Greenwich Park Assessment of St.Mary's Gate, Vanbrugh Gate and Blackheath Gate for The Royal Parks
Greenwich Park Atkins Job Number: 597289 Document Reference: Greenwich Park Assessment of St.Mary's Gate, Vanbrugh Gate and Blackheath Gate Printing A3 Double Sided Revision Purpose Description Originated Checked Reviewed Authorised Date Draft report for client review GS AC RH AH 31.1.211 1 Final draft GS RH RH AH 18.11.211 2 Final report GS RH RH AH 2.12.211 This document and its contents have been prepared and are intended solely for The Royal Parks s information and use in relation to Greenwich Park. Atkins assumes no responsibility to any other party in respect of or arising out of or in connection with this document and/or its contents. 2
Table of Contents Summary of Findings 5 Greenwich Park Appendix 17 Assessment of St.Mary's Gate, Vanbrugh Gate and Blackheath Gate for The Royal Parks 3
Greenwich Park 4
Summary of Findings 1 Summary of Findings 5
PATRIMONIO MUNDIAL WORLD HERITAGE PATRIMOINE MONDIAL PATRIMONIO MUNDIAL WORLD HERITAGE PATRIMOINE MONDIAL LONGITUDE º MILES 1 2 3 KILOMETRES 2 3 4 5 1 QUEENSWAY 2 PADDINGTON 3 MARYLEBONE 4 LANCASTER GATE 5 MARBLE ARCH 6 BAKER STREET 7 REGENT S PARK 8 ST JOHN S WOOD 9 CHALK FARM 1 MORNINGTON CRESCENT 11 EUSTON 12 ST PANCRAS 13 KING S CROSS 14 HIGH STREET KENSINGTON 15 HYDE PARK CORNER 16 GREEN PARK 17 CHARING CROSS 18 WESTMINSTER 19 ST JAMES S PARK 2 VICTORIA 21 HAMPTON 22 TEDDINGTON 23 HAMPTON WICK 24 KINGSTON UPON THAMES 25 HAMPTON COURT 26 RICHMOND 27 NORTH SHEEN 28 MORTLAKE DLR 29 BARNES 3 EAST PUTNEY 31 NORBITON 32 CUTTY SARK 33 GREENWICH 34 BLACKHEATH 35 MAZE HILL RAILWAY STATION TUBE STATION DLR Greenwich Park About Greenwich Park Greenwich Park is the oldest Royal Park and part of the Greenwich World Heritage site. It is a major green space in south-east London, covering 74 hectares of land between Blackheath and the river Thames. The Park is a popular tourist attraction, also due to the presence within its boundaries of a number of historical buildings, such as the Old Royal Observatory, the Royal Naval College, the National Maritime Museum and the Queen s House. The Park is open to pedestrians and cyclists from 6: to dusk throughout the year. It is accessible to pedestrians via eleven gates along its perimeter. St. Mary s Gate is the main access from the Greenwich Village area. It is open to cyclists and, at peak commuting times, to vehicles. The Avenue and Blackheath Avenue provide the main route between St. Mary s Gate and Blackheath Gate, and are open to vehicular traffic at peak commuting times. Vanbrugh Park Gate is accessible to cyclists and connected to the other cycle routes within the Park via Great Cross Avenue and its continuation as a path shared by pedestrians and cyclists. All other gates are for pedestrian access only. St. Mary s Gate and Blackheath Gate are open to vehicular traffic at peak AM and PM times. In September 211, the opening hours for vehicles were 7: - 1: and 16: - 2:. The map in Figure 1 shows Greenwich Park in its wider context, including tourist attractions, transport connection and surrounding neighbourhoods. DLR-ISLAND GARDENS RIVER THAMES BOAT SERVICES 1 minutes walk from Greenwich Park 1 hour trip to Westminster Millennium Pier GREENWICH STATION DLR-GREENWICH 1 minutes walk from Greenwich Park GREENWICH SOUTH STREET CREEK ROAD 18.199.386 CIRCUS STREET BRAND STREET BLISSETT STREET 188.199 PRIOR STREET CUTTY SARK Closed for restoration reopens 21 DLR-CUTTY SARK 7 minutes walk from Greenwich Park 188.199 ST ALFEGE S CHURCH ROAN STREET 177.18 199.386 PEYTON PLACE WINFORTON STREET MAIDENSTONE HILL GREENWICH PIER GREENWICH FOOT TUNNEL GREENWICH HIGH ROAD POINT HILL COLLEGE APPROACH ROYAL HILL LEWISHAM CUTTY SARK GARDENS GREENWICH CHURCH ST 177.18 199.386 i i GREENWICH MARKET BURNEY STREET PEPYS BUILDING TOURIST INFORMATION CENTRE Moving October 28 to Greenwich Church Street, returning to Pepys Building Autumn 29 KING WILLIAM WALK NELSON RD 177.18 199.386 GLOUCESTER CIRCUS ROYAL PLACE D3.D7 129.177.188 RIVER THAMES THE FAN MUSEUM LUTON PLACE WESTGROVE LANE ST. MARY S GATE HERB GARDEN CIRCUS GATE KING GEORGE STREET HYDE VALE DIAMOND TERRACE 286.386 CROOMS OOMS OM HILL TRINITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC 129.18.188 199.286.386 DEVONPORT HOUSE CONFERENCE CENTRE OUR LADY STAR OF THE SEA CHURCH 53 OLD ROYAL NAVAL COLLEGE PAINTED HALL KING WILLIAM IV STATUE WEST GROVE 53 129.188.199 286.386 KING GEORGE STREET GATE CHAPEL UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH ROMNEY ROAD NATIONAL MARITIME MUSEUM CRANE STREET PARK ROW THE QUEEN S HOUSE CAPTAIN COOK STATUE CONDUIT HOUSE JUBILEE AVENUE CADE ROAD CROOM S HILL THE AVENUE GREENWICH PARK FLAMSTEED HOUSE CROOM S HILL GATE McCARTNEY HOUSE BLACKHEATH HILL SHOOTER S HILL RD HYDE VALE 129.177.18 188.286.386 OLD WOOLWICH ROAD HERBACEOUS BORDER St. Mary s Gate PARK ROW GATE RANGER S HOUSE GENERAL WOLFE ROAD TRAFALGAR ROAD FEATHERS PL CORVETTE SQ SUNDIAL