Energy and Power Engineering, 2014, 6, 333-339 Published Online Ocober 2014 in SciRes. hp://www.scirp.org/journal/epe hp://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2014.611028 The Measuring Sysem for Esimaion of Power of Wind Flow Generaed by Train Movemen and Is Experimenal Tesing Oleksandr Mokin, Borys Mokin, Vadym Bazalyskyy Deparmen of Renewable Energy and Transpor Elecrical Sysems and Complexes, Vinnysia Naional Technical Universiy, Vinnysia, Ukraine Email: abmokin@gmail.com Received 14 July 2014; revised 16 Augus 2014; acceped 2 Sepember 2014 Copyrigh 2014 by auhors and Scienific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under he Creaive Commons Aribuion Inernaional License (CC BY). hp://creaivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Absrac The measuring sysem for esimaion of power of wind flow generaed by he rain movemen has been creaed. The advanages of he proposed sysem are he cheapness and simple design. Wih is simpliciy of design and easy build-up of channels, designed measuring sysem can be used for a wide range of echnical problems. This paper describes he design process, validaion and conducing he firs field es of his measuring sysem. Keywords Power Generaion, Wind Turbine, Wind Flow, Sensor, Measuremen 1. Inroducion Anyone saying on he plaform of he saion during he freigh rain passing could fully realize ha he speed of wind flow generaed by he moving rains can reach significan values and in he case wih high-speed rains he wind flow may reach he speed of sorm winds. Today he energy of he wind flow is dissipaed in he amosphere wihou any benefi while i can be used o generae elecriciy by using wind power plans locaed close o he railway racks. 3 I is known [1] ha power P wf ( W) of he wind flow wih a densiy ρ ( kg m ) received by he wind urbine wih verical axis of roaion and axial secional area of he wind wheel S 2 0 ( m ) and power facor ε, is 2 proporional o ha area S 0 ( m ) and he cube of he speed ν (m/s) of he wind flow, ha is: wf S0 3 Pwf = ε ρv (1) wf 2 How o cie his paper: Mokin, O., Mokin, B. and Bazalyskyy, V. (2014) The Measuring Sysem for Esimaion of Power of Wind Flow Generaed by Train Movemen and Is Experimenal Tesing. Energy and Power Engineering, 6, 333-339. hp://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2014.611028
In paper [2], he auhors of his paper had made a quaniaive assessmen of he power of he wind flow generaed by he rain during movemen wih using he daa presened in paper [3], which saes ha he sensors for measuring speed of he wind flow generaed by he rain movemen were insalled on he wall along he railway rack. Obviously, he speed of he wind flow fixed by he sensors on he walls is no adequae o he speed of wind flow generaed by he same rain in he free space. In order o make quaniaive assessmen of he speed of wind flow generaed by rain, in Vinnysia Naional Technical Universiy a measuring sysem ha allows making quaniaive assessmen of he speed of wind flow in he field condiions has been creaed. The basic srucural elemen of he measuring sysem is a digial sensor. In his paper, he developmen of his measuring sysem and is digial sensors has been considered and he research of heir applicabiliy for he field condiions has been made. 2. Characerisics of he Developed Digial Sensor Block diagram of he digial sensor, developed by he auhors, is shown in Figure 1. Schemaic represenaion of he measuring sysem and is digial sensors placed in he frame which is clear for wind is shown in Figure 2, where he wind speed sensors 1-12 are miniaure wind wheels wih Hall effec sensors. These sensors are based on he ordinary compuer fans. Chip FTC S276 [4] are placed on he roor and is work is based on he principle of Hall effec. This chip crosses he magneic reels, placed on he saor during he roaion of he roor. The resul of he Hall effec which is manifesed in he poenial difference is amplified and supplied o a conrol sysem of elecronic keys which opens he corresponding one. Since one circui was sufficien for our experimen, we used only one of he oupus of he chip. The block of inpu sensor The block of elecronic keys The microconroller reader Figure 1. Block diagram of he digial sensor of speed of he wind flow generaed by moving rain. Figure 2. Schemaic represenaion of he placemen poins measuring sensors for sudies of wind flow generaed by he rain movemen. 334
