IOSR Jounal of Spots and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE) e-issn: 2347-6737, p-issn: 2347-6745, Volume 4, Issue 1, (Jan. Feb. 2017), PP 06-10 www.iosjounals.og The Relationship between Selected Physical Fitness Vaiables with the Pefomance of Ethiopian Junio Spintes and Middle Distance Athletes Acoss Gendes Abebe Eshetu Degati 1, Assistance Pofesso Haish Kuma 2 1(PhD student, spot science depatment, Punjabi univesity, Patiala, Punjab (India) Abstact: the pesent study has seiously made an attempt to discove the elationship between selected physical fitness vaiables with the pefomance of Ethiopian junio spintes and middle distance athletes acoss Gendes. The subjects fo the pesent study consisted of 240 spintes and middle distance athletes 14-20 yeas of age. Fo the pupose of the study, the total population have been included fom thee diffeent athletics centes. To achieve the objectives of the pesent study, moments of Peason coelation have been used. Fom the esults it has been found that, 40m spint speed has a positive elationship with 100m best pefomance fo male and female athletes. Howeve, sit and each have a positive but boad jump has a negative coelation with female 100m best pefomance. Speed enduance was significantly coelated positively with 400m best pefomance fo male athletes. Howeve, wall squat sit has a negative and 40m speed test has a positive but both had a significant coelation with the pefomance of female athletes. 40m speed and 300m speed enduance have negative and significant coelation with male 800m pefomance. Wheeas, only 300m speed enduance has a significant positive elationship with 800m best pefomance of female unne. Wall squat sit is found to be significantly coelated negatively to 1500m pefomance of male athletes. Othe physical fitness vaiables have no coelation. Howeve, none of the physical fitness vaiables used in this study have a elationship with the best pefomance of female athletes. Keywods: Coelation, Middle distance ace, Pefomance, Physical fitness, and spinting I. Intoduction Fom the ealiest time unning has been a natual pat of man s existence. One of the ealiest examples of competitive unning can be found in the wok of Home, who tells of aces an in the 12 th centuy BC. Thus, man has been acing on foot fo ove thee thousand yeas (Blacklock and kennett, 2000). It was the Geeks who elevated unning to the level of thei gods at Olympia and the spectacle of athletes unning and engaging in othe contest of exetion to sculptos of fetile images of human beauty. The evival of the Olympics Games in 1896 has esulted in standadization of events and competitions. The events have become all the moe popula now and need scientific and stuctued taining and pactice. Eicsson s theoy of delibeate pactice states that the level of expetise obtainedby elite athletes is at least in pat a function of the amount of stuctued pactice. It was expected that childen with a moe extended taining histoy would exhibit moe ponounced anthopometic, physical fitness and moto coodination pofiles matching the specific spot (Blacklock and kennett, 2000). In athletics and tack and field, spints (o dashes) ae aces ove shot distances. They ae among the oldest unning competitions. A apid movement fom one place to anothe place is equied in many athletic activity especially in spint unning (kukolj,ropet, Ungakovic and Jaic,2001; Pineo et al,2010). Spinting is an ancient event in athletics stating in the fist Geece Olympic Games and it is a human ability to pefom a maximum unning velocity (Haneda, Enomoto, Hogo and Fujii,2003). At the pofessional level, spintes begin the ace by assuming a couching position in the stating blocks befoe leaning fowad and gadually moving into an upight position as the ace pogesses and momentum is gained. The set position diffes depending on the stat.body alignment is of key impotance in poducing the optimal amount of foce. Ideally the athlete should begin in a fou-point stance and push off using both legs fo maximum foce poduction. Athletes emain in the same lane on the unning tack thoughout all spinting events with the sole exception of the 400 m indoos. Races up to 100 m ae lagely focused upon acceleation to an athlete's maximum speed. All spints beyond this distance inceasingly incopoate an element of enduance (Pineo et al, 2010). Middle-distance events ae taditionally defined as the tack events which fall between the shotdistance (o spinting) events, such as the 100m, 200m, 400m and hudle events (110m and 400m) and the longe distance events such as the 10 000m, half-maathon (21.1km) and maathon (42.2km) distances. Thee is much debate ove which events ae defined as middle-distance, with some authos including distances up to 10 000m in this categoy (Bandon,2003 ;Snell, 2001). Taditionally, the 800m, 1500m and the mile ae descibed as tue middle-distance events but most authos would include the 3000m and 5000m as well as the steeple- DOI: 10.9790/6737-04010610 www.iosjounals.og 6 Page