ANGLO SAXON TUMULI ROYAL OBSERVATORY GREENWICH PETER HARRISON PLANETARIUM GREENWICH MERIDIAN LASSELL STREET 129.177.18 188.286.386 GREENWICH PARK STREET THALIA CLOSE PARK VISTA CHILDREN S BOATING POND GENERAL WOLFE STATUE OLD RESERVOIR GREENWICH HOSKINS STREET 129.177.18 188.286.386 LOVERS WALK P ROYAL PARKS TENNIS COURTS THE ROSE GARDEN QUEEN CAROLINE S BATH 129.177.18 188.286.386 THE ORCHARD CHESTERFIELD GATE CREED PLACE GATE ONE TREE HILL PAVILION TEA HOUSE RANGER S FIELD THE DELL 129.177.18 188.286.386 COCKPIT STEPS P TUSKAR STREET LEMMON ROAD WOODLANDS PARK ROAD MAZE HILL TRAFALGAR ROAD MAZE HILL HOUSE GATE QUEEN ELIZABETH S OAK ORNAMENTAL FOUNTAIN BLACKHEATH AVENUE WOODLANDS GROVE MAZE HILL STATION TOM SMITH CLOSE GREAT CROSS AVENUE SPORTS PAVILION 53 BANDSTAND i POLICE STATION TION PARK OFFICE FOLLY POND 129.177.18 188.286.386 VANBRUGH CASTLE MAZE HILL GATE BOWER AVENUE REMAINS OF ROMAN SHRINE LODGE EARLSWOOD STREET BLACKHEATH GATE DUKE HUMPHREY HUMPHREY RD RD 53 129.177.18 188.286.386 THE FLOWER GARDEN LAKE 188.422 RODMERE ST 386 COLOMB STREET WOODLANDS PARK ROAD ULUNDI ROAD VANBRUGH HILL WESTCOMBE PARK ROAD HIGHMORE ROAD DEER HIDE THE SECRET GARDEN WILDLIFE CENTRE 422 386 386 VANBRUGH HILL CHARLTON WAY 129.177.18.286.422 CALVERT ROAD SHOOTER S HILL ROAD BLACKHEATH VANBRUGH FIELDS 129.177 18.286 Blackheath Gate VANBRUGH PARK GATE LODGE THE WILDERNESS DEER PARK ANNANDALE ROAD DINSDALE ROAD 386 HUMBER ROAD WOOLWICH ROAD FOYLE ROAD WESTCOMBE PARK ROAD 53 WYCHERLEY CLOSE MAZE HILL 54.22.38 COLERAINE ROAD VANBRUGH PARK ROAD WEST Vanbrugh Park Gate VANBRUGH PARK PRINCE CHARLES ROAD 53.54 22.38 Cartography by Nick Gibbard, Roger Stewart & Paul McEwan www.postermaps.co.uk BLACKHEATH STATION 15 minutes walk from Greenwich Park GOFFERS ROAD LONG POND WALK Register for Royal Parks updates www.royalparks.org.uk/registergreenwich i P P Docklands Light Railway Bus Stop Police Station Information Car Parking Disabled Car Parking Disabled Toilets Public Toilets Children s Play Area Coach parking Coach set down and pick up Café Seasonal Café Restaurant Statue Drinking Fountain Viewing Platform Fountain Cycling permitted Jubilee Greenway World Heritage Site Park features Public access sites (opening periods vary) Non public access sites WALKING DISTANCE (APPROXIMATE MINUTES) 5 1 HERITAGE Maritime Greenwich was inscribed as a World Heritage Site (WHS) by UNESCO in 1997, standing among the most important sites in the world, alongside the Taj Mahal, Versailles and the historic centres of Venice, Florence and Bath. The ensemble of buildings set in and around Greenwich Park, the oldest Royal Park in London and bordered to the north by the River Thames reads like a who s who of British architecture. Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Nicholas Hawksmoor, Sir John Vanbrugh, and Joseph Kay all have important and beautiful examples of their work here, which together constitute the World Heritage Site. When you visit the Royal Observatory you can stand astride the Prime Meridian Longitude with one foot in the eastern hemisphere and the other in the west and you can check your watch against Greenwich Mean Time. Covering 74 hectares (183 acres) Greenwich is the oldest enclosed Royal Park and home to a small herd of Fallow and Red deer. Situated on top of a hill, visitors enjoy sweeping views across the River Thames to St Paul s Cathedral and beyond. The World Heritage Site is shown within the coloured border, illustrated on the map. SPORT & LEISURE CYCLING is allowed on roads and designated cycle paths only. RUGBY & CRICKET are played at the south end of the park, close to Blackheath Gate. Pitches may be hired on request. T: +44 ()2 8858 268 THE TENNIS CENTRE is located to the north of Rangers Field. Coaching courses are run for children and for adults. Tournaments are organised and teams play in local tennis leagues. For further information on opening hours, booking, coaching, courses and facilities; T: +44 ()2 8293 276 www.playzennis.co.uk PUTTING takes place adjacent to the tennis centre, where putters and balls can be hired. For information on opening hours and booking; T: +44 ()2 8858 268 EATING & DRINKING THE PAVILION TEA HOUSE has large gardens at the front and rear and serves a selection of food and drink, including alcohol. Children s parties are catered for. Other facilities include payphone, toilets, baby change, high chairs, and a car park. Opening hours: 9am-8pm in the summer, 9am-4pm in the winter T: +44 ()2 8858 9695 SAINT MARY S GATE CAFÉ serves a range of cakes, pastries and hot and cold drinks. There is a large private garden at the rear. Facilities include high chairs, toilets, and tourist information. Opening hours: 9am-8pm in the summer, weekends only in winter. T: +44 ()2 8858 9695 THE WILDLIFE CENTRE A small herd of Red and Fallow Deer live in the Wilderness Deer park. There is a deer hide which is open on the last Wednesday of each month from 1am to 3pm. The wildlife centre is available for