MAXIMUM CREDIBLE LOSS SCENARIO (MCLS)

1 MAXIMUM CREDIBLE LOSS SCENARIO (MCLS) CLEAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRIVATE LIMITED PLOT NO. D-26/3, MIDC KURKUMBH, DIST.-PUNE 413 802 AUGUST 2016 PREPARED BY S A CONSUTANT NAVI MUMBAI

2 CONTENT AREAS PAGE NO. I Introduction 3-5 II Damage due to incident radiation damage due to shock way 6-9 MCLS STORAGE TANKS 10 1 Acetone 11-17 2 Dimethyl Sulphate 18-26 3 Hydrogen Peroxide 27-31 4 Phenol 32-39 5 Tertiary Butanol 40-51 6 Methanol 52-58 7 Caustic Soda Lye 59-60 8 Glyoxylic Acid 61 9 Guaiacol 62-63 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 64 Acetone 65 Dimethyl Sulphate 66 Hydrogen Peroxide 67 Phenol 68 Tertiary Butanol 69 Methanol 70 RECOMMENDATIONS 71-72 ======================================

INTRODUCTION 3

4 In the month of August 2016, at the site of Clean Science and Technology Private Limited, the study on Maximum Credible Loss Scenario (MCLS) has been done by S A Consultant, Navi- Mumbai. Following chemicals are considered for the study Acetone Dimethyl Sulphate Hydrogen Peroxide Phenol Tertiary Butanol Methanol Guaiacol Glyoxylic Acid Caustic Soda Lye

5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Hazard is in fact the characteristic of system/plant/process/storage that presents potential for an accident. Hence, all the components of storage need to be thoroughly examined to assess their potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned event/sequence of events, which can be termed as an accident. Typical schemes of predictive hazard evaluation and quantitative risk analysis suggest that hazard identification step plays a key role. Estimation of probability of an unexpected event and its consequences form the basis quantification of risk in terms of damage to property, environment or personnel. Therefore, the type, quantity, location and conditions of release of a toxic or flammable substance has to be identified in order to estimate its damaging effects, the area involved, and the possible precautionary measures required to be taken. The criteria which could be employed for preliminary evaluation of a storage unit for its hazard potential are: Potential for heavy leakage from pipelines/tank Potential for possible ignition sources Potential for corrosion and erosion. Apart from the chemical characteristics of the material, the size and layout of the installation need specific consideration in order to assess the hazard potential. SCOPE OF WORK Based on the discussions with the officials, it was decided to calculate the following Calculation of affected distances, considering various scenarios. The quantitative risk assessment would be based on the software ALOHA - Arial Locations of Hazards Atmosphere. ============================

DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION DAMAGE DUE TO SHOCK WAY 6

7 DIFFERENT FORMS OF DISPERSION IN THE ATMOSPHERE Jet High speed (high momentum), rapid mixing, single direction Dense (denser than air) clouds Dense gas slumps in all direction (even against the wind) Dense clouds are shallow Density layering reduces mixing Buoyant (lighter than air) plume Plume rise BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOUR EXPLOSION (BLEVE) The stored flammable liquid in the storage tank, if gets heat (due to fire outside or physical explosion inside) more than its boiling point, the liquid starts boiling. Because of fast evaporation, vapour pressure builds up inside the tank and that causes rupture of tank. The vaours coming out of the tank forms a vapour cloud and travels further as per wind direction. If this vapour cloud gets an ignition source on the way, it explodes (if blast effect is high) and this explosion is called as vapour cloud explosion. For low blast effect, flash fire is possible. VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION (VCE) If the flammable/combustible vapours/gases are coming out from the tank/vessel/container due to heavy leakage, forms a vapour cloud and travels further as per wind direction. If this vapour cloud gets an ignition source on the way, it explodes (if blast effect is high) and this explosion is called as vapour cloud explosion. For low blast effect, flash fire is possible. THERMAL RADIATION INTENSITY VERSUS EFFECT ON PEOPLE-BS 5908:1990 Intensity (KW/M²) Effect 2.2 Threshold of pain 4.2 First degree burns 6.7 Onset of serious injury 8.3 Second degree burns 10.8 Third degree burns 15 100% Fatalities (Piloted ignition of wood)

