1 Dr.Jack Organ مركز صدى احلروف خلدمه الطالب للتواصل : 0552114467 @dr_fajr Lecture1 16 th Century England and William Shakespeare ا مش ا غبدط ػشش ا غ زشا ١ ب شىغج ١ ش 16 th = )1500-1599( Major points to consider pre-lecture: مخ ١ ث ١ ١ خ لز ح لخ ألهي رؼ ١ حإلػظزخ 1-Shakespeare was born in the Elizabethan period when England was rising as a world power. ي ى ز ١ ف ح ؼ ي حإل ١ حر ١ ؼ ػ ي خ ظ ص ح ظ ح وم ػظ When I say the Elizabethan period, what do I mean?
2 ػ ي خ حل ي ح فظ حإل ١ حر ١ ؼ ١ خ ح حػ Queen Elisabeth was a daughter of King Henry the 8 th and she ruled from 1558 to 1603, so a rule of 45 years. ح ى ح ١ حر ١ غ حر ش ح ه ح ؼخ كى ض 1551 ح 1663 خ ٠ مخ د. 45 She was a very strong woman, she never married and for that reason she was called the virgin queen. وخ ض ح أ ل ٠ ؿيح غ ١ ظ ؿ يح ح زذ ٠ ط ك ػ ١ خ ح ى ح ؼي حء. And she was very good at bringing different sites together. وخ ض ؿ ١ ي ؿيح ف ى ؾ ح حلغ ح وظ ف غ رؼ ٠ خ. And here rule was a time of peace and stability for England. It was a time when England was rising as a world power. وخ ٠ ؼ ح ظ ح لض كى خ ح ال حإل ظم ح.ػ ي خ وخ ض طظ ح ظ ح وم س ى ١ ش. In her time there was the first attempt by England to colonize to create an Empire in America. ف لظ خ وخ ح ي ر حى ح ظفى ١ ح ظ ح إل ظؼ خ ظى ٠ ح ز ح ٠ ١ ف ح ٠ ىخ And so Walter Raleigh, a very famous ship sailor, founded the colony of Virginia, you heard about the state of Virginia now in America. ف لظ خ حوظ ف ح زلخ ح ح ظ ح ظؼ س ف ١ ؿ ١ ١ خ ح ظ ٠ ط ك ػ ١ خ حال ال ٠ ش ف ١ ؿ ١ ١ خ. He started the colony of Virginia, named after the virgin queen Elisabeth and so England was rising as a world power. queen) (virgin ح ٠٠ خ ح ظ ح وخ ض ل س ى ١ ش. ح ح ١ ك ح ح ظؼ ف ١ ؿ ١ ١ خ)ح ؼ حء( ح ح ى ح ؼ حء ح ١ حر ١ غ At that time there was a lot of conflicts between England and the other major power in Europe and indeed the world ف ه ح لض وخ خن ح ىؼ ١ ح ظؼخ ر ١ ح ظ ح ح م ح ؼظ حأله ف ح رخ ح ؼخ. Spain, there were big differences, cultural differences, but more importantly religious differences between Spain and England and so this was a big fight between superpowers. ٠ ؿي حهظالفخص وز ١ ر ١ ح ظ ح ح زخ ١ خ ف ه ح لض ف ح ل ٠ خ ح ي ٠ خ فمي وخ ح هالف وز ١ ر ١ ل ػظ.
3 Spain was the strength of competition for England and conflicts occurred between them, in 1588, the Spanish Armada, was defeated. وخ ض ح م س ح خف ش إل ظ ح أ زخ ١ خ ذ ر ١ حػخص ح ظ ض ر ٠ ش حأل ط ي حأل زخ ػخ 1588 Elizabethan age consider stability age and golden age of a literature specially plays (writing plays) for the general public. It had many greatest names in all world literature as Shakespeare, Jonson, and Christopher Marlow ح ؼ حإل ١ ح ٠ ز ١ ؼ ٠ ؼظز ػ حإل ظم ح ح ؼ ح ز ألىد ه خ وظخرش ح ك ١ خص ه رؼي ٠ ي حأل خء ح ك ١ )\ ؼ ١ ٠ خ ى ز ١ ر ؿ خ ( 2-The language of Shakespeare was different than today s English but can be understood. غش ى ز ١ طوظ ف ػ ح ٠ ١ ش ح ١ ى ظط ١ غ ف خ. 3-William Shakespeare is seen as the greatest writer in the English language. ٠ ظ ١ ٠ خ ى ز ١ وؤػظ وخطذ ف ح غ حإل ٠ ١. Who was William Shakespeare? ١ ٠ خ ى ز ١ He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was not from upper classes. His mother and father were humble poor people. He had to get rich people to help him in his career He went to London and he was an actor in the end of 16c. He performed a lot of his plays in a place called the Globe Theater" There was a place for the rich people up and the middle was for the middle and for the poor it was Influential for that time. In his plays he talked about important things in British political life, historical life and religious life. He was an English Poet, playwright. 4-The rise of Europe and the beginnings of Britain's overseas influence.
4 ظ ح رخ ريح ٠ ش ف ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ف ح وخ ؽ. 5-The greatest writer in the most influential language in the world. حػظ وخطذ ف ح غ حألوؼ طؤػ ١ ح ف ح ؼخ. ئظبفخ ششػ ا ذوز س عبن The 16 th consider a very famous period and very important period in the development of especially English literature and modern England ح م 16 ٠ ؼظز فظ ف ح ظط هخ ش حألىد حإل ١ ك ٠ خ س ح ظ ح. th 16 century is from 1500 to 1599 William Shakespeare one of the most important figures in English literature a person with a very famous name ١ ٠ خ ى ز ١ حكي حػظ ح و ١ خص ح ف حألىد حإل ١ و غ ح ؿيح He was born in the Elizabethan period. ذ ف ا فزش اإل ١ ضاث ١ ض ١ *Sonnet 18-The theme of love and the beauty of Middle England. ح خط 11 ع ح لذ ح خي ح ظ ح ح ط. ( ٠ ى ١ ز ١ ي ٠ خ ) ١ ظ ( رخإل ٠ ١ ش : )Sonnet أ حألغ ١ ش ح م ١ س ظمش ح ى ش حإل ٠ طخ ١ ش Soweto 1- أكي أ أ ىخي ح ؼ ح غ خث ح ح ظ ف أ رخ ف ح ؼ ح ط وظذ ف ١ خ وزخ ح ؼ حء 2- طظؤ ف أ رؼش ػ ر ١ ظ خ رؤ ح ل حف ؼ فش ط و ١ ذ طم 3 -ح ظ ض ح ١ ظ ر ؼخ ش رؼ ح ػخص ؼ ح لذ ح ؼف ١ ف. طظ ١ ح ١ ظ ر غظ خ ح ىؼفش خ ح زالغ ١ ش ح ئػ س ح ظط غ ا ح ى خي ف ؼظ خ ح ؼ ٠ ش ا خفش ا اظ خ خ لي س ح ؼ ػ ح ظؼز ١ ػ ىهخث ح ف ح ز ٠ ش. طؼ ى ريح ٠ خص ح ح ح ف ا ح م ح ؼخ غ ػ غ ؼ ح غ ي ح لذ ح ؼ ح وخ خثي ح ي ؼ حء ن م ١ ش وخ ئالء ال ٠ ح ٠ لظفظ رطخرغ ح ؼمخفش ح ؼ ر ١ ش ػ ح غ ح ظ خء ح لى ح ؼ ر ف ح ٠ س خ ق ح ي ١٠. ؼ ئالء ح ؼ حء طؤػ ح ر ؼ حء ح ظ رخى ف ؿ د ف خ ح ٠ طؤػ ح وؼ ١ ح ر ؼ حء حأل ي ف ١ خ ٠ و ح ؼ ح ؼ ى ح لخص ح مخف ١ ش ح ؼالػ ١ ش. Sonnet: Is a particular type of poems, usually 14 lines.. A Shakespearean sonnet has 14 lines has a special rhyming system. Sonnet 18
5 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? A Thou art more lovely and more temperate: B Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, A And summer's lease hath all too short a date: B أ ز ه ر ١ ١ ف ؿ ١ ٠ ح ١ ف ػ ي ٠ حثغ ال ؼ ١ ٠ ي ؼ خ ي ر ١ غ ط ز ١ ح لز رش ر ١ ح ١ ف ح يحفت ح حثغ أ ض أؿ فش أوؼ حػظيحال.( ح ظؼخ )metaphor. فخ ٠ خف ح ؼخط ١ ش لي ط ر حػ أ ٠ خ ح ١ خ ؼش ف ح ر ١ غ ل ١ Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, C And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; D And every fair from fair sometime declines, C By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd; D ح ف رؼ حألك ١ خ لخ ١ ش )ػ ١ ح خء ح م ى ر خ ح (" ٠ ز ح رخ ؼimagery)" ١ ( أ وج ١ زش طى خ ح غ ١ و ؿ ١ الري ح ٠ فمي ؿ خ ح فخ ف ش ح ل ١ خس ح طز ١ ؼش ح ظم زش But thy eternal summer shall not fade e Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st; F Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, e When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st; F أ خ ر ١ ؼه ح وخ ي ف ٠ ف ٠ زم ؿ خ ه هخ يح ا حألري ٠ فو ح ص ح ه ط ٠ ١ ف ظ ك ١ طؼ ١ ١ هخ يس ف حألر ١ خص So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, G So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. G ا خىح حإل خ ٠ ظ ف ػ ١ طز فخ حألر ١ خص ظؼ ١ ظ له ح ل ١ خس ح ىظ د رخإل ٠ ١ ح مي ٠ Thee = you