children s parties by prior booking. T: +44 ()2 8858 268 THE ROYAL PARKS OF LONDON 21 BUSHY PARK 25 22 23 26 24 27 28 RICHMOND PARK 31 29 9 1 REGENT S 8 PARK & 13 PRIMROSE 3 HILL 11 12 2 7 6 4 5 17 1 16 HYDE KENSINGTON PARK GARDENS GREEN 18 PARK ST JAMES S 14 15 PARK 19 2 BROMPTON CEMETERY 3 RAIL & TUBE STATIONS CLOSE TO THE ROYAL PARKS 32 33 35 GREENWICH PARK 34 DOCKLANDS LIGHT RAILWAY PARK MANAGEMENT Derrick Spurr Greenwich Park Office, Blackheath Gate Charlton Way, Greenwich, London SE1 8QY T: +44 ()2 8858 268 F: +44 ()2 8293 3782 E: greenwich@royalparks.gsi.gov.uk CONTACTING POLICE T: 999 for emergencies. T: +44 ()3 123 1212 for non-emergencies within the park. You can also report a crime online at www.online.met.police.uk The park is open from 6am for pedestrians, and 7am for traffic all year round. There is no through traffic from 1am to 4pm each day and the park is closed to through traffic at weekends and bank holidays. Parking facilities at weekends and bank holidays are available via Blackheath Gate. www.royalparks.org.uk Figure 1 Map of Greenwich Park and surrounding area showing the three study areas 6
Summary of Findings Monitoring objectives Atkins has been commissioned by The Royal Parks to undertake an assessment of walking, cycling and vehicle flows and interactions at three gates in Greenwich Park: King William Walk St. Mary s Gate; Vanbrugh Park Gate; and Blackheath Gate. Maze Hill Blackheath Avenue Atkins has extensive experience in assessing flow levels and behaviours in green spaces, and have previously undertaken a number of studies for The Royal Parks, including a cycling review of Greenwich Park in 29. 1 The aim of this study is to highlight potential issues with the design and layout of the areas immediately around each gate, and inform subsequent actions to improve access to the Park by all users. This has been achieved by recording walking, cycling and vehicular flow levels, and to observe interactions between modes at the three locations. Nevada Street St.Mary s Gate The Avenue shared path Vanbrugh Park Gate Vanbrugh Park Charlton Way (west) Blackheath Gate Charlton Way (east) Duke Humphrey Road This report presents the findings of the assessments, which are based on video footage filmed on Wednesday 21st September between 6: and 2:. The methodology used to undertake the analysis is presented in Appendix A on page 17. Figure 2 Aerial view of St.Mary s Gate, Greenwich Park Figure 3 Aerial view of Vanbrugh Park Gate, Greenwich Park Figure 4 Aerial view of Blackheath Gate, Greenwich Park 1 Greenwich Park Cycling Review, Conflict and Level of Service Assessment, Atkins, 26 August 29. Figure 5 St.Mary s Gate, Greenwich Park Figure 6 Vanbrugh Park Gate, Greenwich Park Figure 7 Blackheath Gate, Greenwich Park 7
Greenwich Park Flow levels A comparison of flow levels recorded at the three gates is shown in Figure 8. Pedestrian Activity St. Mary s Gate shows the highest number of pedestrians, with a peak of around 1, people between 16: and 17:. The flow profile suggests a relatively high number of people use St. Mary s Gate throughout the day, with peaks in the morning, lunchtime and the afternoon. This is likely explained by its proximity to Greenwich Village and its function as an access point for visitors to the tourist attractions located within the Park. St. Mary s Gate is also used by university students to enter the Park in the afternoon during term time. Motorised Vehicles Flow Levels Motorised vehicles are allowed in the Park during commuting times. Table 1 shows the flow levels during the day. The highest numbers are recorded in the morning between 8: and 9: (just under 5 vehicles). More motorised vehicles use Blackheath Gate than St. Mary s Gate throughout the day. This is likely due to people using the signed vehicle parking along Blackheath Avenue, adjacent to Blackheath Gate. Pedest trians per hour (PPH) 1 8 6 4 2 4 pedestrians 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 St.Mary's Vanbrugh Park Blackheath cyclists Blackheath Gate also provides an access point for visitors of the Royal Observatory, especially those arriving at the coach and bus stops located just outside the Park s boundary on Charlton Way. The highest pedestrian flow (over 4 people) is recorded at Blackheath Gate between 17: and 18: and is mostly comprised of large groups of tourists. Vanbrugh Park Gate shows a more residential use, with a relatively low number of pedestrians and peaks in the morning (about 12 people between 8: and 9:) and the evening (almost 2 people between 16: and 17:). Cycling Activity Cycling activity in Greenwich Park follows a typical commuting pattern, with similar AM and PM peaks at all three gates (8:-9: and 18:-19: respectively). Very low cycling flow levels are recorded during the middle of the day. The highest number of cyclists (approximately 2 cyclists per hour) is observed at St. Mary s Gate between 8: and 9:. There is also a relatively high number of cyclists using