The elationship between selected physical fitness vaiables with the pefomance of Ethiopian junio chase events (2000m and 3000m), in this categoy (IAAF, 2010; Snell, 2001). Fom a physiological pespective, it is clea that the shote middle-distance events have lage anaeobic and aeobic contibutions (especially the 800m and 1500m), but as the distance and duation of the events incease, the aeobic component becomes dominant. Fo this eason, it may be eoneous to egad the 10 000m as a middle-distance event due to the lage aeobic component equied fo success despite the high unning velocity which must involve significant anaeobic enegy. This notion is suppoted by Pete Snell, a fome top middle-distance unne and moe ecently, a ecognized academic in the field of execise physiology (Bandon, 2003; Snell, 2001). Having this in mind about the conceptual undestanding egadingspinting and middle distance events fom theoetical point of view; thee ae some eseaches conducted at a global and egional levels. Hence, the views and woks of the pevious eseaches who undetake eseach on the same topic of inteest would have been assessed as below. Kumagai et al. (2000) and Blazavich (2001) wee sepaately focused on diffeent dimensions o vaiables including the limb length, bone width, skin fold thickness, pesent body fat, somato type, muscula stength, flexibility, speed and anaeobic powe in the studies of spint athletes. Accoding to Kumagai et al. (2000), the study found out that the anthopometic, muscula stength and powe ae poo pedictos of the pefomance of initial acceleation and maximum speed phase duing the spinting while Blazavich (2001) stated that excessive stetching and flexibility my cause an incease in injuies and a decease in pefomance. In addition, seveal studies wee focused on the elationship between diffeent jumping tests and spinting pefomance (Habibi et al., 2010; Almuzaine and Fleck, 2008; Kale et al., 2009) stated that, jump powe is the best indicato of spinting ability. SuindeKau, Dolly and Rajesh Kuma (2016), wee also tied to assess diffeent vaiables with the unning pefomance of 800m athletes. Among the vaious vaiables that have been assessed, flexibility has been significantly coelated to pefomance. Similaly, shoulde, hip, and thigh gith have been significantly coelated. Futhemoe, Veligekas, et al (2012) wee the studies undetaken on the coelation between standing long jump test and middle distance unnes pefomance. Howeve, fom Ethiopia s pespective, thee wee no simila eseaches to date caied out this befoe on junio spintes and middle distance unnes exclusively.theefoe, the pesent eseach aimed to focus on exploingwhethe o not thee existsignificant elationship between physical fitness paametes and the pefomance of Ethiopian junio spintes and middle distance athletes acoss gendes. II. Liteatue Review Physical fitness has been defined as a measue of how well one pefoms physical activity. In othe wods, it can also be labelled as body movement poduced by muscle action that inceases enegy expenditue (Kyolainen et al., 2010). Physical fitness can be divided into health-elated physical fitness and moto-elated physical fitness. Health-elated physical fitness includes muscula stength, muscula enduance, cadioespiatoy enduance and flexibility. Moto-elated physical fitness consists of agility, powe and balance (Heywad, 2002; So & Choi, 2010). Besides, Deane, Chow, Tillman and Founie (2005) also indicated that muscula stength is one of the elements of physical fitness. Diffeent spots ae equied to have esistance taining in ode to impove the muscula stength. Although quadiceps, hamstings and calf muscles ae chiefly esponsible fo popelling the body fowad duing unning and jumping execise, hip flexo muscles also contibute to bing the fee leg fowad and upwad duing the spinting in ecovey phase. Howeve, hip flexo muscles taining was ignoed o neglected by athletes and coaches. In addition, Kale et al. (2009) stated that jump powe is the best indicato of spinting ability. The lowe limb powe capability can be evaluated by the jump tests and they povide valid assessments of muscula powe. Besides, some eseach studies showed that thee is a high coelation between the leg powe and spint ability by using hoizontal and vetical jump displacements as an indiect powe measuement (Habibi et al., 2010; Bet et al., 2002). Moeove, Habibi et al. (2010) found that the jump assessment of single leg hop fo distance is stongly elated to the spinting pefomance (=-0.76). In addition, Pineo et al. (2010) indicated that standing long jump test as a pedicto to assess