8 DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION Intensity (KW/M²) Types of damage 0.7 Equivalent to solar radiation 1.6 No discomfort on long exposure 4.5 First degree burns 12.5 Min Energy required to pilot ignition of wood. Melting of Plastic tubes etc. 25 Min Energy required to ignite wood at initiated long exposure. 37.5 Sufficient to cause damage to process equipment. 62 Spontaneous ignition of wood. DAMAGE DUE TO SHOCK WAY Sr. No. Pressure Damage (psig) 1 0.02 Annoying Noise 2 0.03 Occasional braking of large glass windows 3 0.04 Loud Noise (143 db) 4 0.1 Breakage of small windows 5 0.15 Typical pressure for glass breakage 6 0.3 Some damage to house ceiling. 10% window glass broken 7 0.4 Limited minor structural damage 8 0.5 1.0 Large and small windows usually shattered 9 0.7 Minor damage to house structure 10 1.0 Partial demolition of houses 11 1-2 Corrugated asbestos shattered; corrugated steel or aluminium panels. Panels blown in. 12 1.3 Steel frame of clad building slightly distorted 13 2.0 Partial collapse of walls and roof of houses 14 2-3 Concrete walls not reinforced, shattered 15 2.3 Lower limit of serious structural damage 16 2.5 50% destruction of brickwork of houses

9 Sr. No. Pressure (psig) Damage 17 3 Heavy machines (3000lb) in industrial building suffered little damage; steel frame building distorted and pulled away from foundations 18 3-4 Frameless, self-framing steel panel building demolished; rupture of oil storage tanks 19 4 Cladding of light industrial buildings ruptured 20 5 Wooden utility poles snapped; tall hydraulic press (40,000lb) in building slightly damaged 21 5-7 Nearly complete destruction of houses 22 7 Loaded train wagons overturned 23 7-8 Brick panels, 8-12 thick, not reinforced, fail by shearing of flexure 24 9 Loaded train boxcars completely demolished 25 10 Probable total destruction of buildings, heavy machines tools (7000lb) moved and badly damaged, very heavy machine tools (12000lb) survived. For conversion of Bar to Psi 1 Bar = 14.7 Psi =====================================

MCLS 10

11 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Acetone Underground Storage Tank, Diameter 2.2m x Height 6.0m Outlet Pipeline 50mm Transfer Pump Flow Rate 3.55m3/hr AEGL-1: 20 ppm; AEGL-2: 3200 ppm; AEGL-3: 5700 ppm LEL: 26000 ppm; UEL: 130000 ppm *AEGL Acute Exposure Guideline Level *LEL Lower Explosive Level *UEL Upper Explosive Level

12 SCENARIO 1 TRANSFER PUMP DISCHARGE PIPELINE RUPTURE (LEAKAGE @3.5M 3 /HR FOR 5 MINUTES) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1A (3 m/s, direct release) SOURCE STRENGTH (RELEASE RATE): Direct Source: 3.5 cubic meters/hr Release Duration: 5 minutes Release Rate: 45.3 kilograms/min Total Amount Released: 226 kilograms TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 29 meters ---[5700 ppm = AEGL-3 (60min)] Orange : 42 meters ---[3200 ppm = AEGL-2 (60min)] Yellow : 234 meters ---[200 ppm = AEGL-1 (60min)] Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and orange zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

13 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 16 meters --- (15600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 47 meters --- (2600 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and yellow zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass) B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1B (7 m/s, direct release) SOURCE STRENGTH (RELEASE RATE): Direct Source: 3.5 cubic meters/hr Release Duration: 5 minutes Release Rate: 45.3 kilograms/min Total Amount Released: 226 kilograms TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 27 meters ---[5700 ppm = AEGL-3 (60min)] Orange : 40 meters ---[3200 ppm = AEGL-2 (60min)] Yellow : 195 meters ---[200 ppm = AEGL-1 (60min)] Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and orange zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