Blackheath Gate, with approximately 13 cyclists between 8: and 9:, and 15 cyclists between 18: and 19:. This shows that the Park is well used by cyclists, many of whom likely prefer using it over busier roads for Flow levels Gate Mode Weekday flow AM peak hour * PM peak hour ** TOTAL day St.Mary s Pedestrians 2 882 4914 Cyclists 22 138 848 Vehicles 482 368 2362 Vanbrugh Park Pedestrians 124 182 1142 Cyclists 86 56 338 Blackheath Pedestrians 116 416 214 Cyclists 132 15 674 Vehicles 572 442 31 * AM peak hour is 8-9 for all modes, except for pedestrians at Blackheath who peak between 9 and 1. ** PM peak hour is 18-19 for all modes, except for: - pedestrians at St.Mary s and Vanbrugh Park Gates peak at 16-17; - pedestrians and vehicles at Blackheath peak at 17-18. Cy ycles per hour (CPH) Vehic cles per hour (VPH) 2 8 6 4 2 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 St.Mary's Vanbrugh Park Blackheath vehicles 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 St.Mary's Blackheath their journeys to and from work or school. Table 1 Comparison of flow levels at the three gates Figure 8 Comparison of flow levels at the three gates 8
Summary of Findings St. Mary s Gate Flow levels % 1 pedestrians The proximity of St. Mary s Gate to the National Maritime Museum, and local attractions and transport facilities in Greenwich Village makes it an important access point into and out of Greenwich Park. Cycling and pedestrian activity is higher at St. Mary s Gate than at Blackheath Gate and Vanbrugh Park Gate, as shown in Figure 8 on page 8. 5% 38% Adult Pedestrian Child Pedestrian Jogger Adult Cyclist Child Cyclist Rollerblader/ Skater Mobility Impaired PPH 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 The pedestrian flow profiles in Figure 11 shows the total number of people walking in and out of Greenwich Park through St. Mary s Gate during each hour. The graphs indicates that a relatively high number of visitors to the Park use this gate throughout the day, and no distinguishable ingress/egress pattern is identified. 3% 1% 3% Figure 9 Summary of demographic information, AM peak (8-9) 9% 2 1 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: IN OUT TOTAL cyclists The highest flow of pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles through the gate is recorded during the AM peak hour between 8: and 9:. Approximately the same number of cyclists and pedestrians use the gate during the AM peak hour (about 2 people each). 16% No of Individuals No of groups of 2 No of groups of 3 No of groups of 4 No of groups >4 CPH 25 2 15 The great majority of cyclists follow a typical commuting behaviour, exiting the Park at St Mary s Gate in the morning and entering again at night. The same pattern is observed for motorised vehicles. Demographics 8% Figure 1 Group sizes, AM peak (8-9) 1 5 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: IN OUT TOTAL The pie chart in Figure 1 shows that the majority of visitors to the park during the AM peak hour are individuals; however, large groups are also observed in the afternoon. 55 5 vehicles 45 Joggers make up 3% of all cycling and pedestrian activity between 8: and 9: (Figure 9). ised Vechicles 4 35 3 25 Motor 2 15 1 5 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: IN OUT Figure 11 Comparison of flow levels at St. Mary s Gate 9
Greenwich Park Motorised vehicle types Analysis of interactions Approximately 5 motorised vehicles pass through St.Mary s Gate during the AM peak hour (8: - 9:). Cars make up for the great majority of these (88%), followed by Taxis (5%) and motorbikes and mopeds (4%), as shown in Figure 12. Cycle speed An assessment of interactions between pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles has been undertaken for the AM peak hour (8: - 9:) and the PM pedestrian peak hour (16: - 17:). No conflicts were recorded during the AM peak, although the following behaviours were identified: The cycle speed recorded on the road through St. Mary s Gate during the AM peak hour (8: - 9:) is approximately 14mph, as shown in Figure 13. This is expectably slightly higher than the speed recorded on paths shared by cyclists and pedestrians in other Royal Parks, where a cycle speed of 12mph is common. 1 cyclists out of a total of 22 were observed exiting the gate on the wrong lane, against the traffic flow (Figure 14). When observed, this behaviour is mostly recorded when the wrong lane is free from traffic and pedestrians, whilst the correct lane is occupied by vehicles. This behaviour could potentially lead to incidents at the gate, though none was observed. No incidents or near misses were observed at this time. One cyclist was observed cycling through the pedestrian gate, shown in Figure 15. This behaviour should not be encouraged but it was observed during periods of low pedestrian activity, and no incidents or near misses were observed at this time. 5% 4% 1% 2% Figure 14 Cyclist on the wrong carriageway Figure 16 Large groups of pedestrians