegs were eastern steppe-dwelling tribesmen who served the Empire as light cavalry and skirmishers. They fought with a mix of swords, maces, bows and lances, both from the saddle and on foot. Armenians Armenian troops were valued both as cavalry and infantry, usually in a supporting role to formations of Greek Byzantine forces. They were equipped in a more Western manner than most of the region, and were used as medium-weight, all-purpose troops, typically deployed with lances and swords and maces. Varangi The Varangi were men of Saxon/Rus origin who served the Empire as heavy infantry mercenaries. Though they used a variety of weapons they were both famed and prized for their use of the two-handed axe. They frequently made up the shock troop element of a Byzantine force, due to their ability to fight in more irregular formations and their willingness to charge headlong into enemy formations. NCOs and Officers (See Ranks) Dekerhios (T5 upwards) The Dekerhios was the commander of a standard 10-man unit- somewhere between a modern corporal/sergeant in rank and responsibility. The Dekerhios was usually slightly better equipped than the men he led, but fought amongst them as a squad leader to maximise the tactical response of a unit. Kenterios (T6 upwards) The Kenterios was the commander of a unit of 100- the Byzantine equivalent of a Centurion. In modern terms he ranked somewhere between a Sergeant and a Captain. Almost invariably these men were better armoured and led a block of infantry from the flank of the formation- marked out by a pektehron or coloured 7
sash around their torso. Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Tagmatarch (T8-T9) Literally the commander of a Tagmata or Thema. In Deus Vult only one member can portray a Tagmatarch at a time. These men would be well but lightly equipped, not expecting to fight in the front ranks, yet also wanting to emphasise their military role. 8
Wargear By Rank 9
The information contained in this section explains what kit is allowable for which rank, as well as stating the required minimum kit impression- that is, the kit a member must have to be considered as portraying that given rank. Unlike previous seasons, the Unacceptable column has been removed from each rank; any equipment not listed explicitly is assumed to be unacceptable. The definitions for each item of wargear are found in the Wargear Definitions and Regulations section. Due to the new arrangement of the information, archer ranks are now integrated into the list and are marked with an (A) after their name. Light Infantry Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Heavy Infantry Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Mercenaries Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi NCOs/Officers Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) 10
Psiloi Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour None Turban with padded cap Byzantine helm with turban Leather Klivanion Additional Gear Weapons Shield Arrows (6) (with bow) Combat gloves Turban Javelins/Bow Lance Shield (with Javelins) Hip-quiver Leather padded mufflers Javelins (6) or Eastern Bow Eastern Knife Lance Eastern Roundshield (with Javelins) Arrows (12) (with bow) Selfbow Long Knife/Tabar/Warclub Byzantine Kite (with Javelins) Body Legs Head Accoutrements Psiloi Tunica Barelegged/ Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots Turban Waist belt Rank at a Glance Psiloi were light screen infantry, used to disrupt enemy advances and enfilade the flanks of enemy formations. These men were lightly equipped, to improve their agility and stamina, and to match Syrian enemies that wore no body armour. The Psiloi were usually deployed with their bows or javelins, and rarely if ever fell into hand-to-hand combat, usually falling back to continue to harass and skirmish. Members portraying Psiloi may do so with minimal specialist equipment- but should drill well to perform skirmishing manouevers. When in large groups the intention is that these members will perform rolling advances with missile weapons. 11
Menavliatoi Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Turban with padded cap Light gambeson Byzantine helm with turban Byzantine Gambeson Leather klivanion over light/full gambeson Full Gambeson Additional Gear Leather Padded Mufflers Padded Mufflers Leather combat gloves Weapons Menavliaton Menavliaton Tabar Shield Shield (Shoulder slung) *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat Byzantine Kite (Shoulder Slung) Eastern Knife/ Long Knife Flanged Mace Spathion* Eastern Roundshield (Shoulder Slung) Body Legs Head Accoutrements Menavliatoi Tunica Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots Turban Waist belt Rank at a Glance The Menavliaton was a short, heavy spear designed to address threats from heavily armoured enemies or cavalrymen who managed to close past the phalanx s hedge of points. Menavliatoi would stand in the first or second rank of the formation and use such weapons to prevent the enemy attacking the bulk of the formation in closequarters. Such men were relatively lightly equipped, despite being expected to complete front rank duty, being protected by the points of the Makronoi around them- and sometimes heavily equipped Skutatoi in front of them. These spears should ideally be presented relatively low in formation, with Hoplitai presenting their Makronoi braced at shoulder-height, to prevent enemy troops being able to close on the formation. Ideally members using the Menavliaton should be experienced spearmen who have bill and polearm experience, and are therefore used to wielding this form of weapon. 12