6 hath = has Thou = you Art = are Thy = your Thou ow'st = you own Thou wander'st =you walk thou grow'st = you grow ط و ١ ذ ح م ١ يس ح ى ز ٠ ١ ش طظى ح خط ح ى ز ٠ ١ ػالع رخػ ١ خص (quatrain( ػ خث ١ حكي )couplet( ح ز ١ ض حأل ي ح ؼخ غ ف ح مخف ١ ش )Rhyme) Rhyme: is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words, most often at the end of lines in poems and songs. ح ؼخ ح حرغ لخف ١ ش حه ح وخ ح خرغ لخف ١ ش أه ى ح آه ر ١ ظ ١ ف ح مخف ١ ش ١ ٠ خ ح خل ١. أه ١ ح : حي ) metaphors ( طؼ حال ظؼخ س ط ز ١ ء ر ء آه ؼ summer's day :ط ز ١ و ر ١ ١ ف )Metaphor) Is comparing one thing with thing else. This sonnet starts out by asking whether the poet should use a simile to describe the one he loves. "Should I describe you by saying that you are like a day in summer?" Then it rejects that comparison, saying, "No, you're even more beautiful than that ". In line five, the poem calls the sun "the eye of heaven." That's a metaphor. In line six, the poem calls the sun's brightness "his gold complexion." That's another metaphor. In line nine, the poem describes a person's beauty by calling it "thy eternal
7 summer." That's another metaphor *حي ) imagery ( ط ٠ ح ف ح ؼم ء ؼ ( summer's day, darling buds of may, rough winds, summer's lease, too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion) 1. William Shakespeare was a poet and playwright ship s captain politician All the above 1. He was from which area of England the north the south the center All the above 1. Shall I compare thee with a summer s day is an example of Rhyme Metaphor Interplay Can I compare thee to a summer's day is the opening line of one of Shakespeare's A. play B. songs C. novels D. sonnets But eternal summer shall not fade' is an example of a A. rhythm B. rhyme C. metaphor D. play - In which age Shakespeare was born: He was born in the Elizabethan era 16th century -How long did Queen Elisabeth rule: She ruled for 45 years -The time of Queen Elizabeth is considered: rule of peace and prosperity and a golden age for literature and spatially plays a role - The English army defeated the Spanish Armada in: 1588 - He s considered to be the greatest writer in English language: William Shakespeare - William Shakespeare was born in: The middle of England
1 - Which social class did Shakespeare belong to: He was from a poor humble family - Shakespeare was a writer and: Actor - William Shakespeare performed most of his plays in: The globe Theatre - Shall I compare thee to a summers day is: A metaphor - What is a sonnet: A particular kind of poem that has 14 lines and special Rhyme - The eye of heaven refers to: The sun. - Shakespeare refers to his poem with: Eternal lines. - Comparing one thing with another is: A metaphor. - What is the image of sonnet 18: and English summer's day. - What is the theme of sonnet 18 for William Shakespeare: Love and the beauty of middle England ح ي خ ف ١ ح ل د حأل ١ ش حال ٠ ١ ش Andrew Marvell was poet and politician. He is influence society. Major points to consider pre-lecture: Lecture 2 Andrew Marvell and English Civil war - We learnt about how English rose as a world power in the Elizabethan age. ػ ف خ و ١ ف ١ ش ظ حال ٠ ١ ش وم س ػخ ١ ش ف ح ؼ حإل ١ حر ١ ؼ. -Today we learn about a crisis in English society and how this shaped a lot of modern English culture and thought. ح ١ ي ػ أ ف ح ظ غ حإل ١ و ١ ف ى ض ح ىؼ ١ ح فى ح ؼمخفش حال ٠ ١ ش. - This crisis and the response to this crisis was the basis of England s rise to world dominance. حأل ش ح ى ػ ١ خ وخ أ خ ح طفخع ح ظ ح ١ ش ح ؼخ ١ ش (ح ١ ط س ػ ح ؼخ.) What were the causes of the English civil war? خ أ زخد ح ل د حأل ١ ش حإل ٠ ١ ش أ ١ حف خ sides? Who were the two What were the effects of the war on English society?
9 خ آػخ ح ل د ػ ح ظ غ حإل ١ A Garden, written after the Civil War- Andrew Marvell ح لي ٠ مش ىظ رش رؼي ح ل د حأل ١ ش أل ي خ ف Glorious revolution and the legacy of stability that has affected the world. ح ؼ س ح ١ يس ط حع حال ظم ح ح أػ ػ ح ؼخ. English Civil War was in fact happen between 1642-1651 It was basically between two forces the force of the parliament and the force of the king. رز خ ١ وخ ض ر ١ ل ط ١ ل س ح ز خ ل س ح ه. The king thought that God gave him the right to role so there was no reason for him to consult the parliament. ٠ ؼظمي ح ه ح هللا حػطخ ح لك ف ح لى يح ١ خن زذ إل ظ خ س ح ز خ. Parliament which represented the upper class of England at that time. ح ز خ ح ي وخ ٠ ؼ ح طزم ح ؼ ١ خ ف ح ظ ح ف ى ه ح لض. The king believed of ruling by himself and they fought over this. ح ه ٠ ئ رخ لى ر ف طلخ ر ر زذ يح. It was bloody conflict many people died. وخ حع ىح خص وؼ ١ ح خ. They say it was Civil war but it effected Scotland and especially Ireland. وخ ض ك د ح ١ ى خ حػ ص ػ ح ىظ يح ه خ ح ٠ يح. The parliamentarian eventually won in 1649 the had him beheaded. ح ز خ حه ١ ح ح ظ كى رمطغ ح ح ه. The people they didn't want this wanted a king ruling with parliaments they saw it was gone too far. ح ؼذ حػظ ٠ ى ٠ ٠ ي يح وخ ٠ ٠ ي كى ح ه ح ز خ. When it finished the English people wanted this to never happen again. ػ ي خ ح ظ ض ح ل د أ ح ؼذ ح ال ٠ ٠ ي ح ل د ح طؼ ى حه. )Remember there was a very destructive and bloody conflict)
16 Not only England was effected by the civil war but also Scotland and Ireland. ١ ض فم ٢ ح ظ ح ح ظ طؤػ ص رخ ل د حأل ١ ر ح ٠٠ خ ح ىظ يح ح ٠ يح. وخ ف رؼ حالك خث ١ خص 4% of the English population died. 6% of the Scottish population died 41% of the Iresh population died A Garden, written after the Civil War- Andrew Marvell. Metaphysical Poet. See how flowers, as at parade, a Under their colours stand display d : a Military ح ظ و ١ ف ح وؤ خ ف وذ طلض أ ح خ طمف ظ زش لفش ح ١ (( ٠ ز ح ف لفظ خ رخ ؼ ى ف لفظ ظ زخ ػ ي خ ٠ ى ف غ حال ظؼيحى)) Each regiment in order grows, b That of the tulip, pink, and rose. b Stars و ف ؽ ف ظخ ٠ حن ح و ح ح م ف ح ى. But when the vigilant patrol Of stars walks round about the pole, ى أ ٠ ح ل ح ح خ س ح طي ك ي ح مطذ ((. ٠ ز ح رخ كخي ى ح خ ك ي ح مطذ)) Their leaves, that to the stalks are curl d, flowers Seem to their staves the ensigns furl d. أ حل خ ط ه ح ١ مخ ح ظفش طزي ػ ١ خ ولخ ح ح ٠ ش ح ف فش (( ٠ ز ح ػ ي خ طظ خ ٠ ح ٠ ق رل وش حألػال )) Then in some flower s beloved hut Each bee, as sentinel, is shut, ػ ا و م لز رش ح س طمف و ل ش ػ رخر ووف ١ ظل (( ؼ وؤ ح س رى م ح لز رش ح ل ا ح خ أ حى ح ك ١ ك رخ وف ١ أ ح لخ )) ح ظخ ا ػ ى!!