obstructing vehicular traffic 88% Cars LGV OGV1 OGV2 Buses Figure 12 Breakdown of vehicle types during the AM peak (8-9) Taxi M/C As a much higher pedestrian activity is observed during the afternoon (Figure 8 on page 8), interactions were also assessed for the PM pedestrian peak hour (16: - 17:). This highlighted a specific behaviour at St. Mary s Gate, when large groups of pedestrians - encouraged by low vehicular traffic - walk the road, encouraging motorised vehicles to slow or stop and wait for them to clear (Figure 16). It should be noted that one of the key design principles underlying the design of the gate is to provide an equitable balance of movement between transport modes (including pedestrians) throughout the week, thus safely allowing this kind of behaviour. Figure 15 Cyclist using the pedestrian exit 13.8 Location Day Time Interaction Grade Description Introduction Unexpected Action Response 12.2 St.Mary's Gate Wednesday 16:8:42 User discomfort A high number of people occupy the pedestrian space and part of the road by the gate Cars approaching the gate from the north have to slow down and stop for pedestrians to notice them and clear the gate The risk is associated with pedestrians giving their back to the approaching cars while using the road to enter/exit the park. 2. 4. 6. 8. 1. 12. 14. Figure 17 Interactions between pedestrians and motorised vehicles recorded during the PM pedestrian peak hour (16: - 17:) Mean Speed Median Speed Figure 13 Cycle speed recorded at St.Mary s Gate (8-9) 1
Summary of Findings Vanbrugh Park Gate Flow levels 2% 2 pedestrians A relatively low number of pedestrians use Vanbrugh Park Gate, with peaks at 8: - 9:, and 16: - 17:. Minor activity is also recorded at lunchtime. A comparable number of pedestrians in each direction was observed, as shown in the blue graph in Figure 21. 44% 45% Adult Pedestrian Child Pedestrian Jogger Adult Cyclist Child Cyclist Rollerblader/ Skater Mobility Impaired PPH 15 1 The green graph in Figure 21 indicates a typical commuting pattern for cyclists through Vanbrugh Park Gate, with most cyclists entering the Park in the morning and exiting in the afternoon. The AM peak for both pedestrians and cyclists is between 8: and 9:, when around 12 pedestrians and 9 cyclists are recorded. The PM cycling peak (approximately 6 cyclists) is observed between 18: and 19:, when there are 15 pedestrians. 5% 4% Figure 18 Summary of demographic information, AM peak (8-9) 4% 17% 5 1 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: cyclists IN OUT TOTAL Demographics No of Individuals No of groups of 2 The pie chart in Figure 18 shows that cyclist make up for 44% of all users of Vanbrugh Park Gate during the Am peak (8: - 9:). Pedestrians account for approximately 5% of users, and joggers for 5%. The great majority of users are individuals (79%, Figure 19) with virtually no groups larger than 3 people observed at this location. 79% No of groups of 3 No of groups of 4 No of groups >4 CPH 5 Cycle speed & behaviour Figure 19 Group sizes, AM peak (8-9) 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: Cycle speeds at Vanbrugh Park Gate are low, with an average of 7.5mph recorded during the peak cycling time period (8: - 9:), shown in Figure 22. Figure 21 Comparison of flow levels at Vanbrugh Park Gate IN OUT TOTAL Analysis of interactions No conflicts were observed during the AM peak period (8: - 9:) between cyclists and pedestrians, including users with children and dogs. Many cyclists were observed dismounting their bikes or pushing them through the gate at walking speed. This behaviour is likely to be encouraged by the layout of the gate, where the stone paving and the guardrailing suggest lower speeds are required to go through the gate safely. 7.4 7.5. 2. 4. 6. 8. 1. 12. 14. Mean Speed Median Speed Figure 2 Cyclist walking with her bike at Vanbrugh Park Gate Figure 22 Cycle speed recorded at Vanbrugh Park Gate (8-9) 11
Greenwich Park Blackheath Gate Flow levels 45 pedestrians Demographics Approximately 2, pedestrians were recorded using Blackheath Gate between 6: and 2:, with more people entering than exiting the Park in the morning (Figure 24). This trend is reversed in the evening. No clear pattern can be identified for the pedestrian flow profile, which shows variations from hour to hour probably due to the presence of large groups of visitors using the coach and bus stops just outside the Park boundary on Charlton Way (Figure 23). Large groups of pedestrians are responsible for the PM peak of activity between 17: and 18:, when traffic flows are also relatively high. PPH 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: Between 8: and 9:, around half of all non-motorised users of the gate are cyclists, 4% are skaters and only 3% are joggers. All others are pedestrians (see Figure 25 and Figure 26). IN OUT TOTAL Cycling activity at Blackheath Gate shows a typical commuting pattern, with most cyclists entering the Park in the morning and exiting in the evening (green graph in Figure 24). The AM peak is recorded between 8: and 9: (approximately 14 cyclists). This period is also the peak time for motorised traffic. 