Peltastoi Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Turban with padded cap Light gambeson Byzantine helm with turban Byzantine Gambeson Leather klivanion over light/full gambeson Leather Klivanion Full Gambeson Additional Gear Leather Combat Gloves Padded Mufflers Leather Padded Mufflers Weapons Lance Lance Tabar/Eastern Knife Spathion* Long Knife Flanged Mace Shield Shield Byzantine Kite Eastern Roundshield *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat Body Legs Head Accoutrements Peltastoi Tunica Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots Turban Waist belt Rank at a Glance Peltastoi represent the Byzantine medium infantry - able to operate as support troops in a formation or to form entire blocks of their own in a similar manner to Western infantry militia. These men would train excessively in formation work, predominantly in the use of the single-handed spear and shield, and would be masters of grinding warfare where the enemy would push forward and try and break their formation. The breakdown of the administration of some regions of the Byzantine Empire led to a rise in the number of such troops- as they were relatively easy to equip and train, though the standards they were once held to dropped significantly across the 12 th century- somewhat like the quality of Auxiliary troops in the late Roman Empire. 13
Toxatoi Equipment Armour Additional Gear Required Minimum Byzantine helm with turban Light Gambeson Arrows (8) Leather combat gloves Ideal Leather Klivanion over full gambeson Byzantine Helm with turban Arrows (12) Hip-quiver/Bow-case Padded Mufflers Acceptable Byzantine Gambeson Maille corslet over full gambeson Leather padded mufflers Weapons Bow Eastern Bow Eastern Knife/Tabar Shield None Eastern Roundshield (backslung) *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat Selfbow/Warbow Long knife Spathion/Paramenion* Byzantine Kite (backslung) Body Legs Head Accoutrements Toxatoi Tunica Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots Turban Waist belt Rank at a Glance Toxatoi were the professional archers of the Byzantine army- and due to the nature of Near-Eastern warfare held as important a role as their infantry peers. Unlike western warfare where the importance of the bow was a relatively new innovation, the use of skirmishing light cavalry equipped with ranged weapons in the Near East necessitated a large number of troops with ranged weapons so that fire could be returned in kind. These troops were more lightly equipped than heavy infantry through necessity, but were universally armoured to allow them to resist incoming enemy missiles. In a typical formation Toxatoi would occupy the rearmost ranks of an infantry formation, providing supporting fire. Members wishing to portray a professional archer at this level are very well served to invest in a period-construction bow. 14
Hoplitai Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Byzantine Helm with turban Full Gambeson Leather Greaves Byzantine Helm with turban Leather/Metallic klivanion over full gambeson Krepides Leather klivanion over maille corslet and full gambeson Byzantine gambeson Additional Gear Leather Padded Mufflers Padded Mufflers Weapons Long spear Makron Tabar Spathion* Shield Eastern Roundshield Byzantine Kite (shoulder slung) (shoulder slung) Leather Padded Mufflers Eastern Knife Flanged Mace Paramenion* Eastern Roundshield (shoulder slung) *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat Body Legs Head Accoutrements Hoplitai Tunica Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots/Krepides Turban Waist belt Rank at a Glance Hoplitai made up the backbone of the Byzantine infantry- using their closely-arrayed Makronoi (long spears) they formed almost impenetrable blocks that the cavalry could use as a base of operations, harassing enemy formations and charging their flanks, as well as a defensive formation that archers and artillery could be sited behind. Hoplitai were well-drilled professionals who relied on group-work and armour to protect themselves from enemy heavy infantry- following the established pattern of engagement laid down by the ancient Macedonian pike phalanx. Members portraying a Hoplitai would be well-served to practise line-drill with other interested members- especially marching in formation and presenting their Makronoi in an impenetrable hedge formation. 15