11 And sleeps so too; but if once stirr d, She runs you through, nor asks the word. ط خ ؿ ١ يح ى ا ح خ أػ ١ ص ط و ظ ؼه ال ط ؤي رى ش. O thou, that dear and happy isle, thou = you, isle =island The garden of the world erewhile, erewhile = now ٠ خ أ ض ط ه ح ٠ س ح ؼ ٠ س ح ؼ ١ يس كي ٠ مش ح ؼخ ح ١ Thou Paradise of the four seas Which heaven planted us to please, أ ض ؿ ش ح زلخ حأل رؼش (( ٠ وخ ١ ذ ح ظ ح أ ض ح خء ح ظ ػض خ ح خ)) But, to exclude the world, did guard With wat,ry if not flaming sword; wat,ry = watery ى إلرؼخى ح ؼخ فؼ ح لخ غ ح خث ا ح ط ظؼ ح ١ ف What luckless apple did we taste To make us mortal and thee waste! خ ح فؼ ض ح ظفخكش ح ل ش ح ظ ١ ؼ خ خ. ظؼ خ ر طف ١ خ ح و ى ف ح. ح ظؼخ رخ ف ؿ ش ) ح ظ ح ( وآى ك حء Unhappy! Shall we never more11 That sweet militia restore, ظخء! ٠ ذ أ ال ٠ ي. ؼ ١ ي ط ه ح ١ ١ ١ خص ح ل س When gardens only had their towers, And all the garrisons were flowers; garrisons = place for soldiers ػ ي خ ح ليحثك ي ٠ خ أر حؿ و ح ؼى خص وخ ض ى When roses only arms might bear, And men did rosy garlands wear? ػ ي خ لي طل حأل خ ح الف ٠ طي ح ؿخي رخلخص ح ى
12 Questions first Assignment Write a paragraph on each question: 1. What was the major effect of the English Civil War on English society? 1 - خ طؤػ ١ ح ل د حأل ١ ش حإل ٠ ١ ش ح ث ١ ػ ح ظ غ حال ١ the legacy of stability and the war will never happen again. ى حال ظم ح ح ح ل د طؼ ى 2. Talk about some of the metaphors that Marvell uses to show this effect? 2 -طى ػ رؼ حال ظؼخ حص ح ظ ح ظوي خ خ ف ١ ١ ظ ه ح ظؤػ ١ يو ف ق. 3. What are some of the powerful images from the English countryside that either Marvell or Shakespeare use? 3 -أ و رؼ ح ح م ٠ ش ح ٠ ف حال ١ ط ه ح ظ ح ظوي خ حء ى ز ١ أ خ ف the beauty of England و ٠ ظ ؼ ؿ خي حك ح ظ ح *Andrew Marvelle was a poet and a politician and also a member of the Parliament. وخ ح ي خ ف خع ١ خ ػ ٠ ف ح ز خ. *The 17th century is considered an Age of Crisis ٠ ؼظز ح م ح خرغ ػ ػ حأل *what is the reason of the rise of England as a world dominance The crisis and the response to it? خ ح زذ ؼ ى ح ظ ح و ١ ش ح ؼخ حأل خص حإل ظخر خ. *when was the English Civil War? From 1642 to 1651. *The English Civil War was between The forces of the Parliament and the forces of the king. وخ ض ح ل د حأل ١ حأل ٠ ى ١ ر ١ ل ح ز خ ل ح ه. *In the civil war The Parliament represented The upper class of people.
13 ف ح ل د حأل ١ ٠ ؼ ح ز خ ح طزم ح ؼ ١ خ ح خ. *The English Civil War was : Bloody and destructive conflict. ح ل د حأل ١ وخ ض ى ٠ حع ي. *how many people died in the Civil War?.of England, 6% of Scotland, 41% of Ireland 4% *Andrew Marvelle was : English metaphysical poet 17th century. وخ ح ي خ ف ح خػ ح ١ ظخف ٠ ١ م حإل ١ ف ح م حي 17. *what is the imagery of garden by Andrew Marvell? Military imagery after the Civil War. خ ح كي ٠ مش ح ي خ ف ح ح ؼ ى ٠ رؼي ح ل د حأل ١. *thou that dear and happy Isle" speaking to" Britain *stirred is a mtaphor to The English Civil War. *The glorioues Revolution was in 1688. *In Andrew Marvelle poem the bee represented The parliament. ف ل ١ يس ح ي خ ف ح ل ط ؼ ح ز خ. *In Andrew Marvelle poem the flower represented :The King. ف ل ١ يس ح ي خ ف ح ى ط ؼ ح ه. Major points to consider pre-lecture: Lecture 3 John Locke and Liberalism ع ن ا ١ جشا ١ خ A-Because of the events of the Civil War British thinkers preferred moderate ideas. أ- ر زذ أكيحع ح ل د حأل ١ ش ف ٠ ح فى ٠ ح ز ٠ طخ ١١ حألفىخ ح ؼظي. B-German and French thinkers were more extreme because they hadn t experienced the Civil War. د-ح فى ٠ حأل خ ح ف ١١ وخ ح أوؼ طط فخ أل ١ ي ٠ هز س ف ح ل د حأل ١ ش. C-Many of the movements in Europe led to revolution but in Britain, most thought supported moderation and stability. ؽ -ح ؼي ٠ ي حألكيحع ف أ رخ ق حىص ا ح ؼ س ى ف ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ؼظ ح فى ح ٠ ي حالػظيحي حال ظم ح.
14 -John Locke FRS (29 August 1632 28 October 1704), was an English philosopher regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the Father of Classical Liberalism Terms. ؿ ن 29( حغ ط -1632 21 حوظ ر ) 1764 وخ ف ١ ف ا ١ طؼظز ظ ٠ خط أوؼ ح ظ ٠ خص طؤػ ١ ح ف ح ظ ٠ ٠ ؼ ف رؤر ح ١ ز ح ١ ح ظم ١ ي ٠ ش. Enlightenment: A 17th and 18th Century European movement of thought that saw human reason and empiricism (getting theories from observable facts) as the way to get to truth. ح ظ ٠ : طؼظمي ح ل وش حأل ر ١ ش ف ح م ح خرغ ػ ح م ح ؼخ ػ أ ح ؼم ح ز ح ل وش ح ظ ٠ ز ١ ش ( الكظش ح لمخثك ح فؼ ١ ش ) ػ أ خ ح ط ٠ ك ا ح لم ١ مش. Liberalism Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberals (modern) have different views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property. :ا ١ جشا ١ خ ح ١ ز ح ١ ش طؼظز ف فش ١ خ ١ ش أ أ خ طؤ ض ػ أفىخ ػخ ١ ش ػ ح ل ٠ ش ح خ حس وخ ١ ز ح ١١ ؿ خص ظ وظ فش طؼظ ي ػ ف ح زخىة ى ر فش ػخ ش ىػ ح أفىخ ؼ ح ل ٠ ش حال ظوخرخص ح ؼخى ش ح لم ق ح ي ١ ش ك ٠ ش ح لخفش ك ٠ ش حألى ٠ خ ح ظخ س ح ى ١ ش ح وخ ش. A.The rule of law-the idea that there should be a just law that everyone in society has to obey. أ. ح مخػيس ح مخ ١ ش أ ٠ ذ أ ٠ ى خن لخ ػخىي ٠ ذ ػ و ف ى ف ح ظ غ حال ظ ح ر. B. Freedom of Religion-the idea that people are free to practice their religion and that the state should not be run on religious lines. د. ح ل ٠ ش ح ي ١ ٠ ش : ٠ ذ ػ ح خ أ ط خ ى ٠ خ ظ خ ػ ح ي ش أال طظيه ف ح ي ٠. C. Private Property-the idea that everyone needs to have their possessions protected by the government, so the strong cannot steal from the weak. ؽ. ح ى ١ ش ح وخ ش : و ف ى رلخؿش ا أ ٠ ى ي ٠ ى ١ ش هخ ش طل ١ ح لى ش كظ ال ٠ ق ح م ح ٠ ؼ ١ ف John Locke-Quotes But there is only one thing which gathers people into seditious commotion, and that s oppression. A Letter Concerning Toleration (1689) مزجغبد ع ن خن فم ٢ ء حكي ٠ غ ح خ ػ ح فظ ش ح غذ ح م. هطخد ك ي ح ظ خ ق 1619