2 15 cyclists 3% 4% 37% Adult Pedestrian Child Pedestrian Jogger Adult Cyclist CPH 1 Child Cyclist Rollerblader/ Skater Mobility Impaired 5 5% 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: IN OUT TOTAL 3% 3% Figure 25 Summary of demographic information at Blackheath Gate during the AM peak (8-9) vehicles rised Vechicles Motor 65 6 55 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 6: 7: 8: 9: 1: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 14% 5% 6% 6% 69% No of Individuals No of groups of 2 No of groups of 3 No of groups of 4 No of groups >4 Figure 23 Bus an coach stops outside Blackheath Gate on Charlton Way IN OUT Figure 26 Group sizes at Blackheath Gate during the AM peak (8-9) Figure 24 Comparison of flow levels at Blackheath gate 12
Summary of Findings Motorised vehicle types Cars account for 88% of all motorised vehicles (Figure 27). 4% of motorised vehicles are taxis, and 4% are motorcycles/ mopeds. A small number of large vehicles (OGV1) were observed passing through the gate during the AM peak hour (8: - 9:). 4% 4% 1% 2% 88% Cars LGV OGV1 OGV2 Buses Taxi M/C Traffic turning counts Figure 28 shows the directional split of motorised vehicular traffic at the roundabout outside Blackheath Gate during the Am peak hour (8: - 9:). The main flow is comprised of vehicles coming from Charlton Way (East) and entering the Park. 245 vehicles were recorded crossing the roundabout from the western to the eastern section of Charlton Way, accounting for approximately 3% of all motorised vehicles using the roundabout. These two main directions of vehicular traffic intersect the route of cyclists travelling between Duke Humphrey Road and Blackheath Avenue, and are responsible for most interactions between the two modes, as highlighted in the next paragraph. from Charlton Way (West) Blackheath Avenue.5% Charlton Way (west) 3.3% % Duke Humphrey Road Charlton Way (east) from Charlton Way (East) Blackheath Avenue 6.6% Duke Humphrey Road.4% Charlton Way (west) Charlton Way (east) Figure 27 Breakdown of vehicle types at Blackheath Gate during the AM peak (8-9) from Greenwich Park (Blackheath Avenue) from Duke Humphrey Road Vehicular traffic matrix at AM peak (8-9) in number of vehicles origin / destination Blackheath Ave (Greenwich Park) Blackheath Ave (Greenwich Park) Charlton Way (East) Duke Humphrey Road 63 Charlton Way (East) 49 3 Duke Humphrey Road 3 Blackheath Avenue Charlton Way (west) % 7.8% Duke Humphrey Road Charlton Way (east) Blackheath Avenue % Charlton Way (west) Charlton Way (east) Duke Humphrey Road.4% Charlton Way (West) 4 245 Table 2 Origin/destination matrix of vehicles at the roundabout outside Blackheath Gate between 8 and 9 Figure 28 Breakdown of vehicle types at Blackheath Gate during the AM peak (8-9) 13
Greenwich Park Interactions between cyclists and vehicles An assessment of interactions amongst pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles has been conducted between 8: and 9:, corresponding to the peak activity of motorised traffic and the AM peak cycling activity. Illustration of the major conflict recorded at AM peak hour A major conflict involving a cyclist exiting Blackheath Gate and a car has been observed and illustrated in Figure 29. No other major nor minor conflicts have been recorded. Behaviour regarding the use of the roundabout has been identified and listed below: Cyclists exiting the Park can see the roundabout but have poor visibility of its entry roads. Most cyclists slow their speed in response to this. However, some cyclists maintain a constant speed on their approach if no vehicles are visible, and then slow down abruptly once an approaching vehicle becomes visible to them e.g. from Charlton Way (East). Cars approaching the roundabout from Charlton Way (East) cannot see cyclists or other vehicles until they occupy the roundabout. Cyclists tend to want to avoid stopping completely at the roundabout. Rather, cyclists slow down and if the opportunity arises, pass vehicles on the right, or left, or enter the Park using the pedestrian gate or the wrong lane if the correct one is occupied by vehicles (Figure 32). A cyclist exits Blackheath Gate and crosses the 1 2 roundabout towards Duke Humphrey Road. A car does not give priority to the cyclist at the roundabout. Both have to stop abruptly and swerve slightly to avoid collision. Figure 31 Example of cyclists entering the park through the pedestrian gate during the AM peak (8-9) Cycling on pedestrian paths and through pedestrian-only gates is not allowed. Cyclists do use these gates; this was observed when no pedestrians were using them. No conflict was observed (Figure 31) Brief quarrel between driver and cyclist. 3 4 Both car and cyclist leave the site after a short break. Figure 29 Illustration of the major conflict between a cyclist and a car during the AM peak (8-9) Location Day Time Blackheath Gate Wednesday 8:31:45 Interaction Grade Major conflict Cyclist exits the gate Description Introduction Unexpected Action Response Cars doesn't stop at the roundabout to give priority to the cyclist Cyclists has to stop abruptly and turn to avoid the car, which also stops Figure 3 Description of the major conflict between a cyclist and a car during the AM peak (8-9) Figure 32 Examples of cyclists using the wrong lane at Blackheath Gate during the AM peak (8-9) 14