Skutatoi Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Byzantine Helm with turban Full Gambeson Leather Greaves Additional Gear Weapons Leather Padded Mufflers Lance Mace Byzantine Helm with turban/phrygian Helm Metallic klivanion/scale over full gambeson Leather klivanion over maille corslet and full gambeson Krepides Padded Mufflers Lance Tabar Spathion* Byzantine Gambeson Leather klivanion over full gambeson Maille corslet over full gambeson Leather Greaves Leather Padded Mufflers Mace Paramenion* Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite None *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat Body Legs Head Accoutrements Skutatoi Tunica Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots/Krepides Turban Waist belt Rank at a Glance Skutatoi or shield-bearers were the heavy assault infantry of the Byzantine armydesigned for taking ground from enemy infantry and screening lighter infantry from missiles or direct attack. Members portraying Skutatoi should seek to wear the heavier degree of armour described above- typically a leather klivanion over maille over padding, which would act as an impact defence, and prevent missiles from penetrating the maille easily. Only the poorest Skutatoi from the outer-lying regions of Byzantium would wear as little armour as a leather klivanion over padding- therefore this should be treated as a stepping stone for members acquiring more armour. 16
Pechnegs Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Leather klivanion Rus hat worn over skullcap Leather klivanion over full/light gambeson Phrygian Helm Maille corslet with or without klivanion over full gambeson Additional Gear Arrows (6) in Hip-quiver Krepides Leather combat gloves Arrows (12) in Bow-case Padded mufflers (with full gambeson) Leather padded mufflers (with klivanion or light gambeson) Weapons Eastern Bow Eastern Bow Paramenion* Flanged mace Eastern Knife Tabar Shield Shield Eastern Roundshield Byzantine Kite *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat Body Legs Head Accoutrements Pechneg Nomad Tunic Braies and Hose Trews* Winningas Ankle boots/calf Boots *-See Scottish Clothing Regulations Rank at a Glance Rus Hat Pechnegs were auxillary troops, hired as mercenaries in bulk from the steppe lands to the north-east of Byzantium. They were valued as skirmishers and medium cavalry- and were mostly employed to match Syrian light cavalry on a like-for-like basis. In time the importance of such mercenaries rose as intrigue made Greek troops less and less reliable (due to their possible political motives for deposing their leaders), and so the defence of Constantinople and the Imperial household fell to a mix of Pechneg and Varangian guardsmen. Members wishing to portray a Pechneg should keep in mind that these were a steppe people- and therefore not advisable for tall, blonde members of a pale complexion. 17
Armenians Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Maille corslet over full gambeson Nasal Helm Leather klivanion over corslet and full gambeson Metallic scale/klivanion over Byzantine gambeson Phrygian Nasal Additional Gear Padded Mufflers Calf-boots Padded Mufflers Krepides Weapons Lance Paramenion/Spathion* Flanged Mace Phrygian Helm Full gambeson in place of Byzantine Gambeson Padded Mufflers Sword* Eastern Knife (as secondary) Shield Byzantine Kite Eastern Roundshield Transitional Kite *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat Armenian Body Legs Head Accoutrements Tunic Undertunic *-See Scottish Clothing Regulations Rank at a Glance Braies and Hose Trews* Winningas Bareheaded Sword at waist Waist-belt Cross Armenians were a ready source of auxillary troops to the Byzantine empire- and were sufficiently influenced by Western European and Slavic trends that they were distinct in wargear and tactics. These troops were often used as independent units- scouting in force and employing hit-and-fade tactics ahead of the main army. In battle Armenian horsemen made up medium auxillary infantry- used to counter-charge enemy cavalry that had engaged the infantry or archers. Members portraying Armenians require very little distinct wargear and are therefore best served by acquiring the Ideal wherever possible to avoid a relatively neutral kit impression. 18
Varangi Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Nasal Helm with arming cap Maille corslet over full gambeson Celtic Nasal** Early hauberk over Byzantine gambeson with klivanion of either type Maille haubergion over full gambeson Nasal Helm Full gambeson in place of Byzantine Gambeson Splinted Leather Greaves Additional Gear Padded Mufflers Knee-high leather boots Padded Mufflers - Weapons Axe (of either form) Dane-axe Celtic Sword* ** Shield Roundshield Roundshield (on back) *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat **see Scottish regulations Sword* Hand-axe Lance Byzantine Kite Varangi Body Legs Head Accoutrements Tunic Undertunic Rectangular Cloak Braies and Hose/ Rus Trews Winningas Ankle Boots/ Scandinavian Boots Acorn/Phrygian Cap Rus Hat Waist belt Seax in horizontal sheath (optional) Rank at a Glance The Varangi were men of Scandinavian, English or Rus origin who were employed by the Byzantine Empire as heavy shock infantry. Known simple as axemen in some military treaties, these men were notable for their physical stature and their ferocity in combat. The events of 1066 left a distinct ex-pat community of Anglo-Saxons in Byzantium, so much so that another term for Varangi became the Aenglish Guard. Varangi were considered elite infantry- so members portraying them should seek to acquire the Ideal equipment and drill together to give the impression of a wellseasoned professional unit that were expected to take ground aggressively from the enemy. 19