15 *Remember: A lot of British thought was a reaction to the idea of European Tyranny. ط و أ :ح ىؼ ١ ح فى ح ز ٠ طخ وخ ظ ١ ش ى فؼ فى س ح طغ ١ خ حأل ر. Religion, which should most distinguish us from the beasts, and ought most particularly elevate us, as rational creatures, above brutes, is that wherein men often appear most irrational, and more senseless than beasts. ح ي ٠. ح ء ح ١ ٠ خ ػ ح ل ١ ح خص ٠ ؼ ػ فؼظ خ و و لخص ػخل ش ف ق ح ك ١ ش ػ ي خ ٠ ظ ؼظ ح خ أوؼ ال ؼم ١ ش أوؼ ػي حك خ ح ل ١ ح خص. Essay Concerning Human Understanding Book IV,Ch.18. مخ ش هخ ش رخ ف حإل خ ح ىظخد ح حرغ ح ف ح ؼخ ػ. This shows that Locke wasn t against religion but saw that religion has both a positive and negative side ح حأل ٠ ق أ ؿ ن ٠ ى ي حألى ٠ خ ى ٠ أ ح ي ٠ ح خ ذ ح ز ح خ ذ حإل ٠ خر. John Locke-Two Treatises on Government أ ١ كظخ ؿ ن ػ ح لى ش This is John Locke s book on political thought and had a big influence in the UK and on the founding ideas of the USA.: وظذ ؿ ن ف ح ١ خ ش ح فى وخ ح وظخد ؿ ن ػ ح فى ح ١ خ ح ح ىظخد طؤػ ١ وز ١ ف ح ال ٠ خص ح ظليس ػ أفىخ ح ئ ١ ال ٠ خص ح ظليس طؤػ ١ وز ١ ف ح ىش ح ظليس حألفىخ ح وخ ش رظؤ ١ ح ال ٠ خص ح ظليس. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. ى ش ح طز ١ ؼش خ لخ ح طز ١ ؼش ح ظ ٠ لى خ ح ٠ و ف ى ػم ر ح ح مخ ٠ ؼ ح ز ٠ ش رخ ظؼ رؤ ح ١ غ ح ١ ش ظم ١ ال ٠ لك ف ى أ ٠ ئ ح ٢ ه أ ٠٠ ف ك ١ خط لظ ك ٠ ظ أ ظ ىخط. Second Treatise of Government, Ch. II John Locke-Two Treatises on Government (continued). The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings, capable of laws, where there is no law there is no freedom. حال ١ كش ح ؼخ ١ ش لى ش ح ف ح ؼخ
16 ا خ ٠ ش ح مخ ١ ا غخإ أ ح ظؼخىط ى ح لخفظش ػ ١ ط ؼش ح ل ٠ خص ف ح ي ي ح ؤس ل س ح م ح ١ فل ١ غ ال ٠ ؿي لخ ال ٠ ؿي ك ٠ ش. Second Treatise of Government, Ch. VI To this I answer, that force is to be opposed to nothing, but to unjust and unlawful force; whoever makes any opposition in any other case, draws on himself a just condemnation both from God and man حأل ١ كش ح ؼخ ١ ش ػ ح لى ش ح ف ح خى أؿ ١ ذ ػ ح أ ح ظزؼخى ح م ال ء ى رخ ز م ح غ ١ ػخى ح غ ١ ػ ١ ٠ ؼ أ ؼخ ف أ كخ ف ٠ ف فم ٢ إلىح هللا ح خ ؼخ Second Treatise of Government, Ch. 18 John Locke-Conclusion Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins. Second Treatise of Government أ ١ كظ ح ؼخ ١ ش لى ش ح ف - 11 ح ظ ظخؽ ؿ ن ف أ ١ كظ ح ؼخ ١ ش لى ش لخي: ػ ي خ ٠ ظ ح مخ ٠ زيأ ح طغ ١ خ. Points to consider *A lot of English political thought was a reaction to the idea of European Tyranny. ح ىؼ ١ ح فى ح ١ خ حإل ى ١ وخ ىس فؼ ػ فى س ح طغ ١ خ حأل ر. *The events of the Civil War and the contributions of different thinkers led to English thought that was marked by ideas of Liberalism, Religious Toleration and the Rule of Law. أكيحع ح ل د حأل ١ ش ا خ خص ح فى ٠ ح وظ فش أىص ا ح فى حإل ١ ح ي ط ١ رخألفىخ ح ١ ز ح ١ ش ح ظ خ ق ح ي ٠ ح لى رخ مخ. 1.because of the Civil War thinkers preferred Moderate ideas ر زذ ح ل د حأل ١ ح فى ٠ ف ٠ حألفىخ ح ؼظي 2.because Germany and France didn't experience the Civil War they tended to be Extreme. حأل خ ح ف ١١ ١ ى ١ ٠ ظط ف ١ أل ١ ي ٠ هز ف ح ل د حأل ١. 3. The movements in Europe lead to Revolution. ح ل وخص ف ح رخ لخىص ح ػ. 4. The movements in England lead to More moderation and stability.
17 ح ل وخص ف ح ظ ح حىص ح ح ٠ ي حإلػظيحي حإل ظم ح. 5. John Locke was philosopher, politician and enlightenment thinker. وخ ؿ ن ف ١ ف ١ خ فى ف ح ظ ٠. 6. John Locke is considered The father of liberalism. ٠ ؼظز ؿ ن حر ح ١ ز ح ١. 7.17 th century and 18 th century European movement of the suit that saw human reason and Empiricism as the way to get truth.the Enlightenment movement. ف ح م 11 ح ل و 17 حأل ر ١ يػ ح ظ يص ح ؼم ح ز ح ظ ٠ ز رخػظزخ خ ٠ ١ ك ل ي ػ ح لم ١ م.ح ل و حإل ٠ ١. 8. Empiricism means : Getting theories from observable facts. ح ظ ٠ ز ١ طؼ ح ل ي ػ ح ظ ٠ خص ح لمخثك ح الكظ. 9. The roots of the enlightenment are from lslamic thinkers and ideas. ؿي ح ظ ٠ حألفىخ ح فى ٠ حإل ال ١١١. 10. A political philosophy founded on the idea of liberty freedom and equality Liberalism. ف ف ١ خ ١ طؤ ض ػ فى س ح ل ٠ ح خ ح ح ١ ز ح ١ 11. John Locke thinks that There must be a just law that everybody in the society should obey. ٠ ؼظمي ؿ ن أ ٠ ذ أ ٠ ى خن لخ ػخىي ٠ ذ ػ و ف ى ف ح ظ غ حال ظ ح ر. 12. what are the major thoughts of John Locke? Freedom of religion, private property and a just law.. خ حألفىخ ح ث ١ ١ ن ح ل ٠ ح ى ١ ح وخ ح مخ ح ؼخىي. 13. A lot of British thoughts were a reaction to The idea of European Tyranny. ح ؼي ٠ ي ح فى ح ز ٠ طخ وخ ىس فؼ فى س ح طغ ١ خ حأل ر. 14. According to John Locke the purpose of law is To protect freedom. فمخ ن ح غ ح مخ ح لفخظ ػ ح ل ٠. 15. According to John Locke when law ends Tyranny begins.. فمخ ن ػ ي خ ٠ ظ ١ ح مخ ٠ ظى ح طغ ١ خ. 16. According to John Locke when there is no law There's no freedom. فمخ ن حىح ٠ ؿي لخ ط ؿي ك ٠.