14 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 13 meters --- (15600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 45 meters --- (2600 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and yellow zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)

15 SCENARIO 2 TRANSFER PUMP DISCHARGE PIPELINE RUPTURE (LEAKAGE @3.5M 3 /HR FOR 10 MINUTES) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2A (3 m/s, direct release) SOURCE STRENGTH (RELEASE RATE): Direct Source: 3.5 cubic meters/hr Release Duration: 10 minutes Release Rate: 45.3 kilograms/min Total Amount Released: 453 kilograms TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 29 meters ---[5700 ppm = AEGL-3 (60min)] Orange : 42 meters ---[3200 ppm = AEGL-2 (60min)] Yellow : 234 meters ---[200 ppm = AEGL-1 (60min)] Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and orange zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

16 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 16 meters --- (15600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 47 meters --- (2600 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and yellow zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass) B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2B (7 m/s, direct release) SOURCE STRENGTH (RELEASE RATE): Direct Source: 3.5 cubic meters/hr Release Duration: 10 minutes Release Rate: 45.3 kilograms/min Total Amount Released: 453 kilograms TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 27 meters ---[5700 ppm = AEGL-3 (60min)] Orange : 40 meters ---[3200 ppm = AEGL-2 (60min)] Yellow : 195 meters ---[200 ppm = AEGL-1 (60min)] Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and orange zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

17 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 13 meters --- (15600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 45 meters --- (2600 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and yellow zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)

18 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Dimethyl Sulphate Vertical Storage Tank, Diameter 3.6m x Length 5.03m Outlet Pipeline 50mm AEGL-1: 0.024 ppm; AEGL-2: 0.12 ppm; AEGL-3: 1.6 ppm LEL: 36000 ppm; UEL: 232000 ppm *AEGL Acute Exposure Guideline Level *LEL Lower Explosive Level *UEL Upper Explosive Level

19 SCENARIO 1 LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE (20% RUPTURE) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1A (20% leakage, 3 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.01 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 154 grams/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 4.97 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 7.3 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 4.6 meters ---[48 ppm = AEGL-3 (60min)] Orange : 185 meters ---[0.12 ppm = AEGL-2 (60min)] Yellow : 418 meters ---[0.024 ppm = AEGL-1 (60min)] Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red zone because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

20 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters ---(21600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : less than 10 meters ---(3600 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and yellow zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1B (20% leakage, 7 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.01 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 295 grams/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 9.58 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 7.3 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 63 meters ---[48 ppm = AEGL-3 (60min)] Orange : 244 meters ---[0.12 ppm = AEGL-2 (60min)] Yellow : 564 meters ---[0.024 ppm = AEGL-1 (60min)]

21 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters ---(21600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : less than 10 meters ---(3600 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and yellow zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

22 SCENARIO 2 LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE (100% FULL BORE RUPTURE) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2A (100% leakage, 3 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.05 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 3.33 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 107 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 37 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 222 meters ---[48 ppm = AEGL-3 (60min)] Orange : 875 meters ---[0.12 ppm = AEGL-2 (60min)] Yellow : 2.0 kilometers ---[0.024 ppm = AEGL-1 (60min)]

23 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 19 meters ---(21600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 18 meters ---(3600 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and yellow zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2B (100% leakage, 7 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.05 inches Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 6.53 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 211 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 36 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 298 meters ---[48 ppm = AEGL-3 (60min)] Orange : 1.3 kilometers ---[0.12 ppm = AEGL-2 (60min)] Yellow : 3.2 kilometers ---[0.024 ppm = AEGL-1 (60min)]

24 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 18 meters ---(21600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 18 meters ---(3600 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and yellow zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

25 SCENARIO 3 BLEVE IN STORAGE TANK (100% MASS IN FIRE BALL) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 3A (3 m/s, BLEVE) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): BLEVE of flammable liquid in horizontal cylindrical tank Percentage of Tank Mass in Fireball: 100% Fireball Diameter: 228 meters Burn Duration: 14 seconds THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : 185 meters ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : 290 meters ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : 475 meters ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