Dekerhios Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Byzantine Helm with aventail Maille corslet with full gambeson Additional Gear Padded Mufflers White Pektorhas sash Byzantine Helm worn with coif Maille haubergion with klivanion (either type) over Byzantine Gambeson Padded Legs Krepides Padded Mufflers Metallic klivanion over full gambeson Phrygian Helm Padded Cuisses Leather Greaves Full gambeson in place of Byzantine Gambeson No Krepides (when greaves worn) Weapons Spathion Spathion Paramenion Flanged Mace Lance Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite - Body Legs Head Accoutrements Dekerhios Tunica Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots/Krepides Turban/ Bareheaded Waist belt Rank at a Glance A hangover of the old Roman rank of Decurion, these men served much the same purpose as a modern NCO. These men would lead sections of the line and hold their formation together. Unlike in the west where warfare had become a cultural heritage, these men were trained in formal academies to learn how to respond to different battlefield threats and lead small units as part of the overarching Byzantine strategy. Regardless of unit type, a Dekerhios were always issued with a sword and moderate body-armour, as befitted and officer. In Normannis terms, these members should be attached to units to lead them into the line combat in much the same manner Squires and Knights. 20
Kenterios Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Byzantine Helm with aventail Leather Klivanion over Maille corslet/haubergion with full gambeson Phrygian Helm Haubergion with riveted metallic klivanion over Byzantine Gambeson Padded Legs Metallic klivanion over full gambeson Byzantine Helm worn with coif Padded Cuisses Steel/Leather Greaves Full gambeson in place of Byzantine Gambeson Additional Gear Red Pektorhas sash Armoured Gloves Krepides Armoured Gloves Weapons Spathion Paramenion Flanged Mace Lance Padded Mufflers No Krepides (when greaves worn) Spathion Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite Eastern Roundshield Body Legs Head Accoutrements Kenterios Tunica Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots/Krepides Turban/ Bareheaded Waist belt Rank at a Glance A Kenterios was the Byzantine equivalent of the Roman Centurion - a man in command of a hundred men. In modern terms these men occupied a space between a high-level Sergeant and a low-ranking officer- but were generally given sections of the overall line to command, assisted by a staff of Dekerhionoi. These men would be seasoned professionals- rarely working their way into the ranks of officers, but usually retiring to a comfortable life on a military pension and a minor career in local politics. These members should be trying to give an ideal impression of Byzantine equipment and should seek to acquire as much specific gear for their role as possible, rather than lower ranking Byzantine members who may be more casual in their involvement in the Tagma. 21
Tagmatarch Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Armour Byzantine Helm Metallic Klivanion over full gambeson Phrygian Helm Riveted Klivanion/Scale over Byzantine Gambeson Padded Legs Padded Cuisses Full gambeson in place of Byzantine Gambeson Steel/Leather Greaves Byzantine Helm Additional Gear Purple Pektorhas sash Krepides Arrows (12) in bow case No Krepides (when greaves worn) Weapons Paramenion/Spathion Paramenion Spathion Eastern Bow in bow case Flanged Mace Lance Shield Eastern Roundshield Byzantine Kite Eastern Roundshield Tagmatarch Body Legs Head Accoutrements Tunica Dalmatica Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots/Krepides Turban/ Bareheaded Waist belt Rank at a Glance The Tagmatarch was the overarching commander of a regiment or Tagma. These men usually led from the rear, surrounded by a staff of officers and Kenterioi who would carry their orders out. Typically these men would wear equipment that was more ceremonial rather than practical, not expecting to do any fighting themselves, and marking their importance to their men. Members may only portray a Tagmatarch if there is a Tagma without a commander present at an event, with a strict one Tagmatarch to one Tagma rule. Other members with the correct equipment may dress their kit impression down slightly and portray senior Kenterioi as staff officers. 22
Wargear Definitions And Regulations 23
Weapons and Shields Eastern Knife Eastern Knife R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) E. Knife Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 8 18 16 Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3 rounded 2008 issue 10p Overview Knives in the near east followed a distinct design- the same S-curve form that would later become popular in Turkic swords. These knives were distinctly wider at the base of the blade, tapering to a point whilst following a gently curved form (see above right). These knives should feature some form of upper and lower guard- a short flared pommel and cross in either brass or iron, and the hilt should be wrapped in leather. These knives may feature a diamond-section blade, or a flat blade with a fuller running down the rear spine of the blade. These weapons should always be accompanied by a leather sheath which may suspend the knife either vertically or horizontally. 24