11 17.The events of the Civil War and the contribution of different thinkers led English thought that was marked with.liberalism, religious toleration and rule of law. حكيحع ح ل د حأل ١ خ خص ح فى ٠ ح وظ ف حىص ح ح فى حإل ١ ح ي ػ ف رخ ١ ز ح ١ ح ظ خ ق ح ي ٠ ح لى رخ مخ. 18. The most important work of Jones lock is two treaties on government. ح حػ خي ؿ ن ح ١ كظخ ػ ح لى. *jhon locke's famous book was two treatises on: a.fish b.government. c-the country side. d-love *liberal thinkers believe in the rule of : b.cmonarchs a.priests c.law d.dictators Lecture 4 Adam Smith, Capitalism and the Scottish Enlightenment Major points to consider pre-lecture: آد ع ١ ش ا شأع ب ١ خ ػصش ا ز ٠ ش االعىز ذ *Up to now we have been talking mainly about England but after the Act of Union in 1707, we can start to talk about Britain. *Throughout the 18th and 19th Century Great Britain became the most powerful economic force in the world. *Scotland and a long history of education and some major Universities. مخ ١ ٠ ذ أ ط غ ف حالػظزخ لز ح لخ س : ل ا ح ٢ ظليع ػ ر ى أ خ ػ ا ظ ح ى رؼي لخ حالطلخى ف 1767 ف ظى ػ ر ٠ طخ ١ خ. ف هالي ح م ح ؼخ ػ ح ظخ غ ػ وخ ض ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ح ؼظ أوز ل س حلظ خى ٠ ش ف ح ؼخ. ح ى ط يح طخ ٠ ن ٠ ١ ح ظؼ ١ رؼ ح خ ؼخص ح ىز. The Scottish Enlightenment ػصش ا ز ٠ ش االعى ر ذ
19 An 18th Century movement of thought within Scotland s ancient Universities; Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. ك وش ح م ح ؼخ ػ ح فى ٠ ش ف ح ى ط يح ؿخ ؼخط خ ح مي ٠ ش : ؿخ ؼش ؿال ؿخ ؼش اى ز ؿخ ؼش أر ى ٠. They held to an optimistic belief in the ability of humanity to effect changes for the better in society and nature, guided only by reason. حكظفظ رخ ؼم ١ يس ح ظفخث ش رمي س حإل خ ػ ح ظغ ١١ ا حألف ٠ ف ح ظ غ ح طز ١ ؼش ظ ي ٠ رخأل زخد Among the Scottish thinkers and scientists of the period were Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Adam Smith, Robert Burns, Adam Ferguson (Father of Modern Sociology), and James Hutton (Father of Modern Geology). ر ١ ح ؼ خء ح فى ٠ حال ى ط ي ١٠ ف ح ح ؼ : ف ح ١ ط ى ٠ ف ١ ي ١ آى ١ غ ر ص ر ١ آى ف ١ ؿ ( أر ػ حالؿظ خع ح لي ٠ غ ) ؿ ١ ط ( أر ػ ح ١ ؿ ١ خ ح لي ٠ ؼش ). Adam Smith and Economics آد ع ١ ش االلزصبد Adam Smith (June 5th 1723-July17th 1790) was a Scottish Moral Philosopher and Economist. ي آى ١ غ ف 1723/6/5 ط ف ف 1796. وخ ف ١ ف أهالق حلظ خى ح ى ط ي.. He is often called the Father of Modern Economics.. ٠ ط ك ػ ١ ىحث خ أر حاللظ خى ح لي ٠ غ He wrote' An enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 which was the first modern work of economics and has had a very big influence on the modern economic world. وظذ ( طلم ١ مخ طز ١ ؼ ١ ش أ زخد ػ حص حأل ) ف 1776 ح ٠ ؼي أ ي ػ كي ٠ غ ػ حاللظ خى وخ طؤػ ١ وز ١ ػ حلظ خى ح ؼخ ح لي ٠ غ. - He observed the economies of many European societies and wrote his book based on the observations. حلذ ح ؼي ٠ ي حلظ خى ح ظ ؼخص حأل ر ١ ش أ ف وظخر ر خء ػ ح الكظخص. Smith laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory. ١ غ غ حأل ظ ٠ ش حإللظ خى ٠ ش ح ىال ١ ى ١ ش ق ح ل س Capitalism and the Free Market ا شأع ب ١ خ ا غ ق ا ؾش
26 Capitalism is an economic system in which trade, industry and the means of production are controlled by private owners with the goal of making profits. ح أ خ ١ ش ظخ حلظ خى ٠ ظلى ر ح طظ ف ح ظخ س ح خػ خث حال ظخؽ ح ظ طى ف ١ خ طلض ١ ط س ح ى ١ ش ح وخ ش ر يف طلم ١ ك حأل رخف. Central characteristics of capitalism include making money, competitive markets and wage labor. In a capitalist economy, the producers and consumers decide the prices of goods and services. ح و خث حأل خ ١ ظخ ح أ خ ؿ غ حأل حي حأل حق ح ظ خف ١ ح ؼ مخر حألؿ. ف حإللظ خى ح أ خ ٠ ليى ح ظؾ ح ظ ه حأل ؼخ ح وخ ش رخ ز ٠ خثغ ح وي خص. A free market is a market economy in which the forces of supply and demand are not controlled by a government or other authority. ح ق ح ل ػزخ س ػ حلظ خى ح ق ح ي طى ف ١ ل س ح ؼ ح ط ذ ال ط ١ ط ػ ١ خ ح لى ش أ ح ط حه The opposite of free market is a controlled market or regulated market, in which government intervenes in supply and demand through non-market methods such as laws controlling who is allowed to enter the market, or saying what type of product or service is supplied, or directly setting prices. أ خ ػى ح ق ح ل ف ح ق ح ط ظ طي ٠ ح لى ش ف ح ؼ ح ط ذ هالي خث غ ١ طزطش رخ ق ؼ ح مخ ح ٠ لى ٠ ق ريه ي ح ق أ طلي ٠ ي ح ظؾ أ ح وي خص ح مي ش أ غ حأل ؼخ ر ى زخ. The Wealth of Nations-Quotes In general, if any branch of trade, or any division of labor, be advantageous to the public, the freer and more general the competition, it will always be the more so. The Wealth Of Nations, Book II. وظخد ػ حص حأل ر فش ػخ ش ا ح وخ أ ف ع ف ع ح ظخ س أ ل أل خ ح ؼ ١ س ح ٠٠ خ ل ٠ ش حوؼ خف ح ؼخ. Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production; and the interest of the producer ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary for promoting that of the consumer. The wealth Of Nations, Book IV Chapter VIII حال ظ الن ح غخ ٠ ش ح ك ١ يس ح غ و حإل ظخؽ ٠ ذ أ طى لش ح ظؾ ؿ ىس ك ز خ طمظ ٠ ح ٠ س ظ ٢١ ه ط ٠ ي ح ظ ه. ػ حص حأل ح ىظخد ح ؼخ غ ح ف 4 The Wealth of Nations-Quotes
21 The statesman who should attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume an authority which could safely be trusted, not only to no single person, but to no council or senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who had folly and presumption enough to fancy himself fit to exercise it. The wealth Of Nations, Book IV, Chapter II ا ػ ؿ ح ي ش أ ٠ لخ ي ط ؿ ١ ح ى ١ ح وخ ش ح ظ ٠ ظط ١ غ ر خ ح خ ط ظ ١ ف أ ح ١ فم ٢ رظل ١ ف ػذء حأل ١ خء غ ١ ح ٠ ٠ ش ى رخفظ ح أكي ح ١ جخص ح ظ ٠ ؼك ر خ ١ فم ٢ ف ى حكي ى خ وخ رال ح ظ خ ١ م أهط خ ٠ ى ف ٠ ي و حكي أك ك ٠ ظو ١ ف ح ك ١ ي ح الثك خ ش ح حأل. - ػ حص حأل ح ىظخد ح حرغ ح ف 2 Smith's Idea of The Invisible Hand This was Smith's most important idea but not everyone agrees with it.every individual... neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it... he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he Intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. The Wealth Of Nations, Book IV, Chapter ll فىشح ع ١ ش ػ " ا ١ ذ ا خف ١ خ وخ ض أ أفىخ ١ غ ى ال ٠ ظفك ؼ خ حكي. فى ف ى حء ال ٠ ؼظ طؼ ٠ ح لش ح ؼخ ش ال ٠ ؼ ف لي ف ح ظ ٠ ؾ فم ٢ ٠ ٠ ي أ ر ي ػ ٠ ١ ك ط ؿ ١ ط ه ح خػش ف ؼ ي ح ط ٠ م ح ظ ط ظؾ ر خ لي ٠ ى حػظ ل ١. ٠ فم ٢ ى ز ف ح لخ ش ولخالص وؼ ١ ٠ مخى ر ح طش ٠ ي هف ١ غخ ٠ طى ف ١ ظ. ػ س حأل ح ىظخد ح حرغ ح ف ح ؼخ A Summary of Smith's Ideas Smith believed in governments allowing people to trade freely. Smith believed the more people were allowed to do what they were good at the more prosperity would be brought to the society. He believed that by allowing economic activity to be free then an 'Invisible hand would bring prosperity even to the poorer people in society. خص أفىبس ع ١ ش ١ غ ٠ ئ ر خف ح لى ش خ رخ ظخ س ح ل س. ٠ ؼظمي ١ غ أ و خ ق خ رؼ ح ء ح ١ ي ٠ ي حال ى خ فب ه ف ٠ ؼ ى ػ ح ظ غ.
22 و خ ٠ ؼظمي أ رخ خف خ ١ حإللظ خى ح ل ف طى ح ١ ي ح وف ١ ش ح ظ ظ ذ حال ى خ كظ ألفم ح خ ف ح ظ غ. Economic Rise of Britain and then America اصد بس اإللزصبد ف ثش ٠ طب ١ ب ثؼذ ب ا ش ٠ ىب Because of Smith's theories belief in government control of the economy became less in Britain in the late 18th century. During the Industrial Revolution, Britain embraced free trade and Smith's ideas, and via the British Empire, used its power to spread a liberal economic model around the world, with open markets, and barrier free domestic and international trade. ر زذ حإلػظمخى ر ظ ٠ خص ١ غ ف ح لى ح زلض ح ١ ط ػ حإللظ خى حل ف ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ف ح حه ح م. 11 ف حػ خء ح ؼ ح خػ ١ طز ض ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ح ظخ س ح ل س ظ ٠ خص ١ غ ر ح طش ح ظويح حإل ز ح ٠ ١ ح ز ٠ طخ ١ ل ط خ ف ؽ حاللظ خى ح ١ ز ح ك ي ح ؼخ هالي حأل حق ح فظ كش ح غخء ح ل حؿ ح ظخ س ح ي ١ ش. Britain as well as taking control of new territories, developed an enormous economic and financial power in independent countries, especially in Latin America and Asia. It lent money, built railways, and engaged in trade. The Great London Exhibition of 1851 clearly demonstrated Britain s dominance in engineering, communications and industry: that lasted until the rise of the United States and Germany in the1890s و خ ١ ط ص ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ػ خ ١ ك ؿي ٠ ي ؼض ل حلظ خى ٠ خ ١ خث ح ظ ض ػ أ ح ؿي ٠ يس لخ ض رظط ٠ حاللظ خى ح ىز ١ ح م س ح خ ١ ش ف ح ي ي ح ظم ش ف أ ٠ ىخ ح الط ١ ١ ش آ ١ خ. ف طم حأل حي ط ؤ ح ىه ح لي ٠ ي ٠ ش ط ظ ن ف ح ظخ س. أظ ؼ ي ح ىز ١ ل س ١ ش ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ف ح ي ش حالط خالص ح خػش ح ح ظ كظ ظ ح ال ٠ خص ح ظليس أ خ ١ خ ف 1196. 2nd Assignments-Questions Answer these questions with a sentence: 1. Why do we talk about Great Britain from the beginning of the 18th Century? خ ح ظليع ػ ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ح ؼظ ريح ٠ ش ح م ح ظخ غ ػ Because throughout the 18 th and 19 th Century Great Britain became the most powerful economic force in the world. ه ال خ ر ١ ح م حي 11 حي ح م 19 وخ ض ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ح ؼظ طؼي ح م س حاللظ خى ٠ ش ح ئػ س حال ف ح ؼخ. 2. What are two important ideas of Liberalism? خ ح فى طخ ح ظخ ١ ز ح ١ ش ح لخ 3. Who did John Locke think should obey the Law?
