X Iron: the hidden element Railways The world at the turn of the century Steam Railways in Britain
The world at the turn of the century Firth-of-Forth rail bridge, 1889 2.640 m, 56.000 tonnes of steel The world at the turn of the century Poor housing: London, ca. 1880 Drawing: Gustave Doré
The best of iron technology Cast and forged iron house, made in Russia, exposed at world fair 1887-89 (now in city museum Yekaterinburg) Photograph: D. Hamels Well-known names Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
Well-known names Sir Henry Bessemer Bessemer s autobiography Well-known names... Andrew Carnegie Steel town Pittsburgh USA: Geography, NL-America Inst., 1972
Carnegie for peace... Palace of Peace The Hague Well-known names... Alfred Krupp Sir Henry Bessemer, Father of the Steel Industry Essen steel plant, ± 1910
Iron ore production per capita kg 300 United Kingdom Germany France 225 150 75 0 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 Year Steel for electricity Generator room of melting plant, 1895
Well-known names... Henry Ford Time-Life World History 1900-1925 The world at the turn of the century Titanic Mauretania Captain Grant Tobacco Pictures
Hr. Ms. Brabant Warfare: battle ships Winkler Prins Encyclopedia Warfare: tank Use of tank in the battle of Cambrai, 1917 Winkler Prins Encyclopedia
Hoogovens site, ca. 1925 Steel on sea Hoogovens Jubilee book Hr. Ms. Hood Warfare: battle ships Report on the 2nd World War Amsterdam, 1970
Tall ships Queen Mary Queen Elizabeth Captain Grant Tobacco Pictures Well-known names... Josef Stalin Winkler Prins Encyclopedia
Closed to foreigners: Magnitogorsk Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR, Berkeley, 1991 Closed to foreigners: Magnitogorsk Female steel workers Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR, Berkeley, 1991
Closed to foreigners: Yekaterinburg Remains of old metals plant Photographs: D. Hamels Development of steel production in Germany Mt 20 Crude steel production 15 10 5 0 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1913 1925
Production of steel in Germany in Mt 60 Crude steel production 50 40 30 20 10 0 1870 1900 1927 1933 1939 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 Wirtschatfsvereinigung Stahl, Düsseldorf 1999 Building Liberty ships Steel for Liberty Report on the 2nd World War Amsterdam, 1970
Steel properties Well-known names... Sir Winston Churchill The iron curtain Winkler Prins Encyclopedia
Well-known names... George Marshall Winkler Prins Encyclopedia Hoogovens No. 1 hot strip mill 1953 Steel on sea Hoogovens archives
Changing philospophy of the winners American engineers at Yawata works Iron and Steel Institute of Japan Production (o) and employment (x) in the Japanese steel industry (175 = 100) Employment effects The steel industry in the new millennium (Inst. of Materials)
Well-known names... Robert Schuman Hoogovens Jubilee book ECSC R&D expenditure ECSC STEEL RTD PROGRAMME - Funding from 1955 to 1999 Research Projects Pilot/Demonstration Projects 70 60 FUNDING / Meuro 50 40 30 20 10 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 ECSC, Bruxelles
Silicon age, 1968 - STONE AGE (~ 35000 years) BRONZE AGE (~ 1800 years) IRON AGE (~ 3200 years) SILICON AGE 3000 BC 1200 BC 1968 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 BC A D S. Sze, L.C. Feldman, private communication Publications/Year 20,000 10,000 Publications on silicon and iron 1968 10,000 1,000 1,000 400 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year
Well-known names... Lady Margaret Thatcher PPl Photoagency, London Club of Rome report 1972 Scarce natural resources
Relationship GNP and steel consumption Tonnes of steel 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 1890 0 Club of Rome report 1950 1969 1940 1960 1920 1930 1910 1900 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 GNP per capita (1958 US dollars) Steel consumption per capita Kg/a 1968 Club of Rome report 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 Sweden West-Germany Japan USSR UK Poland Italy France Spain US 100 Brazil China Mexico 0 Var Turkey India 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 GNP per capita-1968 ($ per person per year)
Recycling potential of Steel IISI Web page North Sea drilling platform Get the oil where it is! Winkler Prins Encyclopedia
Get the oil where it is! Tanker port and refinery near Rotterdam Rotterdam 650 years Energy consumption per tonne of finished steel 120 100 80 60 100 88 83 79 78 75 76 75 72 70 70 68 67 66 63 65 64 61 61 40 20 0 1975 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Year Source of data: EUROFER
Employment in the steel industry in various countries (1975 = 100) Employment effects The steel industry in the new millennium (Inst. of Materials) World crude steel production in the 20th century Mt/a Year IISI Web page
ULSAB prototype car Shifting the limits: cars Shifting the limits: ships Nuclear submarine Nautilus Captain Grant Tobacco Pictures
Shifting the limits: bridges Forth road and rail bridges Bridges by D.J. Brown, London 1996 Shifting the limits: bridges Golden Gate bridge Bridges by D.J. Brown London, 1996
Akashi Strait Bridge (Japan) 3.910 m long centre span 1990 m Shifting the limits: bridges Bridges by D.J. Brown London, 1996 Shifting the limits: bridges Kurushima Kaikyo Bridges: 3 linked bridges with centre spans of 600, 1020 and 1030 m Nippon Steel news
Steel for fun Meccano catalogue Steel for fun Photograph: Ed Louwen, Corus R&D
Steel for fun: the London Eye PPL Photoagency, London Iron: the key element