Spathion Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Spathion R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Spathion Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 26 32 28-30 Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3 rounded 2008 issue 10p Overview Byzantine swords came in two major varieties- straight bladed arming swords (Spathions) and curved bladed sabres (Paramenions). Spathions should feature either a diamond-section or singe-fullered blade, and were similar in form to their Western counterparts- though the hilts tended to vary somewhat in aesthetic design. Some standard Normannis swords are considered acceptable for Byzantine military impressions as a Spathion - swords with brazil-nut, lozenge or disc pommels and a straight or downward curved guards that conform to the types shown below are acceptable Spathions. Members buying a Spathion purely for Deus Vult events are served well by purchasing a standard form arming-sword, and having custom fittings mounted to match one of the examples given below. 25
Paramenion Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Paramenion R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Paramenion Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 26 32 28-30 Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3 rounded 2008 issue 10p Overview Byzantine swords came in two major varieties- straight bladed arming swords (Spathions) and curved bladed sabres (Paramenions). The Paramenion was predominantly a cavalry weapon that had developed from contact with Turkic and nomadic peoples of the near east who used such swords. Paramenion hilts vary in design, but usually conform to one of the patterns belowespecially the extreme rightmost design, constituting a downward curved guard and a cylindrical or scent stopper pommel. Blades of such weapons should, ideally, not feature a fuller, but instead should feature a diamond-section blade. Such weapons must conform to all the normal safety rules regarding swords in the society. 26
Tabar Tabar R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Tabar Minimum Maximum Ideal Length Wrist to Elbow Armpit to Fingertips Elbow to Fingertips Blade Profile Points- 2008 issue 1p Points- 1 rounded Points- 2008 issue 10p Overview The Tabar was the term used in the near East and Levant for a crescent-bladed hand-axe. Such axes featured a flared cutting blade, but may also feature a hammer or spiked back mounted on the socket. These heads should be mounted on a cylindrical shaft, which may or may not feature a lanyard. As with all axes, the head may be mounted by splitting and wedging the haft, or riveting the blade in place (less desirable). It is imperative that when acquiring an axe that members find a head of a suitable weight that can be easily managed on their length of haft, and assure that there are no snag points that can hook on to enemies during combat. 27
Makron Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Makron R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Makron Minimum Maximum Ideal Length 9 10 10 Head Small lance head Medium spear head Small lance head Overview The Makron was the standard Byzantine infantry pike - designed exclusively for two handed use in deep line formations. These spears usually featured relatively narrow hafts and small heads to make them as wieldy as possible for a long spear. Members may use any long-spear that conforms to the above description, however excessively long or winged spearheads cannot be used as a Makron. When made exclusively for Deus Vult shows, these spears should feature no leather collar around the haft, and should feature the Tagma s colours painted in bands. 28
Menavliaton Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Menavliaton R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Menavliaton Minimum Maximum Ideal Length 7 8 7 6 Head Long spear head Winged long-spear head Winged 1 spear head Overview These spears were described as heavy bladed, suggesting a long spearhead that was bladed along the edges- they were mounted on shorter, heavier hafts (usually made from a single sapling length for additional strength) designed for swinging as well as stabbing. These weapons were effectively the Byzantine equivalent of a bill or glaive- used to support the front ranks of the phalanx and break up formations of horsemen or infantry that directly assaulted it. These weapons should ideally be 7.5 in length, with a thick haft around two inches in diameter. These weapons should ideally feature a leather collar, and when used exclusively for Deus Vult shows, have the Tagma s colours painted in bands around the haft, below the collar. If members are seeking to acquire this weapon solely for Deus Vult use it is worthwhile speaking to a weapon smith who produces custom work to make a spearhead with a broad blade and wings that matches the image (right). 29