23 خ ح ؿؼ ؿ ن ٠ ئ ف حالط ح رخ مخ ح لخ 4. Did Adam Smith think that the government should control the economy? حػظمي آى ١ غ أ ح لى ش ٠ ذ أ طظلى ف حاللظ خى 5. How did Adam Smith believe the poorer people would be helped in a free market economy? و ١ ف حػظمي آى ١ غ ف ح حلظ خى ح ق ح ل ١ خػي حوؼ ح خ فم ح He believed that by allowing economic activity to be free then an 'Invisible hand would bring prosperity even to the poorer people in society. ٠ ؼظمي أ رخ خف خ ١ حإللظ خى ح ل ف طى ح ١ ي ح وف ١ ش ح ظ ظ ذ حال ى خ كظ ألفم ح خ ف ح ظ غ. *Adam smith : scottish moral philosopher and economist ( modern economic ) حى ١ غ : ح ى ط ي ف ١ ف حهالل طآ " ح ظخ س ح لي ٠ ؼ " *Capitalism, Controlled by private owners " the producers and Consumer decide prices of goods ح أ خ ١ ش ح زخثغ ح ظ ٠ ليى ح رق ف ح ز ١ ؼش. 1- The act of union was in 1707. وخ لخ حإلطلخى ف 1767. 2- Britain became the most powerful economic force in the world Throughout the 18th and the 19th century ح زلض ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ح م حإللظ خى ٠ حألوؼ ف ىح ف ح ؼخ هالي ح م 19-11 3- an 18th century movement of thought within Scotland ancient universities" Glasgow,Edinburgh, Aberdeen" The Scottish enlightenment ك وش ح فى ف ح ىظ يح ف ح خ ؼخص ح مي ٠ ؿخ ؼش ؿال ؿخ ؼش اى ز ؿخ ؼش أر ى ٠ ف ح م 11 ح ظ ٠ حأل ىظ ي. 4- They held to an optimistic belief in the ability of humanity to affect and change for better in society and nature guided by Reason. حكظفظ رخ ؼم ١ يس ح ظفخث ش رمي س حإل خ ػ ح ظغ ١١ ا حألف ٠ ف ح ظ غ ح طز ١ ؼش ظ ي ٠ رخأل زخد 4- Father of modern sociology Adam Fergus
24 ح ي ػ حإلؿظ خع ح لي ٠ غ حى ف ١ غ. 5- Father of modern geology James Hutton. ح ي ح ١ ؿ ١ خ ح لي ٠ ؼ ؿ ١ ط. 6- Adam Smith Was Moral philosopher and economist وخ حى ١ غ ف ١ ف حهالل حلظ خى. 7- Adam Smith belongs to 18th century Scottish philosopher - ٠ ظ حى ١ غ ح ف ١ ف حأل ىظ ي م 11 8- Considered the father of modern economics Adam Smith ٠ ؼظز ح ي حإللظ خى ح لي ٠ غ. حى ١ غ. 9- Who wrote the wealth of Nations? Adam Smith 1776. وظذ ػ حص حأل حى ١ غ 1776. 10- Adam Smith wrote his book based on Observation وظذ حى ١ غ وظخر ر خء ػ ح الكظ. 11- Adam Smith laid to the foundation of Classical free market economic theory. غ ١ غ ح خ ح ظ ٠ ح ىال ١ ى ١ حإللظ خى ٠ ق ح ل. 12 capitalism is an economic system in which trade, industry and the means of production are controlled by private owners with the goal of making profits. ح أ خ ١ ش ظخ حلظ خى ٠ ظلى ر ح طظ ف ح ظخ س ح خػ خث حال ظخؽ ح ظ طى ف ١ خ طلض ١ ط س ح ى ١ ش ح وخ ش ر يف طلم ١ ك حأل رخف. 13- What are the characteristics of capitalism? Making money, competitive market and wage labor. خ ه خث ح أ خ ١ ؿ غ حأل حي حأل حق ح ظ خف ١ ح ؼ مخر حألؿ. 14- in a capitalist economy who decides the prices of goods and services? Producers and consumers. ف حإللظ خى ح أ خ ح ي ٠ م ح ؼخ ح غ ح وي خص ح ظ ١ ح ظ ى ١. 15- A free market is a market economy in which the forces of supply and demand are not controlled by a government or other authority.
25 ح ق ح ل ػزخ س ػ حلظ خى ح ق ح ي طى ف ١ ل س ح ؼ ح ط ذ ال ط ١ ط ػ ١ خ ح لى ش أ ح ط حه 16- Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production. حال ظ الن ح غخ ٠ ش ح ك ١ يس ح غ و حإل ظخؽ.. 17- Adam Smith believed in: Consumer society ٠ إ اد ع ١ ش ثب غز غ اإلعز الو. 18- What is the most important idea of Adam Smith? The invisible hand. خ فى س حى ١ غ حألوؼ ح ١ ح ١ ي ح وف ١. 19- How did Adam Smith think the poorer people will be helped in a free market economy? Through the invisible hand. و ١ ف فى حى ١ غ ر خػيس ح خ حألوؼ فم ح رخ خ ١ حإللظ خى ح ل هالي ح ١ ي ح وف ١. Lecture 5 Romanticism: William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets Major points to consider pre-lecture: مخ ١ أ خ ١ ش أله رؼ ١ حإلػظزخ. Romanticism ح خ ١ By the end of the 18th Century Britain was starting to see the beginning of the Industrial revolution.. ف خ ٠ ش ح م 11 ر ٠ طخ ١ خ وخ ض إ ٠ ش ر ٠ طخ ١ خ زيح ٠ ش ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش This was causing changes in the countryside as there were more factories and buildings. زذ ه طغ ١ ف حك ح ي ش ح ىحىص ح خ غ ح زخ. Some people wanted to reject modern life and celebrate the beauty of nature and the human spirit. These were the Romantic poets. رؼ ح خ ف ٠ ح حوزش طط ح ل ١ خس حكظف ح ر خي ح طز ١ ؼش ح ف ح ز ٠ ش. ه وخ ح ؼ حء خ ١١. The Romantic Poets ح ؼ حءح خ ١١ A movement of poetry in late 18th Century/early 19thCentury Britain ك وش ح ؼ حء ف أ حه ح م 11 ريح ٠ ش ح م 12 ف ر ٠ طخ ١ خ Celebrated the beauty of nature and the pure human spirit
26 حكظف ح ر خي ح طز ١ ؼش ح ف ح م ١ ش ز ٠ ش They were against the Enlightenment ideas of empiricism and human reason. وخ ح ي أفىخ ح ظ ٠ ح ؼم ح ز The British Romantic poets were the most famous part of a movement that was all over Europe and in all the arts. وخ ؼ حء ح خ ١١ ح ز ٠ طخ ١١ ؿ ء ح ل وش ح ظ خىص أ رخ ف ؿ ١ غ ح ف ح ٢ ىحد. William Wordsworth ١ ٠ خ ىع ع William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet. ي ف 1776/4/7 ط ف ف 1156/4/23 وخ ح خػ ح ث ١ خ ١ ش Famous for his poems about the English countryside. ح ظ رم خثي ػ ح ٠ ف حال ١ Lived in the Lake District and was an important Lake Poet. ػخ ف " ١ ه ى ٠ ظ وض " وخ أكي أ ؼ حث خ Wrote many famous poems including; the Prelude, the Lucy Poems, Lyrical Ballads and Laodamia. وظذ ح ؼي ٠ ي ح م خثي ح ١ س خ Seen as one of the greatest poets in the English language ٠ ظ ا ١ ػ أ أػظ ؼ حء ح غش حإل ٠ ١ ش. The lake Poets ؼ حء ح زل ١ س The Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. ػزخ س ػ ػش ح ؼ حء حإل ١ ػخ ح ؿ ١ ؼخ ف طمش ح زل ١ س The three main figures of what has become known as the Lake School are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey. ح ؼ حء حأل خ ١١ ف ح ػش ىع ع خ ٠ طخ ٠ و ١ ىؽ ر ص
