Helping protect people At work, at home, for life

Things to Know. OSHA Website: www.osha.gov 3M Website: www.3m.com/ppesafety pfullen@mmm.com 3

Occupational Health & Environmental Safety Division Industrial Hygiene Review Respirator Basics 5

How do contaminants get into our body? Skin absorption puncture Ingestion (eating) Inhalation (breathing) 6

What are Airborne Hazards? Particles 1. Dust: solid particles 2. Mist: liquid droplets Spraying liquids always creates a mist Coughing, etc. also creates a mist 7

What are Airborne Hazards? Particles 3. Metal fumes Liquid metal evaporates Welding, metalworking Evaporated metal cools in air & forms small, solid particles; fumes Don t confuse fumes with vapors 4. Fibers (asbestos, Insulation, etc) 5. Bacteria (H1N1, SARS, Bird Flu, etc) 8

What are Airborne Hazards? Gases & Vapors Gases ammonia carbon monoxide (CO) chlorine Vapors evaporated from liquids Solvents Acetone, isopropyl alcohol, mineral spirits, etc. Products containing solvents adhesives & glues, paint, etc. 9

Airborne Hazards Affect Health Short-term effects Coughing Difficulty breathing/asthma Nausea Drowsiness Long-term effects Reduced ability to fight off illness Birth defects Cancer Death 10

Protecting People from Airborne Hazards Bottom line: reduce exposure to hazards Exposure depends on: Exposure level the amount of contaminants in air Exposure time the number of minutes/hours a person is exposed Permissible Exposure Limit = PEL The maximum level of contaminant which is considered to be safe for an 8 hour exposure Set by OSHA and enforceable by law 11

Exposures Chronic: Long term, repeated. No Cause and Effect relationship from breathing contaminant. Acute: Instant cause and effect. Within a short period of time, incapacitated, death. 12 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

How the do we know what the hazards are? Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), What you are exposed to. Concentration Levels - Air Monitoring Samples 13

Preferred Methods to Control Exposure to Airborne Hazards Engineered Controls Change the process - eliminate the hazard Enclose or isolate the operation or the worker Local exhaust ventilation Substitute a less hazardous material Administrative controls Provide medical monitoring Train workers on safe operating procedures Good housekeeping 14

Preferred Methods to Control Exposure to Airborne Hazards Personal protective equipment Respirators, Hearing Protection, Eye/Face & Head Protection individually or worn together Combinations of any two or all three methods 15

Which control? Best practice and order of desirability: Eliminate the hazardous material, machine, or procedure Control at the source with engineering controls Follow good procedures Issue Personal protective equipment 16

What is a Respirator? Equipment worn by a person to help protect them from breathing airborne hazards Masks Facepieces Hoods (PPR) Helmets (PPR) 17

Why Wear a Respirator? The Preferred methods of lowering hazards in the air may not be feasible. Exposure levels may be too high even when preferred methods are used. Government regulations 18

How Do Respirators Work? Particulate Filters & Cartridges Filters capture particles Particles physically trapped in layers of fibers dust, mist, fumes Electrostatic charge can make filters more effective without adding more layers of fibers Filters don t protect against any gases & vapors 19

How Do Respirators Work? Organic Vapor Cartridges & Canisters OV cartridges adsorb organic vapors Cartridges/canisters filled with carbon Organic vapors adhere to surface of the carbon (adsorption) OV cartridges/canisters don t protect against particles 20

How Do Respirators Work? Chemical Cartridges & Canisters Many types of cartridges/canisters Organic Vapor Acid Gas Ammonia Multi-gas Cartridges/canisters for specific chemicals require treated carbon Ethylene Oxide Formaldehyde Mercury 21

How Do Respirators Work? Particles & Vapors/Gases Protection against both particles & vapors/gases Use filters and cartridges together Cartridges with changeable filters Stacked cartridges 22

How Do Respirators Work? Powered-Air Purifying Respirators Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Cleans the air at the work site using a battery powered motor blower which draws air through a filter and/or cartridge and delivers it to the worker by a breathing tube. Blower can be mounted on waist, face, head or vehicle. Battery pack can be mounted on a belt or vehicle. Headgear can be a tight-fitting face piece, or loose-fitting face piece, hood or helmet. 23

How Do Respirators Work? Atmosphere Supplying Respirators Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) Delivers breathing air through a compressed air hose attached to a source of clean air such as a compressor, pump or air cylinder. Head gear can be a tight-fitting face piece, or loose-fitting face piece, hood or helmet. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) A limited capacity of respirable air in the form of a self-contained cylinder is carried by the worker. Headgear must only be a tight-fitting full face piece 24

OSHA PELS OSHA sets Permissible Exposure Limits for all Hazards inside. These are Minimum Requirement to Meet by Law Other Agencies have similar levels set based on research, but PEL is the law. ACGIH American Conference of Govt Industrial Hygienists -TLV Threshold Limit Value NIOSH -REL Respiratory Exposure Limit 3M -OEL Occupational Exposure Limit 27 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Government Regulations OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration Creates & enforces worker safety regulations OSHA enforcement actions Voluntary corrections Civil penalties Monetary fines Criminal sentences 28