Eastern Bow Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Eastern Bow R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Eastern Bow Minimum Maximum Ideal Length Hip to Ground Armpit to Ground Mid-torso to Ground Poundage 20lb 25lb 23lb Overview These bows were popular in the near East since the classical era- typically made of composite materials and steamed to produce the distinctive double curve. These bows were capable of loosing arrows with significantly more force than a straight-limbed bow of the same size and bend. Whilst the exact form of the bow may vary, it should always form a distinct double bend when strung (see right). These bows may feature leather binding around the flex points on the upper and lower limbs, and when carried by Syrian or Byzantine higher ranks feature painted decoration. Bows covered in leather to conceal modern construction are Acceptable but not Ideal- bows where wooden and composite limbs are distinctly visible are given preference. These bows should ideally be accompanied by a rigid quiver also designed to accommodate the strung bow (left). 30
Javelins Eastern Bow R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Javelin Minimum Maximum Overall Length 3 5 Point Profile Black-Head blunt Red-Head blunt Javelins consist of a dowel with a slight rake away from the head. These items should be as light as possible, with a red-head or black-head blunt to prevent injury. These items may feature a small leather collar to add weight to the leading end. These weapons should be thrown in a dart-like manner gripped around 2/3rds of the length down to provide enough weight to carry the javelin forward. Members portraying Peltastoi at shows regularly are encouraged to train in the effective and accurate use of the javelin. These items should be clearly painted with the markings of the Tagma and marked with a unique group burn mark to prevent confusion and loss on the Encampment. 31
Eastern Roundshield Eastern Roundshield R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Eastern Roundshield Minimum Maximum Ideal Diameter 24 30 28 Overview These shields, the apparent descendants of the Greek aspsis were domed or conical in construction and featured two leather straps, both placed behind the centre of the shield, no more than four or six inches apart. These straps were gripped together in the left hand, like a boss-grip shield s handle. Members should preferably attach a padded square to prevent injury to the knuckles. When used by Byzantine infantry these should also feature a long guige strap which allows them to be worn over the shoulder, or a third strap that the arm passes through- like a kite shield s enarmes. The shield may feature no boss at all, or a domed boss, or most preferably, a conical steel boss fitted over the conical point of the shield- though efforts should be made to ensure that this is not pointed enough to cause injury. An eastern Roundshield. (A) shows the shield as it should appear when not in use, whereas (B) shows the straps as they would be with a hand gripping them. 32
Byzantine Kiteshield Byzantine Kiteshield R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Byzantine Kite Minimum Maximum Ideal Width (at belly) 22 24 24 Overview These shields betray their near-eastern origin in a more squashed shape that resembles more of an ovoid than a gradual and graceful tear-drop in the manner of Anglo-Norman shields (right). When used by infantry using the Menavliatoi or the Makron, these shields should be slung from the leading shoulder and hang across the body. The shield may be loosely buckled to the elbowjoint from the arm-strap, or feature a second horizontal strap that is gripped in the hand with the spear haft to aid use and manoeuvring. These shields should stand just above the user s belly-button when leant up against the torso (left). 33
Helms and Body Armour Padded Cap and Turban Padded Cap and Turban R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Overview Unlike the standard Norman regulations, members in the Thema are permitted to wear a padded cap and turban and still count their armour as including a helmet. This is due to the Byzantine military practise of using such items in place of steel helmets as an economic measure. The padded cap should be made as an acorn hat in construction, comprising thick gamboised panels (so as to afford real protection). The turban is then wound over the brow and the sides of the cap. 34
Byzantine Helm Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Byzantine Helm R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Overview A peaked helmet without a nasal bar. These helms may be lower at the back of the neck and higher at the front brow as depicted in manuscripts. All of these helmets may feature a ventail of maille or lamellar matching the predominant worn body armour- these should be rarer for higher-ranking members. These may be worn with a turban tied around the rim, where stated in the regulations above. 35
Phrygian Helm Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Phrygian Helm R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Overview A peaked helmet without a nasal bar, with a distinct Phrygian forward tilt to the peak. These helms should ideally be lower at the back than at the front (left). The dome may also feature fluting, as seen in some artistic representations. These helms may feature an aventail if no coif is worn below them- however this is distinctly less preferable than being worn with a coif. These helmets should not have a turban wound around them unless specifically described in the document above. 36