the lowe body muscula stength is bette than the vetical jump test. Standing long jump test is time efficient, pactical, and lowe in cost and equipment equiements and it could be consideed as a geneal index of youth muscula fitness. Futhemoe, some eseaches showed that the standing long jump ability with both spinting acceleation and spinting velocity have significant coelation (Peteson, Alva& Rhea, 2006; Almuzaini& Fleck, 2008; Kale et al., 2009). Moeove, Jenkins and Beazell (2010) stated that flexibility is an individual vaiable, joint-specific, inheited chaacteistic that influences by age, gende and ethic goup. Similaly, Wang et al. (2003) showed that gende, age, muscle size and wam up ae the factos contibuting to flexibility. The flexibility of females in hip abduction, flexion and extension ae bette than males associating with anatomy factos. He also pointed out that stength taining caused muscle hypetophy and limited the flexibility development. In addition, pope stetching can incease ange of motion in paticula joints in ode to poduce the optimum unning pefomance and educe the isk of injuies (Blazevich, 2001; Jenkins &Beazell, 2010). Howeve, Blazevich (2001) stated that excessive stetching and flexibility may cause an incease in injuies and a decease in pefomance. DOI: 10.9790/6737-04010610 www.iosjounals.og 7 Page
The elationship between selected physical fitness vaiables with the pefomance of Ethiopian junio III. Reseach Methodology In this paticula eseach, the eseache has intensively collected the data in peson fom a total of 240 junio spintes (100m and 400m) and middle distance unnes (800m and 1500m) aged 14-20. The total population of the eseach makes up athletes found in thee diffeent athletics centes in Ethiopia namely Ethiopian youth spot academy, TiuneshDibaba spot academy and Bokoji spot academy exclusively. Fo the pupose of the eseach, the total populations have been included in this study. Theinstuments used to collect the data include measuements such as flexible metic tape and stop watch. In ode to undetake the statistical analysis the geneal moments of Peason coelation have been used using statistical package fo social sciences softwae vesion twenty. The esult of the analysis has been pesented in the fom of tables. IV. Analysis Result And Discussions The Peason coelation between the males and female athlete s pefomance and the measued vaiables wee computed and shown in table fom below. Table1. Peason coelation between males 100m spint pefomance and the measued vaiables (N=30). Vaiables P Boad jump 0.153 0.421 Wall squat sit 0.103 0.589 Sit and each 0.053 0.781 Speed 40m 0.594** 0.001 Speed endu.300m 0.233 0.216 It is evident fom table 1 that, most ofthe measued vaiables including boad jump, wall squat sit, sit and each, speed enduance wee not significantly coelated with male 100m spint pefomance. Howeve, thee was a positive coelation between spint speed and 100m pefomance of spintes (=.595, p<.05). This suggests that, the speed helps toinceases100m spint pefomance. Table 2. Peason coelation between males 400m spint pefomance and the measued vaiables (N=30). Vaiables P Boad jump -0.076 0.689 Wall squat sit 0.013 0.948 Sit and each - 0.288 0.123 Speed 40m - 0.175 0.355 Speed endu.300m 0.360* 0.043 Table 2: clealy indicates that, boad jump, wall squat sit, sit and each, speed, wee not significantly coelated with male 400m best pefomance. Howeve, speed enduance was significantly coelated positively with 400m best pefomance (=.360, p<.05).it is evident that, speed enduance assist the pefomance of 400m male spintes. Table3. Peason coelation between males 800m best pefomance and the measued vaiables (N=30). Vaiables P Boad jump -0.051 0.791 Wall squat sit 0.318 0.086 Sit and each 0.369* 0.036 Speed 40m - 0.596** 0.001 Speed endu.300m - 0.370* 0.04 The measued vaiables explicitly, boad jump and wall squat sit, wee not significantly coelated with 800m best pefomance. Howeve, speed and 800m best pefomance wee negatively coelated (= -.596, p<.05). In addition, thee was a positive elationship between sit and each flexibility test and 800m best pefomance of an athlete (=.369, p<.05). Futhemoe, a negative significant coelation between speed enduance and 800m best pefomance wee found (= -.370, p<.05). Athlete who got highest pefomance in 800 mete test has significant elationship between the selected physical fitness vaiables (speed 40m, sit and each and 300m speed enduance). It is poved that speed 40m, sit and each and 300m speed enduance also help to incease 800 mete pefomance. DOI: 10.9790/6737-04010610 www.iosjounals.og 8 Page