Sensor works as follows: when a sensor chip wih Hall effec sensor passes hrough he magneic field of he saor winding, here appears a difference of poenials which hen eners an amplifier and commands o open one of he keys. This ensures operaion of he digial sensor which upon roaion generaes wo discree pulses per revoluion in accordance wih he number of coils corresponding polariy. This pulse sequence is applied o he digial inpus of he hardware plaform based on Arduino Nano microconroller ATmega 328 wih digial inpus D2-D13 on which signals from speed sensors 1-12 are applied. And hrough he serial por COM3 he daa is ransmied o a compuer where a program designed for reading daa from serial por, collecs and records his daa every second (Figure 3). Each sensor calibraion was performed in a laboraory wind unnel using a reference anemomeer. For each speed sensor 1-12 by using he mehod of leas squares [5] here was deermined he dependence of he roaional speed from he wind speed (Figure 4). Channel 3 has somewha differen characerisics because i uses sensor wih he oher raio of wind speed o he number of urns. Bu i does no affec he resul for each sensor due o using differen ransformaion raio. 3. Descripion of Condiions and Locaions of he Experimen and he Characerisics of he Measured Values Afer he calibraion of all he measuring sensors and having deermined he conversion facor for each sensor here was performed he experimenal verificaion of heir efficiency. To carry ou an experimen on measuring he speed of he wind flow generaed by moving rain using he designed digial sensor, here had been chosen a segmen of a railroad racks no far from Vinnysia on he closed railway crossing in he village of Parpurivsi. This locaion was chosen wih he permission of he railway adminisraion since i is convenien for mouning he measuring frame wih he inpu sensors, here is he service road and he speed of he rains is relaively high. As he safe disance from he railway rack according o he regulaory documens is 3 meers, he experimenal measuring sysem wih sensors was placed exacly a his disance perpendicularly o he railway rack ha is perpendicularly o he axis of he wind flow moving parallel o he rain The sensors were placed in hree columns a 3, 4, 5 meers from he railway rack wih four sensors in each Sensor 1 Arduino Nano Sensor 2 R1 D3 +12 V D4 R2 Sensor R12 D14 Serial por PuTTY Figure 3. Schemaic diagram of he sensors ha used o deermine he speed characerisics of he wind flow. 335
Figure 4. Graphs of he speed of wind flow as a funcion of he number of pulses for each sensor 1-12. according o he scheme shown in Figure 2. The daa was being recorded on a compuer simulaneously for each of he sensors wih ime inerval of 1 second as a pulse burs, each of which conained a number of pulses proporional o he angular velociy of he sensor s roor. The experimenal daa were fixed when freigh rain wih locomoive VL80k and he mixed composiion of rail cars wih he number of 56 of hem was passing by. The speed of he rain was 66 kilomeers per hour and he ime of passing by he measuring sysem was 45 seconds. Figure 6 represens he graphs ha show he speed change measured by each sensor in he coordinaes: x-axis seconds, verical axis meers per second. From Figure 5 clearly seen poin in ime ( M = 43 s) a which he rain reaches he measuring sysem as well as he fac ha he wind flow increases several imes in comparison o he values of naural wind speed. An ineresing fac is ha afer passing of he rain ( M = 88 s), for some more ime which is abou 35 seconds (up * o M = 88 s ) for he rain wih he speed of 66 kilomeers per hour, here remains he excess of speed of he wind flow over is value in he unperurbed sae. 4. Processing of he Experimenal Resuls In order o deermine he power of he wind flow which crosses he area of he frame of measuring sysem here had been used an expression (1) which for each sensor would look like 3 SV i Pi = ε ρ, i = 1,,12, (2) 2 where S area of he circle wih a diameer equal o he diameer of wheel of he wind speed sensor. Using he speed curves presened in Figure 5 and cubic splines of Mahcad for he implemenaion of (2) we ge ( ) inerp( cspline (, ),, 1, ) P u = M P M P u (3) i i The graphs of he power of he wind flow for each sensor of he measuring sysem calculaed by he expression (3), shown in Figure 6 in he coordinaes: x-axis seconds, verical axis was. 336
Figure 5. The graphs of speed of he wind flow measured by each sensor. These graphs show ha he values of he wind flow power differ depending on he locaion of he sensor. For greaer clariy, le us show i on a hree-dimensional graph ha displays he volume of he received capaciy for each measuring channel according o he locaion of sensors in he frame of he measuring sysem. For his purpose, we inegrae each of he dependencies which deermines he power of he wind flow for each measuring * * channel wihin he ime of M = 43 s o M = 121 s and divide he inegraion inerval ( M M) and hus find he average power P s j = 1, 2,,12 of he wind flow for each measuring channel. 1 121 Psi = P ( ) d, 1, 2,,12 121 43 43 i u u i = (4) The average power Ps i, i = 1, 2,,12 of he wind flow for each measuring channel calculaed by he expression (4) can be expressed as marix-like expression 9.924 12.263 9.276 22.357 12.338 18.399 Ps = 35.016 17.96 4.468 15.495 14.71 4.511 Figure 7 presens he spaial graphs of average power calculaed by he expression (4). To esimae he oal power of he wind flow passing hrough he sensor frame of he measuring sysem during perurbaion of air masses caused by rain movemen we calculae he sum of values of power for all measuring channels and find 5. Conclusions Ps Σ 12 i= 1 ( ) = Psi = 176.715 W (6) 1. The srucure and block diagram of he digial sensor of he speed of he wind flow generaed by he rain movemen which measures his parameer of he wind flow wih sufficien accuracy for pracical purposes has been suggesed. Using his digial sensor allowed o design a measuring sysem applicable o measure he real-ime parameers of he wind flow on area of 20 m 2. 2. The field ess of he developed measuring sysem confirmed is high measuring and compuaional efficiency and suiabiliy for use in he experimens. (5) 337
P1( u) P2( u) P3( u) P4( u) P5( u) P6( u) P7( u) P8( u) 200 P9( u) 100 P10( u) P11( u) P12( u) 0 50 100 u Figure 6. Graphs of power of he wind flow as a funcion of ime for each measuring channel. Figure 7. The surface of he average power of he wind flow measured by measuring sysem wih displaying he fracion of each measuring channel. 3. I had been deermined ha he powerful wind flow a an auhorized hree-meer disance from he railway rack could be creaed only by freigh rains wih differen forms of rail cars moving a speeds above 60 kilomeers per hour. 338
References [1] Mkhiaryan, N. (1999) Energy Alernaive and Renewable Sources. Experience and Prospecs. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 320 p. (in Ukrainian) [2] Mokin, B.I., Mokin, O.B. and Bazalyskyy, V.P. (2011) Evaluaion of Power, Which Can Be Obained from he Wind Sream Caused by Traffic Railway Train. Visnyk of Vinnysia Poliechnical Insiue, 81-84. [3] MacNeill, A. and Holmes, S. (2002) Measuremen of he Aerodynamic Pressures Produced by Passing Trains. Proceedings of he 2002 ASME/IEEE Join Rail Conference, Washingon DC, 23-25 April 2002, 1-8. [4] (2003) FTC s276, 2-Phase DC Moor Drive IC. Daa Shees, Felling Technology. [5] Mokin, B.I., Mokin, V.B. and Mokin, O.B. (2010) Mahemaical Mehods of Idenificaion of Dynamical Sysems. VNTU, Vinnysia, 260 p. 339