Summary of Findings Interactions between pedestrians and vehicles As shown in Figure 24 on page 12, the hour of peak pedestrians activity is recorded between 17: and 18:, when motorised vehicular flow is relatively high. This suggests that interactions between pedestrians and motorised vehicles could present safety issues during this time period, therefore an assessment of interactions between all modes has been carried out. The footage shows no collisions, major nor minor conflicts amongst pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles. However, the following specific behaviour has been highlighted and illustrated in Figure 33 to Figure 35. This moments occur when visitors on foot to the Park temporarily use the traffic lane, often during periods of low motorised traffic activity. Vehicle speeds turning into or out of the park tend to be low as a result of the tight turning radii at the roundabout. In these instances visitors treat the area within the park like a shared space, providing an equitable balance between the needs and capacities of vehicles and pedestrians. Figure 33 Pedestrians on the road not noticing the car behind them Figure 34 Large groups on the road slowing down the vehicular traffic at Blackheath Gate Figure 35 Group of tourist taking photos at gate between traffic lanes 15
Greenwich Park Conclusions This assessment of visitor activity at three gates into and out of Greenwich Park has highlighted several trends in the behaviour of pedestrians, cyclists and drivers. Vanbrugh Park Gate Vanbrugh Park Gate primarily provides access into and out of the park for local residents, suggested by the relatively lower levels of pedestrian and cycle activity. Nonetheless it is important link for the surrounding community, and for those cycling from further afield. From the data recorded, considerate behaviour is observed by a very high majority of all users. The data suggests that the risk of conflict is low, relative to St. Mary s Gate and Blackheath Gate. St. Mary s Gate Blackheath Gate Pedestrian, cyclist and vehicle activity is high at Blackheath Gate. The data shows that there is conflict between cyclists and drivers. Based on data collected the key hazard is the proximity of the gate to the roundabout with Charlton Way, and the limited visibility of approaching traffic. The speed of drivers and cyclists approaching the junction from all roads is not effectively managed by the design of the roundabout. It is recommended that further analysis of this junction be undertaken to understand whether this conflict is significant and whether further steps be taken to better manage the junction and reduce the hazards and risk of conflict. Robust accident data for the junction should be reviewed. This should be requested from Transport for London through the London Road Safety Unit. Pedestrian and cyclist activity is highest at St. Mary s Gate, which connects the park with the centre of Greenwich. At certain times of the day and week, typically out of peak commuting times, there are large groups of pedestrians using the gate. The limited capacity of the pedestrian gates leads some visitors to use the vehicular gates. The data suggests that interactions between drivers and pedestrians are considerate. From the data, approximately 5% of commuting cyclists use the gate which is meant for oncoming vehicles. Such behaviour increases the hazards of using the gate for drivers and cyclists. The data shows few potential conflicts, suggesting that this behaviour is undertaken diligently. To ensure more users are aware of the hazards associated with using the gate meant for vehicles travelling in the opposite direction, it is suggested that context sensitive signing be considered, for instance arrow surface markings showing direction of travel. This could be particularly useful in encouraging awareness of the correct operation of the gates for inexperienced cyclists, so that they are able to take more informed decisions regarding there own actions. 16
Appendix a Appendix Observation Studies 17