The elationship between selected physical fitness vaiables with the pefomance of Ethiopian junio Table 4. Peason coelation between males 1500m best pefomance and the measued vaiables (N=30). Vaiables P Boad jump -0.065 0.732 Wall squat sit -0.374* 0.041 Sit and each 0.164 0.441 Speed 40m - 0.004 0.985 Speed endu.300m 0.353 0.55 Fom table 4 it is evident that, thee was no significant elationship between male 1500m pefomance and boad jump, sit and each, speed, speed enduance, Nevetheless, thee was a negative elationship between wall squat sit and the pefomance of 1500m male athletes (= -.374, p<.05). This implies that, as the stength of hamsting muscle deceases, the time taken to finish 1500m ace inceases. Hence, pefomance deceases. Table 5. Peason coelation between females 100m spint pefomance and the measued vaiables (N=30). Vaiables P Boad jump -0.394* 0.031 Wall squat sit -0.092 0.628 Sit and each 0.592** 0.002 Speed 40m 0.609** 0.000 Speed endu.300m -0.017 0.931 Table5 clealy shows that, thee was a negative coelation between boad jump and 100m pefomance of female spintes (= -.394, p<.05). Futhemoe, sit and each was significantly coelated positively with the pefomance of 100m female spintes (=.592, p<.01). Moeove, thee was a positive elationship between speed and 100m best pefomance (=.609, p<.01). But, wall squat sit and speed enduance wee not significantly coelated with the 100m best pefomance of female spintes. Spinte who got highest pefomance in 100 mete test has significant elationship between the selected physical fitness vaiables (speed 40m, sit and each and boad jump). It is evidenced that speed 40m, sit and each and boad jump also help to incease 100 mete spint pefomance of female athletes. Table 6. Peason coelation between females 400m spint pefomance and the measued vaiables (N=30). VaiablesP Boad jump -0.128 0.499 Wall squat sit -0.372* 0.042 Sit and each -0.104 0.585 Speed 40m 0.347* 0.044 Speed endu.300m -0.062 0.743 The measued vaiables including, boad jump, sit each, speed enduance, wee not significantly coelated with the pefomance of 400m female spintes. Howeve, wall squat sit was negatively coelated with the pefomance of 400m spintes (= -.372, p<.05). Moeove, speed and 400m best pefomance wee significant coelated positively (=.357, p<.05). Table7. Peason coelation between females 800m best pefomance and the measued vaiables (N=30). Vaiables P Boad jump 0.103 0.589 Wall squat sit 0.267 0.153 Sit and each -0.075 0.694 Speed 40m 0.297 0.111 Speed endu.300m 0.355* 0.046 Except speed enduance, which was significant coelated positively with the best pefomance of 800m female athletes (=.355, p<.05), the emaining vaiables such as boad jump, wall squat sit, sit each, and speed, wee not significantly coelated with the best pefomance. Theefoe, 300m speed enduance contibutes fo best pefomance 800m female athletes at 5% level. DOI: 10.9790/6737-04010610 www.iosjounals.og 9 Page
The elationship between selected physical fitness vaiables with the pefomance of Ethiopian junio Table 8. Peason coelation between females 1500m best pefomance and the measued vaiables (N=30). Vaiables Boad jump -0.150 0.430 Wall squat sit -0.028 0.884 Sit and each 0.171 0.366 Speed 40m 0.102 0.590 Speed endu.300m 0.225 0.232 None of the measued physical fitness vaiables wee significantly coelated with the best pefomance of 1500m female athletes. It is clealy indicated in table 8 that, the selected physical fitness vaiables ae poo pedictos of 1500m best pefomance fo female athletes. V. Conclusion This eseach pape tied to highlight the elationship between the selected physical fitness vaiables with the pefomance of Ethiopian spintes (100m, 400m) and middle distance unnes (800m, 1500m) acoss gende. In each case best pefomance of male and female athletes wee coelated with the selected physical fitness tests such as, boad jump, wall squat sit, sit and each, 40m speed, and 300m speed enduance. The majo limitations of the study ae the paticipant s attitude towads the test effot and the poo undestandings of some coaches about how to conduct the tests wee challenges the eseache. The findings of this study would povide meaningful infomation to othe eseaches who ae inteested to conduct futhe study on the elated topic. Help junio athletes and coaches to have bette undestanding and povide scientific infomation in ode to analysis the cuent taining stuctue and adopt o develop othe taining methods fo impoving the unning pefomance.all cicumstances exposed in this study may facilitate futhe eseach on selection of potential spintes and middle distance athletes in Ethiopia. Refeence [1]. Blacklock, D. and Kennett, D. (2000).Olympia, Waio Athletes of Ancient Geece.New Yok: Walke and Co. [2]. 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(2003).Lowe extemity muscula flexibility in long distance unnes. Jounal of Othopaedic & Spots Physical Theapy, 17(2), 102-107. DOI: 10.9790/6737-04010610 www.iosjounals.og 10 Page