27 The Lake District of North Western England is a very beautiful area with deep lakes surrounded by mountains. طؼظز ح طمش ح ؿ ىس ف خي غ د ا ظ ح ؿ ١ ش ؿيح ك ١ غ ٠ ؿي ر خ رل ١ حص ػ ١ مش ٠ ل ١ ط خ ح زخي. The Daffodils ل ١ يس ح ؿ One of the most famous poems in the English language. اؽذح أوضش لصبئذح ش شح ف ا غخ اإل غ ١ ض ٠ خ It is often called I wandered lonely as a cloud. غب جب ب ٠ ط ك ػ ١ ب " أرغ ي ؽ ١ ذا وب غؾبة A daffodil is a beautiful flower that appears in great numbers in late spring in the UK. ح ؿ أكي ح ح ١ ش ح ظ طظ رؤػيحى وز ١ س ف خ ٠ ش ح ر ١ غ ف ح ىش ح ظليس. I recommend that you take a look at a picture of some daffodils and some pictures of the Lake District before we start looking at the poem. أ ص ثأ رأخز ظشح ػ ص شح ا شعظ ثؼط ا ص س ا خبصخ ث ز ا طمخ لج أ جذأ ثب مص ١ ذح. The Daffodils ا شعظ I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils: Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. أط ي كي وخ لخد ح ؼخث ػخ ١ خ ف ق ح ى ٠ خ ح ظالي ػ ي خ أ ح ى فؤس ىك ظ ١٠ فخ ح ؿ ح ز
21 ر ح ح زل ١ س طلض حأل خ ٠ ف ف ٠ ل ف ح حء ح ؼ ١ Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. ىحث وخ ح لش ٠ غ ػ ح ط ٠ ك ح ز ٠ ظي ف هالء ال ٠ ظ ػ خ ح و ١ ؾ فؤ ح ٢ الف خ ر ظ س ط ٠ د إ خ رل وش حل ش هف ١ فش The waves beside them danced: but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed-and gazed-but little thought what wealth the show to me had brought: ط ل حأل حؽ رخ ز ى خ طظف ق ف ؿش رخ لش ال ٠ ى خػ اال أ ٠ ى ح ر ؼ ح لزش ح كش فل مض ك مض ى فى ص ل ١ ال خ ح ح ؼ ح ١ ح أ ح For oft, when on my couch I lie
29 In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude: And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. ف غخ زخ ٠ ؤط أ خ حلي ػ حأل ٠ ىش ف حؽ هخ أ ظؼ ك ح فى ف ط ػ ح ؼ ١ ح يحه ا خ ؼ ش ح كيس ح ظ ط أل ل ز ؼخىس ف ١ ل غ ح ؿ Conclusion Try to find some pictures of the British countryside and try to imagine why so many poets write about it. كخ ي ح ل ي ػ ٠ ف حال ١ كخ ي طو ١ خ ح وظذ ح ىؼ ١ ح ؼ حء ػ. by the end of the 18th century Britain was starting to see the beginning *off? The Industrial Revolution. رل ي خ ٠ ش ح م 11 ريأص ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ر إ ٠ ش ريح ٠ ش ح ؼ ح خػ ١. *A movement of poetry in the late 18th and 19th century romantic poets. ك وش ح ؼ ف ح حه ح م. 19 11 ك وش ؼ حء ح خ ١١. *The romantic poets celebrated.. The beauty of nature and the pure human spirit. حكظف ؼ حء ح خ ١ ر خي ح طز ١ ؼ ح ف ح ز ٠ ح م ١. *The romantic poets were against. Enlightenment and human reason
36 وخ ؼ حء ح خ ١ ي ح ظ ٠ ح ؼم ح ز. *where did William Wordsworth live? The Lake District ح ٠ وخ ٠ ؼ ١ ١ ٠ خ ى ع ف طمش ح زل ١. *what other famous poems by William Wordsworth? The prelude, Lucy poems, lyrical ballads and laodamia خ ل خثي ١ ٠ خ ى ع حأله ح ١. * the lake poets are a group of poets who lived in the lake district... At the turn of the 19th century. ؼ حء ح زل ٠ ػ ح ؼ حء ح ي ٠ ػخ ف طمش ح زل ١ ف ط غ ح م 19. *The three figures of the lake school are...? William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey حأل لخ ح ؼالػ ي ش ح زل ١ ١ ٠ خ ى ع خ ٠ طخ ٠ وخ ٠ يؽ ر ص ػ. *The Lake District is in North Westrin England. طمش ح زل ١ ف خي ٠ ظ ح ظ ح. * daffodils are Yellow flowers ح ؿ ف حء. * daffodils is considered A lyrical poem. ح ؿ ٠ ؼظز ل ١ ي غ خث ١. *another name for daffodils is I wondered lonely as a cloud. ح حه ح ؿ و ض حط خث ك ١ يح و لخر. *and daffodils he compares daffodils to Shining stars " metaphor" ح ظؼخ ٠ مخ ح ؿ ر ط ع ح. * Who wrote daffodils? William Wordsworth. *William Wordsworth belong to what class? Middle class. ١ ٠ خ ى ع ٠ ظ أل ١ زم طزم ح ط. * The theme of daffodils is The beauty of English countryside.
31 ع ح ؿ ؿ خي ح ٠ ف حإل ١. * meant to schism appeared as a reaction to revolution. ح فظ ح حإل م خ ظ و ىس فؼ ز خػش ح ؼ ح خػ ١. The ugliness of the industrial *The Rpmantic Poets lived at the end of the 18 th century and beginning of the 9 th century. *The Lake District of England is a very beautiful area. *William- - - - - worte the poem The Daffodils : William Wordsworth. Lecture 6 Romanticism: William Blake and the Industrial Revolution ا شبػش ١ ٠ ب ث ١ ه ا ض سح ا ص بػ ١ خ Romanticism ا ش ب غ ١ خ Major points to consider pre-lecture: مخ ١ ٠ ذ ؼ خ ف حالػظزخ لز ح لخ س: By the end of the 18 th Industrial revolution. Century Britain was starting to see the beginning of the ف خ ٠ ش ح م ح ؼخ ػ وخ ض ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ف ريأص ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش. This was causing changes in the countryside as there were more factories and buildings. لي ط زذ ه ف ػغ حص ف ح م ح ٠ ف ك ١ غ ؿيص خ غ وؼ ١ س زخ. Some people wanted to reject modern life and celebrate the beauty of nature and the human spirit. These were the Romantic poets. أ حى رؼ ح خ ؼخ ش ح ل ١ خس ح لي ٠ ؼش حالكظفخي ر خي ح طز ١ ؼش ح ف حإل خ ١ ش ى ح وخ ؼ حء ح خ ١ ش. William Blake William Blake (28 November 1757-12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter and printmaker. خػ ا ١ خ. He wasn't famous during his lifetime and died very poor. ٠ ى ح حػ خء ك ١ خط خص فم ١ ح.
32 He hated the effect that the lndustrial Revolution was having on the life and people of Britain. وخ وخ ألػ ح أكيػظ ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش ػ ح ل ١ خس ح خ ف ر ٠ طخ ١ خ. Was a great painter, as well as poet. وخ خ وز ١ خػ. The Industrial Revolution ا ض سح ا ص بػ ١ خ The lndustrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.. 1146- ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش ػزخ س طل ي ف ح ظ ١ غ رط ق ؿي ٠ يس ف ح فظ س ػخ 1766 ح خر ١ 1126 It began in Great Britain and within a few decades had spread to Western Europe and the United States. ريأص ف ر ٠ طخ ١ خ ف هالي ػم ى ل ١ ش حؿظخكض أ رخ ح غ ر ١ ش ح ال ٠ خص ح ظليس. The lndustrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history: almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. طؼظز ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش مطش طل ي ف ح ظخ ٠ ن ك ١ غ طؤػ ص ر خ ؼظ ؼخ ح ل ١ خس ح ١ ١ ش. In particular average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. خػيص ػ ٠ خىس ؼيي حاللظ خى ح ىخ ف خرمش طى ؿ ىس. Negative points ا مبغ ا غ ج ١ خ The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories. خ ظخ ح غ ػ ح خ ١ ك ح ل ٠ ٠ ش ك ١ غ خؿ ص أػيحى وز ١ س ح ؼ خي ا ح ي رلؼخ ػ ح ؼ ح ظ ظ ١ ف ف ح خ غ. Child labor had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders. ظ ص ػ خ ش حأل ١ فخي أ زلض ح لش أوؼ رؼي ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش و ه حى ح ظؼ ١ ػيى ح ىخ. أؿز ح ؼي ٠ ي حأل ١ فخي ػ ح ؼ ف ر ١ جخص ١ ج ز ١ خ وخ ٠ يفغ أل ح ىزخ. Blake and the Romantic s view of the Industrial Revolution ؿ ش ظ ١ ٠ خ ر ١ ه ػ ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش.