Byzantine Gambeson Byzantine Gambeson R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi I * Peltastes I * Toxotai (A) * I Hoplitai * I Skutatoi * Pechneg (A) * Armenian * Varangi Dekerhios * Kenterios * Tagmatarch (A) * *- Under armour I- As independent armour - Both Overview Like their western counterparts, these are a padded garment with or without a padded collar, reaching to at least the knees and the wrists. These should meet the requirements of a standard Norman gambeson but should feature diagonal breaks in the vertical stitch lines (right) or diapered diamond patterns (below right). These garments may have hemmed holes in the armpits so that members can pull their arms through as shown in some Byzantine artistic depictions. When made solely for Deus Vult events, these gambesons may be faced in heavy-grade cotton. Officer s (Kenterios, Tagmatarch) gambesons should ideally feature the diamond diapered stitch pattern and may be dyed blue. These garments can be worn in place of a full gambeson for any rank- and are encouraged where the member is wearing their gambeson as their sole armour. 37
Lamellar Klivanion Lamellar Klivanion R I A U Psiloi (A) L Menavliatoi L* Peltastes L* Toxotai (A) L* Hoplitai L*/M* L+ Skutatoi M*/L+ L* Pechneg (A) L* L+/M+ Armenian L+ Varangi L+/M+ Dekerhios L+/M+ M* Kenterios L+ M+ M* Tagmatarch (A) M* M* L- Leather M-Metallic *-Over Padding + -Over Maille -All other Overview A klivanion is formed of small, modular plates of leather, horn, steel or copper alloy. These can be made in two distinct forms- the full Klivanion which also protects the upper shoulders and the upper legs, or the cuirass form which only covers the torso. The cuirass may also feature pterges - strips of leather that hang down the arms to the mid-bicep and at the waist to the knee. The correct construction patterns for lamellar are depicted- one is the classic laced design, suitable for leather or steel where each plate is laced only to one another (right), whereas the other is shown on depictions of Byzantine officers (left) used for metallic klivanions- and suggests a form of lamellar backed onto leather strips and then laced in strips that can move across one another. When worn by officers these klivanions may feature steel pauldrons and upper arm sections. The latter form is rather complex and a member wishing to make it should consult the Guild of Armourers for guidance. 38
Scale Cuirass Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Scale Cuirass R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Overview Scale armour is made from overlapping rows of metallic plates or scales, arranged in staggered rows and riveted or laced at the top to a leather backing. In the 12 th century these items were actually quite antiquated- and were worn more as a matter of tradition rather than practicality- as such these items are only really worn by the richest officers in emulation of their classical forebears. When worn for practicality most officers would wear the riveted-and-laced form of Klivanion mentioned above. Scale cuirasses must cover to the upper-thighs, and cover the torso back-and-front. They may additionally feature steel shoulder pauldrons and upper-arm protection integrated to the garment- these should be constructed in the same manner as the main garment and cover to just above the elbow, as shown in period depictions. 39
Leg Armour Greaves Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Greaves R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai L L Skutatoi L Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi S Dekerhios L Kenterios L/M Tagmatarch (A) L/M L- Leather M-Metallic S-Splinted -Any Greaves Overview Greaves were predominantly only an item of parade armour- again, maintaining the military tradition that dates back to the ancient Greeks of the classical era. There are, however, still some written and pictorial evidence for these items being worn by infantrymen unable to acquire Krepides. These items should be made of either leather or more rarely for higher ranking members, steel (see the rank descriptors) - and should only be worn in place of Krepides (never with Krepides). These items may be laced or buckled to the calf- and steel greaves may feature leather lacing points attached along the sides to allow them to be laced closely around the back of the leg. Varangian members may have the leather greaves additionally reinforced with strips or iron or steel riveted to the leather. These strips should typically be around 1.5 wide, spaced roughly an inch apart and be rounded at the upper and lower extent to prevent self-injury. Members allowed to wear steel greaves may paint them in colours to match their Tagma- much in the same manner as Norman helmets painted in heraldic colours. 40