Respiratory Protection Health Standard OSHA Regulation 29 CFR 1910.134 30

Definitions Hazard Contaminant that can cause harm and the exposure level is at or above the permissible exposure level. Nuisance Level PEL Exposures below PEL, not enough to be considered hazardous. Permissible Exposure level: level at which we are safe to breath the contaminant and not cause harm. Usually based on an 8 Hr TWA. TWA : Time Weighted Average 31 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Definitions IDLH- Immediate Danger to Life & Health APF- Assigned Protection Factor Safety Value given to respirators MUC- Maximum Usage Concentration APF X PEL = MUC (upper Limit allowed for Mask) STEL- Short Term Exposure Limit Usually 15 Minutes, for certain highly toxic chemicals 32 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Program Administrator An administrator, qualified by appropriate training or experience, shall be designated by the employer. The administrator must oversee the respiratory protection program and evaluate its effectiveness. 34

Respirator Program Employer must develop and implement a written respiratory protection program when Respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee; or, Whenever respirators are required by the employer. Respirator Program 35

Voluntary Use Voluntary use: whenever the employee is not required to wear a respirator but chooses to do so Exposure Level is below the PEL Employer required to: Provide the information in Appendix D of the standard in written or oral format Ensure employee is medically able to use a respirator Verify respirator is cleaned, maintained and, if necessary, stored properly 36

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134 Overview 1. Procedures for selecting respirators 2. Medical evaluation 3. Fit testing 4. Use of respirators 5. Maintenance and care of respirators 6. Training 7. Program evaluation 8. Recordkeeping 37

1. Procedures For Selecting Respirators NIOSH approved respirators must be used A sufficient number of respirator Models must be available to choose from to ensure fit. ( 2 types, 2 sizes) 38 Disposable Respirators Reusable Respirators Powered & Supplied Air

1. Procedures For Selecting Respirators Employer must identify & evaluate respiratory hazard(s) in workplace, including A reasonable estimate of employee exposure to respiratory hazards Perform Hazard(s) Assessment Know type hazard Gas, Vapor, Particulate MSDS Sheets tell half the story.. Contaminant(s) Air Sampling needed to determine Level of exposures. 39

Selecting Respirator(s) Once you know Hazard(s) Types, PELs, Etc. Exposure Levels Exposure Times Any Special Circumstances such as IDLH, Confined Space, STEL, Environmental issues, Etc. Then you can begin selection process. 40 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

NIOSH Approval & Safety Ratings Assigned Protection Factor Safety Value assigned to each type of respirator 10X, 25X, 50X, 1,000X & 10,000X Only Multiply times PEL to obtain MUC or upper limit value of the respirator. MUC= Maximum Usage Concentration Special Caveat: APF not to exceed IDLH of Contaminant 41 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

1. Selecting Respirators: Particles NIOSH approved (42 CFR 84) air purifying respirator equipped with particulate filter(s) Filtering face piece respirators, or Elastomeric face piece with particle filters, or Powered Air respirator with Particle Filters Supplied air respirator 42

Particle Respirators Not a Dust Mask, but a respirator Dust masks are made to no standard, therefore they are not required by law to do any filtering. Respirator is made to a standard and must perform to a certain level such as an N-95 Class (29CFR84) Match Respirator to Hazard, Concentration Levels, environmental concerns, time of exposures (time in Mask), etc. with capabilities of the respirator. 43 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Particulate Respirators Disposable Masks N, R & P Ratings N-Not for Oil Mist Atmospheres (Most Common) R- Restricted Use in Oil Mist Atmospheres (8 Hrs) P- Oil Proof, use per Mfgr suggested (usually 40 Hrs) 95, 99 & 100 Efficiency Rated or Class Filters 95 is 95% efficient at 0.3 Micron Sized particle 99 is 99% efficient at 0.3 Micron Sized Particle 100 Class is actually 99.97% at 0.3 Micron Particle 44 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Disposable Masks No Maintenance No communication distortions Low cost Many choices Great for Voluntary Programs Must be worn correctly for effectiveness Can be hot, uncomfortable One size fits many, not all. Particulate filter only 45 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Particle Respirators Re-usable Respirators Half Masks Full Face Masks Some ¼ Masks still on market? Filters come in N-95, P-95 and P100 Also have filters that can protect from Gas & Vapors 46 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

3M Occupational Health Environmental Safety Division Advantages & Disadvantages of Re-usable Masks Advantages Very Versatile, gas, vapor Particle Can be more comfortable to wear for longer periods 3 Sizes per Model Can fit wider demographics of users Disadvantages More expensive Poor Communications, Muffled Must maintain & clean 47 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Particulate Respirators Powered & Supplied Air Choice of Filters Choice in Head Gear (Tight & Loose Fitting)v Higher APF, or higher safety values More expensive No Fit Testing Loose Fitting Head Gear Limited to no Shaving Requirements 48 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

