The State of the World Marine Fisheries (II): Solutions for the World and Brazil Daniel Pauly Sea Around Us Fisheries Centre, UBC First International Symposium on Marine Fisheries Management in Brazil. Brasilia, July 7-8, 2015
Recall the basic trends in world fisheries (A) reported catch (million t); (B) fishing capacity or effort; (C) Catch/effort, indicative of worldwide resource abundance;
This lecture presents and discuss measures through which the global crisis of fisheries could be mitigated, one country at a time. (Obviously, the proper mix of these measure s will differ between countries). They are: 1) Reduce and eventually abolish subsidies to industrial fisheries; if small scale fisheries subsidies are to be given, limit them to the marketing of their fish, not to the catching; 2) Set up real marine reserves, and not paper parks, or extractive reserves ; 3) Set up quotas for distinct fisheries, but be cautious! 4) Don t expect that aquaculture will help much; instead, use (1), (2) and (3) to rebuild stocks.
Subsidies drive further expansion of fishing
Surplus-production models, used for various purposes (here: explaining how subsidies work) assume that stocks can be rebuilt. TC 1 TR & TC ( $) MEY Max. rent MSY Bionomic equilibrium (BE) Total cost of fishing effort (TC) TR & TC ($) BE 1 BE 2 Cost-reducing subsidies TC 2 Total Revenue (TR) TR E 1 E 2 E 3 Fishing effort (E) E 3 E 4 Fishing effort (E) Let s assume a Gordon-Schaefer bioeconomic model How subsidies induce overfishing
Subsidies come in different flavors Oceania Good subsidies Bad subsidies Ugly subsidies North Africa & Mediterranean Sub Saharan Africa North America Lat. America & Caribbean Europe Asia 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Subsidy amount (billion USD) Sumaila and Pauly (2006)
Asia is by far the greatest subsidizing region (43 % of total), followed by Europe (25 % of total) and North America (16 % of total). For all regions, the amount of capacity-enhancing subsidies is higher than other categories, except both North and South America, which have higher beneficial subsidies. Adapted from FAO (1992), Milazzo (1998), Sumaila and Pauly (2006), and Sumaila et al. (2010).
Cumulative Area ('000 sq km) Marine Protected Areas are part of the solution. Globally, there are many, but most of them are tiny 4000 3500 3000 1% of world ocean area (growth rate ~ 5% year -1 ) 2500 2000 1500 National sites 1000 500 International sites 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Wood et al. (Oryx; 2008)
This growth would no be sufficient Wood et al. (Oryx, 2008)
The future growth of MPAs and marine reserves? from: Boonzaier and Pauly (Oryx, in press)
Quotas: a good idea which people are turning into a bad idea 1) It is a good idea to limit the catch of a fishery; 2) Then you give exclusive resource access to a community, e.g., via TURFs; 3) Then you individualize the quotas (individual quotas) 4) Then you give away the quotas, called shares 5) And you give them away in perpetuity really! 6) And you make them transferable, as in ITQ 7) Now investment banks and billionaires own the fishery resources.
The...Worldwide worldwide aquaculture production - by countries (10^6 tonnes) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Oceania Europe South America North America Africa Other Asia Thaïland Bangladesh Japan Indonesia India China..Wordwide The worlwide aquaculture production - by species (10^6 tonnes) 40 35 Marine fishes Let s remember that most of aquaculture is in China, and in freshwater 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Diadromous fishes Fresh water fishes Mollusks Crustaceans Others animals
Over 1/3 of the world s fish catch is currently wasted, i.e., turned into animal feeds 36% Source: Watson, Alder & Pauly, 2006
This is what we can eat!
There are numerous examples of rebuilt stocks, e.g., cod in the North Sea
or herring, also in the North Sea
..or plaice (a flatfish), again in the North Sea.
An FAO product
We can define, for each catch time series Fully exploited Developing Underdeveloped Over-exploited Crashed Now let s apply these definitions to the global FAO catch statistics
Rebuilding can also be defined. Fully exploited Rebuilding Developing Underdeveloped Over-exploited Crashed Now let s apply these definitions to the global FAO catch statistics
Kleisner et al. (2012 Fish and Fisheries)
Kleisner et al. (2012 Fish and Fisheries)
This graph, illustrating a Canadian tragedy, leads to several questions. One of them is: why did the stock not recover since the moratorium declared over 20 years ago? And it goes on!
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Eastern Canada The Northern cod fishery one exploited one of the most abundant species in the world; Cod moratorium was announced in July 1992; Present analysis depicts data by NAFO Subareas, as cod stocks straddle EEZ boundaries; Most relevant Subareas for Northern cod stocks are Subareas 2, 3, and 4.
Biomass (tˑ10 6 ) The biomass of cod in Eastern Canada is, in the 2000s,between 10 and 15 times lower than in the 1950s/1960s. 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year
Catch (t x 10 6 ) Catch (t x 10 3 ) Reconstructed and reported catch of cod in Eastern Canada 140 2,0 1,8 120 100 80 Reconstructed 1,6 1,4 Reconstructed 60 40 20 Reported 1,2 1,0 0,8 Reported 0 1993 2000 2007 Year Post-moratorium 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year
Exploitation rate (%) Exploitation rate of cod in Eastern Canada 50% 45% 40% Reconstructed 35% 30% 25% 20% 29.2% 23.2% 20.4% 15% 10% 5% Exploitation rate = catch biomass Reported 12.5% 0% 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Average exploitation rate of reconstructed catch Average exploitation rate of reported catch
Lessons from the Northern cod story The Northern cod did not seem to recover for a long time because overexploitation continued after the moratorium was declared, and even after the fishery was closed ; The mysterious non-recovery of the Northern cod was convenient myth covering for inadequate management; The cod is now recovering, and in fact, has been trying to do this all along; Generally: rebuilding stocks works, and fisheries management works. Try!
Reconstructed global catch by fisheries sectors. Reconstructed catches for all countries in the world, plus High Seas, by large-scale (industrial) and small-scale sectors (artisanal, subsistence, recreational), with discards (overwhelmingly from industrial fisheries) presented separately.
A final comparison This graph, which compares smallscale with large-scale fisheries on a global basis, highlights the crucial role of small-scale fisheries, so far neglected. Indeed, we would achieve most stated aims of fisheries management plans (particularly their social aims) by dedicated access arrangement for small-scale fisheries. But we must leave enough fish for the rest of the ecosystem, and to meet the challenges of global warming.
Acknowledgements Thanks to The Pew Charitable Trusts and the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation for support Thanks to other funding sources: FAO, US Western Pacific Fisheries Management Council, EU-Parliament, UNEP, BOBLME, MAVA Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, WWF Thanks to all members of the Sea Around Us, past and present visit us at www.seaaroundus.org sorry, I ran out of pictures. and thanks to many other colleagues