26 B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 3B (7 m/s, BLEVE) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): BLEVE of flammable liquid in horizontal cylindrical tank Percentage of Tank Mass in Fireball: 100% Fireball Diameter: 228 meters Burn Duration: 14 seconds THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : 185 meters ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : 290 meters ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : 475 meters ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

27 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Hydrogen Peroxide Vertical Storage Tank, Diameter 5.0m x Height 6.0m Outlet Pipeline 50mm ERPG-1: 10 ppm; ERPG-2: 50 ppm; ERPG-3: 100 ppm *ERPG Emergency Response Planning Guidelines

28 SCENARIO 1 LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE (20% RUPTURE) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1A (20% leakage, 3 m/s, leakage) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Non flammable chemical is escaping from tank Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.01 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 123 grams/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 3.99 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 7.2 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters --- (100 ppm = ERPG-3) Orange : less than 10 meters --- (50 ppm = ERPG-2) Yellow : 31 meters --- (10 ppm = ERPG-1) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

29 B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1B (20% leakage, 7 m/s, leakage) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Non flammable chemical is escaping from tank Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.01 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 236 grams/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 7.73 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 7.1 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters --- (100 ppm = ERPG-3) Orange : 10 meters --- (50 ppm = ERPG-2) Yellow : 40 meters --- (10 ppm = ERPG-1) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

30 SCENARIO 2 LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE (100% RUPTURE) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2A (100% leakage, 3 m/s, leakage) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Non flammable chemical is escaping from tank Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.05 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 2.6 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 83.6 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 36 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 23 meters --- (100 ppm = ERPG-3) Orange : 34 meters --- (50 ppm = ERPG-2) Yellow : 140 meters --- (10 ppm = ERPG-1) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and orange zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

31 B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2A (100% leakage, 7 m/s, leakage) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Non flammable chemical is escaping from tank Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.05 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 5.13 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 167 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 36 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 30 meters --- (100 ppm = ERPG-3) Orange : 45 meters --- (50 ppm = ERPG-2) Yellow : 185 meters --- (10 ppm = ERPG-1) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and orange zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

32 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Phenol Vertical Storage Tank, Diameter 10.0m x Height 13.0m Outlet Pipeline 100mm AEGL-1(60 min): 15 ppm; AEGL-2(60 min): 23 ppm; AEGL-3(60 min): N/A LEL: 1700 ppm; UEL: 8600 ppm *AEGL Acute Exposure Guideline Level *LEL Lower Explosive Level *UEL Upper Explosive Level

33 SCENARIO 1 LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE (20% RUPTURE) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1A (20% leakage, 3 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.02 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 8.96 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 350 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 13.1 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : no recommended LOC ---(N/A = AEGL-3 (60 min)) Orange : 125 meters ---(23 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min)) Yellow : 159 meters ---(15 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min))

34 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 13 meters ---(1020 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 31 meters ---(170 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: No explosion : no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1B (20% leakage, 7 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.02 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 11.5 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 487 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 10.9 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : no recommended LOC ---(N/A = AEGL-3 (60 min)) Orange : 124 meters ---(23 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min)) Yellow : 157 meters ---(15 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min))

35 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 12 meters ---(1020 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 33 meters ---(170 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: No explosion : no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time

36 SCENARIO 2 LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE (100% RUPTURE) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2A (100% leakage, 3 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.1 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 189 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 7,179 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 70 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : no recommended LOC ---(N/A = AEGL-3 (60 min)) Orange : 1.2 kilometers ---(23 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min)) Yellow : 1.5 kilometers ---(15 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min))

37 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 102 meters --- (1020 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 354 meters --- (170 ppm = 10% LEL) OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded ---(8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded ---(3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded ---(1.0 psi = shatters glass) B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2B (100% leakage, 7 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.1 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 275 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 11,362 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 57 meters.