ى ١ 33 The Romantic poet's hated the way Industrialization was changing the British landscape and often focused on the beauties of the English countryside that they thought was being threatened. و ؼ حء ح خ ١ ح ط ٠ مش ح ظ غ ١ ص ر خ ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش ح طز ١ ؼش ح ز ٠ طخ ١ ش وخ ىحث ح زلغ ػ ح خي ف ح ٠ ف حال ١ ح ٠ حػظمي ح أ يى. They also thought that the atmosphere in the cities and things like child labour were damaging the human spirit and wanted to return to the pre-industrial revolution rural ideal. حػظمي ح خ ١ أ ح ف ح ي ؼ ح طف ح ؼخ ح وخ ض ف ١ ظ ك حإل خ ١ ش طظي أ حى ح ح ؼ ىس ا خ لز ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش ح ؼ ىس ٠ ف ح ؿ. Blake, especially saw and portrayed the lndustrial Revolution with very strong and dark images that showed how he felt that the machines were destroying both nature and man. لخ ر ١ ه ػ ؿ ح و رخ م ي ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ر ى ل ؿيح ظ ش أظ ص ؼ رؤ ح ىخث طي ح طز ١ ؼش حإل خ. The Tyger ل ١ يس ح A poem in Blake s great work of poetry: Songs of Innocence and Experience. ل ١ يس ر ١ ه ل ١ يس ػظ ١ ؼ حألغخ ف ح ز حءس ح وز س It is called the most famous of his works. طؼي أ أػ خ It is a classic of English poetry. طؼي ح ؼ حإل ١ ح ىال. Many people have different ideas about what it is about. وؼ ١ ح خ ي ٠ أفىخ وظ ف ػ خ ح طي. Many see it as a large metaphor for the lndustrial Revolution. وؼ ١ ٠ ح خ رؤ خ خ وز ١ ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش. The imagery is of a Tiger that is powerful and terrible like the Industrial Revolution. ح و ١ خي ػ و ١ ف ل ؼ ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش. Tyger is an 18th Century spelling of the modern world tiger. ح م ٠ ظليع 18 ػ ح ؼخ ح لي ٠ غ. The Tyger Tyger Tyger, burning bright,
34 In the forests of the night; what immortal hand or eye, Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies. Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand, dare seize the fire? And what shoulder, & what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, what dread hand? & what dread feet? What the hammer? what the chain, In what furnace was thy brain? what the anvil? what dread grasp, Dare its deadly terrors clasp! when the stars threw down their spears And waterd heaven with their tears: Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tyger Tyger burning bright, In the forests of the night: what immortal hand or eye, Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? ح! ح! أ ٠ خ ح م ٢ ح ز ٠ خ ط ظؼ ر خء ف أ ح ٠ ي ح غخرخص ح ١ ١ ػ ١ أري ٠ ش ى ض ح ح خي ح ز ف ػ رش ػف ٠ ش
ي ٠ 35 أ ؼ ح خ! ف ط ه ح ؼ ١ ح ؼ ١ ش رؤ أػ خق أ أ ؿ خف ٠ إ ح خ حص ػ ٠ ش ى ض ح ح خي ٠ ظ أ ٠ وظخ أ ٠ ى خ أ ط طخى ح خ أ لي س أ أ خ س! ه مض ط ه ح ؼ خ ٠ خ ػض ف ١ ه ح خ س ػ ي خ ٠ زيأ ل زه ف ر و ذ ل ٠ ي ح كي ٠ ي وخ ط لش أ ال ح ف ال ح ظ ١ ش طمز ػ ح ف ٠ ش ح ى ١ ش رب حىس زش ل س ى ١ ش ػ ي خ ط ح أ ؼظ خ ح ز ١ ش! ط ح خء حأل ري ػ خ ح ي ٠ ش ٠ ؼ رخ ؼخىس ه ك ح ح ١ غ ه مه ح ه ك ح ل ح ى ٠ غ ح! ح! ح ٠ خ ح م ٢ ح ز! ٠ خ ط ظؼ ر خء ف ح غخرخ ص ح ١ ١ أ أ ٠ ي ػ ١ أري ٠ ش ى ض ح ح خي ح ز ف ػ رش ػف ٠ ش 3rd Assignment 1. The Romantic poets wanted a more: a. rural life b. urban life. c. modern life. ح ؼ حء ح خ ١ ٠ ٠ ي ح ٠ ي : أ- ح ل ١ خ ح ٠ ف ١ ش د- ح ل ١ خس ح ل ٠ ٠ ش ؿ - ح ل ١ خس ح لي ٠ ؼش 2. William Wordsworth lived in the:
36 a. 16th Century. b. 18th & 19th Century c. 20th Century. ػخ ١ ٠ خ ىع ع ف. أ. ح م 16 د. ح م 19-11 ؽ.ح م 26 3. The Lake District is in: a.scotland b. England c. Wales طمش ح زل ١ س أ- ح ى ط ي ٠ د- ا ٠ ١ ؿ- ٠ ٠ 4. William Blake was also a great: a. singer b. painter c. politician. 5. The Industrial Revolution in England led to more : a. farms. b. factories. c. shops. أىص ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش ف ا ظ ح ا ٠ ي أ. ح ح ع د- ح خ غ ؿ - ح ظخؿ 1- William Blake was a poet and? Painter and printmaker 2- William Blake died..? Poor and was unknown during his life خص ١ ٠ خ ر ١ ه فم ١ ح ٠ ى ؼ فخ حػ خء ك ١ خط. 3- The Industrial Revolution was period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. 4- The Industrial Revolution started in? Great Britain and then spread to Western Europe and the United States. ريأص ح ؼ ح خػ ف ر ١ خ خ ح ؼظ ػ ح ظ ص ح رخ ح غ ر ح ال حص ح ظلي 5- Child labor existed? Before the Industrial Revolution ؿيص ػ خ ش حأل ١ فخي لز ح ؼ ح خػ 6. The Romantic poet's hated the way Industrialization was changing the British landscape and they also thought that the atmosphere in the cities and things like child labour were damaging the human spirit and wanted to return to the pre-industrial revolution rural ideal. و ؼ حء ح خ ح ط ٠ مش ح ظ غ ١ ص ر خ ح ؼ س ح خػ ش ح طز ١ ؼش ح ز ٠ طخ ١ ش وخ ىحث ح زلغ ػ ح خي ف ح ٠ ف حال ١ ح ٠ حػظمي ح أ يى حػظمي ح خ ١ أ ح ف ح ي ؼ ح طف ح ؼخ ح. وخ ض ف ١ ظ ك حإل خ ١ ش طظي أ حى ح ح ؼ ىس ا خ لز ح ؼ س ح خػ ١ ش ح ؼ ىس ٠ ف ح ؿ. 7- romantic poets wanted more? Rural life
37 ؼ حء ح خ ١ رل ١ خ ٠ ف ١ حوؼ. 8- Tiger by William Blake is a poem great work of poetry: Songs of Innocence and Experience. ح ظخ ٠ ي ١ ٠ خ ر ١ ه ل ١ يس ػظ ١ ؼ حألغخ ف ح ز حءس ح وز س. 9- William Blake portrays the tiger as? Terrible and powerful like the Industrial Revolution ١ ٠ خ ر ١ ه ٠ ح رخ م ح فظخػ وخ ؼ ح خػ ١. 10- Tiger by William Blake consists of? Six stanzas. طظى ح ظخ ٠ ١ ٠ خ ر ١ ه 6 لخص. 11- Burning bright in William Blake's tiger refer to? The colors of the tiger "metaphor". لظ ق غ ف ل ١ يس ح ظخ ٠ ١ ٠ خ ر ١ ه ط ؿغ ح ح ح ح ح ظؼخ 12- The third stanza represents? The blacksmith ( The Industrial Revolution) ط ؼ ح ل ح ؼخ ؼ ح ليحى )ح ؼ ح خػ ١ ( 13- The lamp represents? The innocence of the English countryside. ٠ ؼ ح زخف ر حءس ح ٠ ف حإل ١. 14- the symmetry of the tiger is? his stripes. *Wiliam Blake died : a.rich and famous. c.popular and loved b.poor and unknown d.well known *The first line of (the tiger)is Tyger Tyger ----------- bright. a. singing. b.shouting. c.playing. d.burning *Tyger Tyger burning bright in the ------------------- a.isle of wight. b. forests of the night c. Air Saudi flight. d.cause of worng or right. Lecture7