Padded Legs Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Padded Legs R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Overview These items are essentially padded hose- without feet- made to the same quilting pattern as Byzantine Gambesons. Padded legs should be attached to a waist belt, either by leather loops attached to the top edge, or by passing through hemmed vertical slits in the top of the garments. These items should be made of the thinnest allowable padding to allow great flexibility- and should for preference be worn under Krepides to offer the lower leg padding and leather as a buffer. 41
Krepides Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) Krepides R I A U Psiloi (A) Menavliatoi Peltastes Toxotai (A) Hoplitai Skutatoi Pechneg (A) Armenian Varangi Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch (A) Overview These items are not technically an item of armour, however they were stated as a requirement of Byzantine military regulations, and offer limited leg protection- and as such they are described here. These items were knee-high leather boots, known to the Byzantine army as Krepides Hypodemata, and featured a distinct folded down top much like later period boots. These should not feature any opening other than the top, much like modern Wellington boots. For the Tagmatarch, these may be made from the acceptable red spectrum of leather. 42
Byzantine Military Clothing and Attire 43
Turban and Cap (Universal) A long length of linen or cotton which would be wound around the cap, padded cap or helmet. When not being worn in armour, they should be worn over a thick linen acorn-cap style hat. Variations by Rank- T1-T6- These members should have bleached linen or cotton turbans. T7-T9- When worn in civilian gear, these members may wear turbans in Tagma colours. Rus Trews- These trousers were formed like an oversized pair of braies that reach the ankles, but being fitted tightly to the leg below the knee. This should ideally be achieved by gathering the excess down in a series of stitched pleats at the knee, and the lower leg panel being attracted separately from fabric cut on the bias. These garments may be constructed from heavy linen or, more preferably, wool. Their final appearance is very much like modern Cossack trousers- with a baggy excess of fabric around the thighs and waist but otherwise close-fitting in the leg. Nomad Tunic The tunics worn by the Pechneg and Steppe peoples around the Byzantine empire followed a similar and distinct design- formed like a modern dressing gown these garments folded closed across the breast and laced and belted in place. These garments may be made from fine wool or thick linen, and should hang to just above the knee, featuring deep gores to allow the maximum leg movement. These garments may be edged in a contrasting coloured fabric around the hems and along the chest split. 44
Tunica Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) The military issued tunica resembled its former Roman counterpart. These garments should feature full-length sleeves, tight to the arm as is practical, but quite baggy in the torso and armpit. These garments were always worn to the knee or just below (an inch or so) so as to allow free arm movement. These garments may be made from fine wool, linen or heavy cotton, or a blend. Most members with a standard length Undertunic will find that it will serve equally well as a tunica. Many patterns were woven into fabric so members may wear striped or simply patterned cloth. Rus Hat- A hat formed of four leather or fabric segments, resembling a skullcap, and surrounded by a wide fur brim. Must be made of acceptable leather and a suitable fur or substitute. Dalmatica- A dalmatica was the traditional court garment of highranking Byzantine men. It was similar in appearance to some variants of the Bliaut (see Clothing Regulations), featuring elbow-length loose sleeves and full flowing skirts. These garments were made from the most expensive cloths (silks, high-quality wools) in the most complicated and intricate of woven patterns (diamonds, floral designs, etc.). 45
Tagma Colours and Practises 46
Tagma Colours Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations (DV) At present there is only a single Byzantine Tagma (or Thema) in the society- the colours of which are blue and gold (banner- left, shield, near right). Mercenaries (Pechnegs, Varangi, Armenians) carry red shields with the Tagmas colours in alternating bands around the rim (far right). All markings in the Thema should be in the Thema s colours- so painted helms, pennons and similar attached to Byzantine gear should all be based around the blueand-gold colour scheme. Gear specifically designed for Deus Vult shows alone should be marked with the Tagma s colours (blue and gold), a carved or burned Orthodox cross (matching the banner image), and then the member s cell group heraldry burned below it. This allows gear for Byzantine use to be identified as belonging to the Tagma and then the cell group that that member is from. Future Tagmas As more members take up Byzantine impressions a second Tagma will be founded- members with a dedicated set of equipment and a focus on portraying a Byzantine will be made part of the First Tagma, in purple and silver- and members who portray Byzantine equipment with little additional gear at an acceptable level on occasional events will be attached to the Second Tagma in blue and gold. 47