Powered & Supplied Air respirators Advantages Higher Protection Factors More Comfortable Less stress on pulmonary Can eliminate need for fit testing Can eliminate need for shaving Versatile options for filters & Head gear Disadvantages More Expensive to buy More expensive to use 49 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

1. Selecting Respirators: Gases and Vapors NIOSH approved air purifying respirator (dual cartridge) with: an end of service life indicator (ESLI) or change out schedule based on objective information or data; or, Supplied air respirator Match Filters with Contaminants, concentration levels. 50

2. Medical Evaluation Medical evaluation is required: Before employee is fit tested or first begins wearing a respirator, and whenever certain conditions are met (Age, Written Program, Doctor required, Substance Specific Standard, Health reasons, etc.) Medical evaluation performed by PLHCP (Physician or other Licensed Health Care Professional) authorized to evaluate medical ability to wear a respirator by state license, certification or registration (qualifications vary by state) 51

2. Medical Evaluation 52 Questionnaire or exam Must use OSHA questionnaire or equivalent (Appendix C) Employee responses on questionnaire are confidential. (Employer not allowed to review) PLHCP gives approval to employer after medical evaluation is completed Follow up evaluation may be required PLHCP decides what procedures and tests are required Pulmonary function tests are only required if the PLHCP requests them

2. Medical Evaluation Substance Specific Standards may require more Medical Surveillance other than written evaluation. Such as Pre & Post Chest X-rays Pulmonary Function Tests (Spiro metrics) Skin evaluations Physical 53 Employer may require more than just the written Med eval as well. What is written shall be done! General Industry: Required Initially. 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

3. Fit Testing Required before initial use of all tight fitting respirators (including positive pressure) Each different model/size of face piece used by worker must be fit tested (If more than one is used) Annual re-testing required 55

3. Fit Testing DO NOT fit test workers who have: Facial hair* that comes between the sealing surface and the face, or Facial hair* that interferes with valve function, or Any condition that interferes with the face piece seal or valve function Including safety glasses, dentures, scars, etc. *Facial hair includes any hair growth such as stubble beard growth, beard, mustache or sideburns 56

3. Qualitative Fit Testing Simple pass/fail test to check face piece fit Worker wears respirator inside test hood Hood is filled with spray solution which has a strong smell or taste Worker performs various head/facial and body exercises If face piece leak occurs, worker will smell or taste the test solution If worker fails, try a different model or size respirator Quick, inexpensive method to test large work groups Test itself takes 7 Minutes plus set up time. 60

Quantitative Fit Testing Utilizes Computer-Type Device Quantitatively Measures Particle Matter inside the Face Piece, and outside; Compares To Pass, must score over a certain number One at a time per machine Typically takes 15 Minutes to do one person Expensive ($10K for unit) Must Recalibrate machine annually 61 3M 2010. All Rights Reserved.

4. Use of Respirators Employer shall not permit tight fitting respirators to be worn by employees who have facial hair or any condition that interferes with the face-to-face piece seal or valve function 62

4. Use of Respirators Worker must perform a User Seal Check each time he/she puts on the respirator Also known as fit check Two Types, one required (Negative & Positive Pressure) 63

5. Maintenance and Care of Respirators Respirator cleaning/disinfecting intervals Respirators worn by only one person As needed, Time allowed after each use. Respirators used by more than one employee Before use by any other wearer Respirators maintained for emergency use After each use Respirators used in fit testing and training After each use 64

5. Maintenance and Care of Respirators Follow procedures recommended by respirator manufacturer or OSHA methods (from Appendix B-2) Respirators must be Disassembled Washed with a mild, non-lanolin soap and water Rinsed well Disinfected with a dilute bleach solution Rinsed well Hand or air-dried Inspected, reassembled and stored in a suitable container away from contaminants. 65

5. Maintenance and Care of Respirators 3M 504 Cleaning Wipes (Non Alcohol) Use between fit tests Use for intermittent cleaning of respirators only Do not use on a respirator more than four times. 66 After cleaning, respirators shall be Inspected worn/damaged parts replaced Reassembled stored in a suitable container away from contaminates and physical agents that could affect its form, fit or function.

6. Training Employee training is required prior to initial use of the respirator Additional training required: Annually When there are changes in the workplace When new respirator type is used When employee does not understand proper use of respirator 67

6. Training Employees must be able to demonstrate knowledge of: General requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134 Why a respirator is necessary What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations 68

6. Training Employees must be able to demonstrate knowledge of how to: Inspect, put on and remove the respirator Perform a user seal check Use the respirator Store and maintain the respirator Recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit the effective use of a respirator 69

7. Program Evaluation Program administrator must conduct evaluations of the workplace to ensure that the written respiratory protection program is being properly implemented, and to consult employees to ensure that they are using the respirators properly 70

8. Recordkeeping Written program 3M Compliance Software helps! Medical evaluation Respirator Medical Evaluations On-line and Mail-in Formats Training 3M e-training helps! General Respirator e-training PAPR e-training Fit testing (retain until next fit test) 71

Thanks for Watching and Listening! Any Questions??? 73