38 TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : no recommended LOC ---(N/A = AEGL-3 (60 min)) Orange : 634 meters ---(23 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min)) Yellow : 809 meters ---(15 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min)) FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 59 meters --- (1020 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 158 meters --- (170 ppm = 10% LEL) OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: No explosion : no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time

39 SCENARIO 3 BLEVE IN STORAGE TANK (100% MASS IN FIRE BALL) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 3A (3 m/s, BLEVE) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): BLEVE of flammable liquid in vertical cylindrical tank Percentage of Tank Mass in Fireball: 100% Fireball Diameter: 489 meters Burn Duration: 25 seconds THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC never exceeded ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : LOC never exceeded ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : LOC never exceeded ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec) B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 3B (7 m/s, BLEVE) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): BLEVE of flammable liquid in vertical cylindrical tank Percentage of Tank Mass in Fireball: 100% Fireball Diameter: 489 meters Burn Duration: 25 seconds THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC never exceeded ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : LOC never exceeded ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : LOC never exceeded ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

40 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Tertiary Butanol Vertical Storage Tank, Diameter 3.3m x Height 3.8m Outlet Pipeline 50mm PAC-1: 150 ppm; PAC-2: 1300 ppm; PAC-3: 8000 ppm LEL: 18400 ppm; UEL: 90000 ppm *PAC Protective Action Criteria *LEL Lower Explosive Level *UEL Upper Explosive Level

41 SCENARIO 1 LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE (20% RUPTURE) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1A (20% leakage, 3 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.01 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 2.54 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 101 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 6.2 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters ---(8000 ppm = PAC-3) Orange : less than 10 meters ---(1300 ppm = PAC-2) Yellow : 24 meters ---(150 ppm = PAC-1) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters ---(11040 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : less than 10 meters ---(1840 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

42 OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: No explosion : no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time SOURCE STRENGTH (BURN RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in horizontal cylindrical tank Flammable chemical is burning as it escapes from tank Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.01 meters Max Flame Length: 3 meters Burn Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Burn Rate: 3.6 kilograms/min Total Amount Burned: 212 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed a burning puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 1.3 meters. THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : less than 10 meters ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : less than 10 meters ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

43 B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1B (20% leakage, 7 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.01 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 2.96 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 129 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 5.3 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters ---(8000 ppm = PAC-3) Orange : less than 10 meters ---(1300 ppm = PAC-2) Yellow : 23 meters ---(150 ppm = PAC-1) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters ---(11040 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : less than 10 meters ---(1840 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: No explosion : no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time

44 SOURCE STRENGTH (BURN RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in horizontal cylindrical tank Flammable chemical is burning as it escapes from tank Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.01 meters Max Flame Length: 3 meters Burn Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Burn Rate: 3.6 kilograms/min Total Amount Burned: 212 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed a burning puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 1.3 meters. THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : less than 10 meters ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : less than 10 meters ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : less than 10 meters ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

45 SCENARIO 2 LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE (100% RUPTURE) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2A (100% leakage, 3 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.05 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 60.1 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 2,330 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 32 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 16 meters ---(8000 ppm = PAC-3) Orange : 20 meters ---(1300 ppm = PAC-2) Yellow : 115 meters ---(150 ppm = PAC-1) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and orange zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

46 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 16 meters ---(11040 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 24 meters ---(1840 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: No explosion : no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time SOURCE STRENGTH (BURN RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in horizontal cylindrical tank Flammable chemical is burning as it escapes from tank Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.05 meters Max Flame Length: 10 meters Burn Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Burn Rate: 90 kilograms/min Total Amount Burned: 5,293 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed a burning puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 6.3 meters. THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : 10 meters ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : 15 meters ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : 24 meters ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

47 B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 2B (100% leakage, 7 m/s, evaporating puddle) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in vertical cylindrical tank Flammable chemical escaping from tank (not burning) Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.05 meters Release Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 72.2 kilograms/min (averaged over a minute or more) Total Amount Released: 3,074 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed an evaporating puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 28 meters. TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 14 meters ---(8000 ppm = PAC-3) Orange : 21 meters ---(1300 ppm = PAC-2) Yellow : 110 meters ---(150 ppm = PAC-1) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red and orange zones because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.

