Why is Aquaculture and Aquatic Animal Health so Important?

OIE Workshop for Aquatic Animal Focal Points Dubrovnik, Croatia 16-18 November 2010 Why is Aquaculture and Aquatic Animal Health so Important? Barry Hill President OIE Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission

Aquaculture has been experiencing a boom since the mid-1970s, sustaining an average annual growth rate of around 9% until a recent slight fall back. Today it continues to expand in almost all world regions. The greatest proportion of global aquaculture production comes from the Asia-Pacific region - currently almost 90%, with about 62 % originating from China alone.

A detailed analysis of aquaculture production and wild capture fisheries is published every 2 years by FAO.

SOFIA 2010 (FAO) is in press, due out early 2011 but some of the production data was presented at: Global Conference on Aquaculture, Phuket, Thailand 21-26 September 2010 Presentations are available to download from: http://www.enaca.org/modules/aqua2010/presentations.php Full publication of proceedings expected February 2011

From: Imtiaz Ahmad and Rohana Subasinghe, Global Aquaculture Development: a comprehensive analysis. Presented at the Global Conference on Aquaculture, 22-25 September 2010, Phuket, Thailand

Aquaculture: global trends (source: www.fao.org) Fastest growing food producing sector in the world: accounts for over 50% of global fish production Trends: intensification (new systems) & diversification (new species) sustainable & organic aquaculture Fish has always been a global commodity Fish trade is increasing: approaching 100 billion in 2008

World fish trade: export value - in 1000 US$ (FAO) - 100,000,000 90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 Developing countries or areas Developed countries or areas 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 developing 30,000,000 20,000,000 developed 10,000,000 0 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006

From: Laszlo Varadi, Regional Review: Europe. Presented at the Global Conference on Aquaculture, 22-25 September 2010, Phuket, Thailand

Examples of aquaculture growth for certain species

Salmon farming

Growth in salmon production 2.5 2 1.5 million MT Aquaculture production wild salmon production 1 0.5 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Sea bass and sea bream farming

Shrimp farming

Growth in shrimp production 7 6 5 Shrimp Aquaculture Shrimp Capture MT million 4 3 2 1 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

The growth of aquaculture for high value species (sea bass, sea bream, salmon, shrimp) has had an important impact on international fish trade and the export economies of some countries In recent years, species of lower value (tilapia and pangasius catfish) have also entered successfully into the international trade

Pangasius catfish in Vietnam as an example

Vietnam aquaculture production 1,800,000 Productio on (tons) 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 97' 98' 99' 00' 01' 02' 03' 04' 05' 06' Year

Vietnam seafood exporting value 3,500,000 Value (1,0 000USD) 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 97' 98' 99' 00' 01' 02' 03' 04' 05' 06' Year

From: Nguyen Huu Dzung, Vietnam Pangasius and World Markets

The EU is by far the world s biggest importer of fish, seafood and aquaculture products.

Key messages

Globally, consumer demand for fish continues to climb, especially in affluent, developed nations. Currently, freshwater and marine capture fisheries produce 95 million tonnes in total annually, of which 60 million tonnes is destined for human consumption. Since 1980, consumption of fish produced by aquaculture has increased from 9% to 46% of total fish consumption. More than 50 million tonnes of aquaculture products, worth over US$63 billion, are eaten each year.

FAO estimates that because of the world s increasing human population an additional 37 million tonnes of aquatic food will be required by 2030 - just to maintain current levels of per-capita consumption. The only option for meeting future demand for fish is by farming them.

However, infectious diseases are causing major production losses on farms and even having a significant impact on some national economies

In many countries, the rapid increase in aquaculture output has been based on species diversification which has led to an increase in the demand for introduction and transfers of live non-indigenous aquatic animals, some of which have introduced new diseases with them.

Although local pathogens, inadequate farmmanagement, environmental factors and poor water quality continue to be the most common causes of disease outbreaks in aquaculture, pathogen incursions due to international transfers of live aquaculture animals (and some aquaculture products) is a major underlying reason for new disease outbreaks.

Some examples of international spread of aquatic animal diseases White spot disease in shrimp was spread to 22 countries via international trade in post-larvae (and products?) Taura syndrome to Asia from Americas via live shrimp transfers (species more resistant to white spot disease) Gyrodactylus salaris to Norway from Sweden via live juvenile salmon for stock enhancement

Some examples of international spread of aquatic animal diseases First cases of Sleeping Disease of trout in UK linked with imported trout fillets First outbreak of VHS of trout in the UK linked with imported rainbow trout for processing. European sheatfish virus to Finland via live farmed sheatfish imports First cases of SVC in Switzerland, USA, Denmark linked with koi carp imports

Some examples of international spread of aquatic animal diseases Koi herpes virus disease via to many countries via international trade in koi carp. Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) to Chile from??

Outbreaks of ISA in Chile since 2007 have had a devastating impact on the salmon farming industry, causing a massive reduction in production and in export volumes. Economic losses of many $100 millions. High numbers of farms closed and large numbers of job losses. Will take years to recover. A national disaster.

The most dramatic examples of major epizootics caused by international trade in aquaculture animals are the viral diseases of farmed shrimp, particularly White Spot Disease (WSD).

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WHITE SPOT DISEASE OF SHRIMP China (1993): US$ >400 million lost Thailand (1996): US$ >500 million lost

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WHITE SPOT DISEASE OF SHRIMP Ecuador (1999) US$ >280 million lost Ecuador (2000) US$ >575 million lost * All farms affected * Production area of 175,000 hectares halved * >500,000 jobs lost * Presidential decree of State of emergency issued * National Stability Fund used

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WHITE SPOT DISEASE OF SHRIMP Peru (Aug 99 - Apr 00) : US$ 100 million lost * Exports down from US$50m. to US$3m. * Production area fell from 3500 to 500 hectares * Banks restricting finance because of high risk

Why such spread? International trade in live shrimp (post-larvae) $$$!!

Global Transfers of Live Shrimp Hawaii Tahiti

Is pagasius catfish farming also at risk from disease incursion causing the next big production collapse?

The OIE standards and guidance in the Aquatic Code and Aquatic Manual aim to reduce such risks

Thank you for your attention