Greenwich Park Introduction This section provides details of our observation studies. The assessments presented in this report are based on video footage filmed on Wednesday 21st September between 6: and 2: at three gates at Greenwich Park, London: St.Mary s gate; Vanbrugh Park gate; and Blackheath gate. The location of the three gates is shown in Figure 1 on page 6. Overall, the following assessments have been undertaken: Flow surveys; Demographics surveys; Motorised vehicle split count; Cycle speeds assessments; Vehicle turning counts; and Interaction studies. Flow, Demographics and Vehicle Surveys Methodology The method used for this study is known as the stationary gate method whereby all pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles who cross an imaginary line are counted during fixed periods. Directionality is recorded as appropriate. Using video footage recorded on a weekday we undertook a count of all the footage at all three gates, split into 15 minute time intervals. From this survey we obtained a time profile for the day and defined the peak hour of activity (based on the highest cyclist activity or as appropriate). Subsequently, a continuous count of pedestrians, cyclists and motorised vehicles was undertaken at all gates for the peak hour of activity. This was also used to collect demographic data of the park s users and the split between vehicle types. The camera views used for these surveys are shown in Figure 36 to Figure 38. The motorised vehicle types considered in this study are shown in Figure 39. Figure 36 Example of video still from St.Mary s gate footage CYCLES All survey Flow survey locations Date: 21st September 211 Day: Wednesday Times: 6: - 2: Total gates: 3 sample locations Frequency: Every half an hour Duration: 15 minute intervals Total duration: 126 minutes sampled Weather: Cloudy with occasional drizzle Method: Video footage Figure 37 Example of video still from Vanbrugh Park gate footage MOPEDS AND MOTOR-CYCLES TAXIS Figure 39 Vehicle types Figure 38 Example of video still from Blackheath gate footage 18
Appendix Speed Survey Methodology Cycling speed surveys were undertaken at St. Mary s gate and Vanbrugh Park gate during the AM peak hour (8: - 9:). A sample of 2 cyclists were observed at each location. Interactions Study Introduction Assessing the number of interactions and conflicts between different modes is key to highlight any issues with the use of the three gates by all visitors to Greenwich Park. Typical user behaviour along cycling and walking routes can vary depending on factors such as: The type of user; The design of the space, its proposed use and how it is used in practice; The current activity levels and proportion of each user type; The individual circumstance. Interactions between all modes on roads can depend on factors such as: The type of vehicle; The design of the route and junctions (e.g. the roundabout outside Blackheath gate); The current activity levels and proportion of each user type; The individual circumstance. Types of interaction and conflict In addition to what is considered typical behaviour, there are four types of interactions and near-miss scenarios, three of which are categorised as potential conflicts (minor / major conflict, and collision): User Discomfort A pedestrian, cyclist or motorised vehicle chooses to brake or change direction to avoid a potential collision, but movement is calm and controlled. Minor conflict In response to unexpected action, a pedestrian, cyclist or motorised vehicle has to brake or change direction to avoid a collision, but movement is generally calm and controlled. Factors that affect a minor conflict could include: At least one party may be unaware of the other s intended route (poor visibility on approach, high speed or narrow passing distance). The rate of change in velocity needed to avoid collision is low, and/or movement is calm and controlled. The perceived consequence of neither party taking action could be a collision. Major conflict In response to unexpected action, a pedestrian, cyclist or motorised vehicle has to take emergency action in what is considered to be a near miss. Factors that affect a major conflict could include: The rate of change in velocity needed to avoid collision is high and/or movement is uncontrolled. At least one party is unaware of the other s intended route (poor visibility on approach, high speed and/ or narrow passing distance). The perceived consequence of neither party taking action could be a severe collision. Collision Actual physical contact, could be slight or severe. No collisions were observed or assessed at any survey locations during this study. An example of the description of user discomfort taken during the interaction study is shown in Figure 4 below. Location Day Time St.Mary's Gate Wednesday 16:8:42 Interaction Grade User discomfort Introduction Unexpected Action Response A high number of people occupy the pedestrian space and part of the road by the gate Description Cars approaching the gate from the north have to slow down and stop for pedestrians to notice them and clear the gate The risk is associated with pedestrians giving their back to the approaching cars while using the road to enter/exit the park Figure 4 Interactions between pedestrians and motorised vehicles recorded during the PM pedestrian peak hour (16: - 17:) 19