48 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 14 meters ---(11040 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 25 meters ---(1840 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: No explosion : no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time SOURCE STRENGTH (BURN RATE): Leak from short pipe or valve in horizontal cylindrical tank Flammable chemical is burning as it escapes from tank Tank is 90% full Circular Opening Diameter: 0.05 meters Max Flame Length: 9 meters Burn Duration: Limited the duration to 1 hour Max Burn Rate: 90 kilograms/min Total Amount Burned: 5,293 kilograms Note: The chemical escaped as a liquid and formed a burning puddle. The puddle spread to a diameter of 6.3 meters.

49 THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : 14 meters ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : 18 meters ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : 24 meters ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

50 SCENARIO 3 BLEVE IN STORAGE TANK (100% MASS IN FIRE BALL) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 3A (3 m/s, BLEVE) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): BLEVE of flammable liquid in vertical cylindrical tank Percentage of Tank Mass in Fireball: 100% Fireball Diameter: 164 meters Burn Duration: 11 seconds THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : 305 meters ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : 433 meters ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : 677 meters ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

51 B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 3B (7 m/s, BLEVE) SOURCE STRENGTH (EVAPORATION RATE): BLEVE of flammable liquid in vertical cylindrical tank Percentage of Tank Mass in Fireball: 100% Fireball Diameter: 164 meters Burn Duration: 11 seconds THERMAL RADIATION THREAT ZONE: Red : 305 meters ---(10.0 kw/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec) Orange : 433 meters ---(5.0 kw/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec) Yellow : 677 meters ---(2.0 kw/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)

52 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Methanol Vertical Storage Tank, Diameter 3.5m x Height 6.0m Outlet Pipeline 50mm Transfer Pump Flow Rate 3.5m3/hr AEGL-1(60 min): 530 ppm; AEGL-2(60 min): 2100 ppm; AEGL-3(60 min): 7200 ppm LEL: 71800 ppm; UEL: 365000 ppm *AEGL Acute Exposure Guideline Level *LEL Lower Explosive Level *UEL Upper Explosive Level

53 SCENARIO 1 TRANSFER PUMP DISCHARGE PIPELINE RUPTURE (LEAKAGE @3.5M 3 /HR FOR 5 MINUTES) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1A (3 m/s, direct release) SOURCE STRENGTH (RELEASE RATE): Direct Source: 3.5 cubic meters/hr Release Duration: 5 minutes Release Rate: 45.6 kilograms/min Total Amount Released: 228 kilograms TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 64 meters ---(7200 ppm = AEGL-3 (60 min)) Orange : 145 meters ---(2100 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min)) Yellow : 363 meters ---(530 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min))

54 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 19 meters ---(43080 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 64 meters ---(7180 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red zone because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass) B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1B (7 m/s, direct release) SOURCE STRENGTH (RELEASE RATE): Direct Source: 3.5 cubic meters/hr Release Duration: 5 minutes Release Rate: 45.6 kilograms/min Total Amount Released: 228 kilograms

55 TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 40 meters ---(7200 ppm = AEGL-3 (60 min)) Orange : 78 meters ---(2100 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min)) Yellow : 163 meters ---(530 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min)) FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 11 meters ---(43080 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 45 meters ---(7180 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)

56 SCENARIO 2 TRANSFER PUMP DISCHARGE PIPELINE RUPTURE (LEAKAGE @3.5M 3 /HR FOR 10 MINUTES) A. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 3 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1A (3 m/s, direct release) SOURCE STRENGTH (RELEASE RATE): Direct Source: 3.5 cubic meters/hr Release Duration: 10 minutes Release Rate: 45.6 kilograms/min Total Amount Released: 456 kilograms TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 64 meters ---(7200 ppm = AEGL-3 (60 min)) Orange : 145 meters ---(2100 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min)) Yellow : 363 meters ---(530 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min))

57 FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 19 meters ---(43080 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 64 meters ---(7180 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn for red zone because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass) B. ATMOSPHERIC DATA: Wind: 7 meters/second from E at 10 meters SCENARIO 1B (7 m/s, direct release) SOURCE STRENGTH (RELEASE RATE): Direct Source: 3.5 cubic meters/hr Release Duration: 10 minutes Release Rate: 45.6 kilograms/min Total Amount Released: 456 kilograms

58 TOXIC THREAT ZONE: Red : 40 meters ---(7200 ppm = AEGL-3 (60 min)) Orange : 78 meters ---(2100 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min)) Yellow : 163 meters ---(530 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min)) FLAMMABLE THREAT ZONE: Red : 11 meters ---(43080 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets) Yellow : 45 meters ---(7180 ppm = 10% LEL) Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances. OVERPRESSURE THREAT ZONE: Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings) Orange : LOC was never exceeded --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely) Yellow : LOC was never exceeded --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)

59 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Caustic Soda Lye Vertical Storage Tank, Diameter 3.3m x Length 3.8m Outlet Pipeline 50mm Transfer Pump Flow Rate 3.5m3/hr General Description A colorless liquid. Denser than water. Contact may severely irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Toxic by ingestion. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Air & Water Reactions Slowly absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to give solid products as crusts or precipitates. Water soluble. Dilution with water liberates heat, possibly enough to cause local boiling and spattering. Fire Hazard Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Health Hazard Causes severe burns of eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Isolation and Evacuation As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters in all directions. Firefighting SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers

60 with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. Spills and Leakage ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Damage distances are not calculated for Caustic Soda Lye. Leak and spill control should be carried out as per the M.S.D.S.

61 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Glyoxylic Acid Vertical Storage Tank, Diameter 3.3m x Length 3.8m Outlet Pipeline 50mm Transfer Pump Flow Rate 3.5m3/hr General Description Supplied as a 50% aqueous solution. Colorless to straw yellow. Air & Water Reactions No rapid reaction with air No rapid reaction with water. Fire Hazard Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. Health Hazard Contact will cause severe eye and skin burns. Vapor exposure may cause eye and skin irritation. Isolation and Evacuation As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters in all directions. Firefighting Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Avoid direct contact between water and acid. Spills and Leakage Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Lime. Damage distances are not calculated for Glyoxylic Acid. Leak and spill control should be carried out as per the M.S.D.S.

62 CHEMICAL DATA Chemical Name: Guaiacol Vertical Storage Tank, Diameter 3.6m x Length 5.03m Outlet Pipeline 50mm Transfer Pump Flow Rate 10.0m3/hr General Description PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Colorless to amber crystals or liquid. Density (of solid) 1.129 g / cm3. Solidifies at 28 C (82.4 F), but may remain liquid for a long time even at a much lower temperature. Slightly water soluble. Soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Used medicinally as an expectorant. Used, because of its anti-oxidant properties, as an anti-skinning agent for paints. Air & Water Reactions Sensitive to air and light (darkens). Slightly water soluble. Fire Hazard This chemical is combustible. Health Hazard SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin and eyes, muscular weakness, cardiovascular collapse and paralysis of the vasomotor centers. Ingestion produces burning in the mouth and throat, gastrointestinal distress, tremors and collapse. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound is an irritant and is easily absorbed through the skin. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes. Firefighting Fires involving this material should be controlled using a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. Spills and Leakage Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the

63 contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. Damage distances are not calculated for Guaiacol. Leak and spill control should be carried out as per the M.S.D.S. ===================================

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF MCLS SCENARIOS 64

65 ACETONE SCENARIO 1 & 2: TRANSFER PUMP DISCHARGE PIPELINE RUPTURE Red Threat Wind Scenario Duration Threat Modeled Velocity Zone Direct Release Toxic Threat Zone Orange Threat Zone Yellow Threat Zone 3 m/s 5 mins 29 m 42 m 234 m 10 mins 29 m 42 m 234 m 7 m/s 5 mins 27 m 40 m 195 m 10 mins 27 m 40 m 195 m Flammable Threat Zone 3 m/s 5 mins 16 m N/A 47 m 10 mins 16 m N/A 47 m 7 m/s 5 mins 13 m N/A 45 m 10 mins 13 m N/A 45 m Overpressure Threat Zone 3 m/s 5 mins LOC not exceeded 10 mins LOC not exceeded 7 m/s 5 mins LOC not exceeded 10 mins LOC not exceeded LOC not exceeded LOC not exceeded LOC not exceeded LOC not exceeded LOC not exceeded LOC not exceeded LOC not exceeded LOC not exceeded ===================================

66 DIMETHYL SULPHATE SCENARIO 1 & 2: LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE Scenario Evaporating Puddle Threat Modeled Toxic Threat Zone Flammable Threat Zone Wind Velocity Quantity Red Threat Zone Orange Threat Zone Yellow Threat Zone 3 m/s 20% 4.6 m 185 m 418 m 100% 222 m 875 m 2.0 km 7 m/s 20% 63 m 244 m 564 m 100% 298 m 1.3 km 3.2 km 3 m/s 20% <10 m N/A <10 m 100% 19 m N/A 18 m 7 m/s 20% <10 m N/A <10 m 100% 18 m N/A 18 m SCENARIO 3: BLEVE OF STORAGE TANK Scenario Fire Ball Threat Modeled Thermal Radiation Threat Zone Wind Velocity Red Threat Zone Orange Threat Zone Yellow Threat Zone 3 m/s 185 m 290 m 475 m 7 m/s 185 m 290 m 475 m ===================================

67 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SCENARIO 1 & 2: LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE Scenario Evaporating Puddle Threat Modeled Toxic Threat Zone Wind Velocity Quantity Red Threat Zone Orange Threat Zone Yellow Threat Zone 3 m/s 20% <10 m <10 m 31 m 100% 23 m 34 m 140 m 7 m/s 20% <10 m 10 m 40 m 100% 30 m 45 m 185 m ===================================

68 PHENOL SCENARIO 1 & 2: LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE Scenario Evaporating Puddle Threat Modeled Toxic Threat Zone Flammable Threat Zone Overpressure Threat Zone Wind Velocity Quantity Red Threat Zone Orange Threat Zone Yellow Threat Zone 3 m/s 20% N/A 125 m 159 m 100% N/A 1.2 km 1.5 km 7 m/s 20% N/A 124 m 157 m 100% N/A 634 m 809 m 3 m/s 20% 13 m N/A 31 m 100% 102 m N/A 354 m 7 m/s 20% 12 m N/A 33 m 100% 59 m N/A 158 m 3 m/s 20% LOC was never exceeded 100% LOC was never exceeded 7 m/s 20% LOC was never exceeded 100% LOC was never exceeded SCENARIO 3: BLEVE OF STORAGE TANK Scenario Fire Ball Threat Modeled Thermal Radiation Threat Zone Wind Velocity Red Threat Zone Orange Threat Zone 3 m/s LOC was never exceeded 7 m/s LOC was never exceeded Yellow Threat Zone ===================================

69 TERTIARY BUTANOL SCENARIO 1 & 2: LEAKAGE FROM TANK OUTLET PIPELINE Scenario Evaporating Puddle Burning Chemical Threat Modeled Toxic Threat Zone Flammable Threat Zone Overpressure Threat Zone Thermal Radiation Threat Zone Wind Velocity Quantity Red Threat Zone Orange Threat Zone Yellow Threat Zone 3 m/s 20% <10 m <10 m 24 m 100% 16 m 20 m 115 m 7 m/s 20% <10 m <10 m 23 m 100% 14 m 21 m 110 m 3 m/s 20% <10 m N/A <10 m 100% 16 m N/A 24 m 7 m/s 20% <10 m N/A <10 m 100% 14 m N/A 25 m 3 m/s 20% LOC was never exceeded 100% LOC was never exceeded 7 m/s 20% LOC was never exceeded 100% LOC was never exceeded 3 m/s 20% <10 m <10 m <10 m 100% 10 m 15 m 24 m 7 m/s 20% <10 m <10 m <10 m 100% 14 m 18 m 24 m SCENARIO 3: BLEVE OF STORAGE TANK Scenario Fire Ball Threat Modeled Thermal Radiation Threat Zone Wind Velocity Red Threat Zone Orange Threat Zone Yellow Threat Zone 3 m/s 305 m 433 m 677 m 7 m/s 305 m 433 m 677 m ===================================