STPIO50-EB/Sep. 1989 Subject Index A Acceleration drop height, multidirectional, 257 helmet impact testing, 244, 248-249 Accelerometer, 270 Adolescent players, physique differences in, 90-93 Aging of equipment, 151-152 Amateur hockey blade servicing, 135 body-checking, 84-103 eye and face injuries, 52-54 injury rates, 15-21 Pee-Wee player body structure, 90-93 Quebec Sports Safety Board, 64-65 Amateur Hockey Association of the United States (AHAUS), 35-36 Anthropometric test dummy (ATD), 72-75 ASTM Specifications F 513-77:55-57 F 513-86: 47, 52-53 F 737-81:130 F 737-86: 124, 129-130, 135 F 1045-87: 197, 262-273 sponsored by ASTM Subcommittee F08.15, 195-197 Attitudes and mentality body-checking, 85-90, 92-97 face mask use, 55-56 health care costs and hockey ethics, 58-62 injury rates and, 39-40 toward protective equipment, 230-232 Audits of protective equipment, 219 Axial compressive loading, 71-82 Body-checking Canadian rule changes, 84-85 injury rates and, 97-100 national survey, Canada, 100-103 penalty increases and, 92-97 rule changes, 84-85 B Boot construction and blade fit, 135 Brain injury impact testing and, 242-243 C Calculated risk, 9- l0 Catastrophic injury rates, 25, 27 CCM blade, 124 Certification of protective equipment, 213, 216 Cervical element loading, 73, 76-79 Cervical spine fractures, 71-82 Cervical spine tolerance, 77-78 Checking, rule changes, 41-42 Chin strap mouth guard combined with, 17-18 tests, 273 College hockey injury rates, 20-23 Compression-moulded plastic helmets, 170-172 Compulsory use of protective equipment, 230-232 Computer simulation helmet impact testing, 240-241,243-247 performance specification, 270-272 Consent, risk assumption in hockey, 46 Consumer protection plastic-metal skate blades, 130-135 review of protective equipment, 21 l Cooperall protective girdle, 176, 178 Cradle-type helmets, 224-227 Cruciate ligament injury, 105 D Dental injury rates, 18, 20 Developed force, helmet impact testing, 244, 248-249 Disconfirmation concept in epidemiology, 12-13 Displacement, helmet impact testing, 244, 248-249 Dorsal-plantar flexion displacement curve, 144, 146 Copyright* 1989 by ASTM lntcrnational 279 www.astm.org
280 SAFETY IN ICE HOCKEY Drop height testing apparatus, 254-261 impact testing, 272-273 Dynamic failure loads, cervical spine injuries, 78-79 E Economic gain, versus hockey safety, 60-62 Edge durability on skate blade, 134, 135-139 Elbow pad, 175-176 End and comer board modification, 188, 192-194 Energy absorption in protective equipment, 152 Epidemiology centralization of data, 12-13 disconfirmation concept, 12-13 eye injuries, 29-31 injury rates, 9-13 Equipment (see also Protective equipment) ASTM/HECC certification, 52-53 changes in, 11-12 Ethics hockey health care, 58-62 injury protection, 230-232 External force resistance, knee braces, 109, 112-113 Eye guards, 150-151 Eye injuries Canadian equipment standards, 207, 212, 216 Canadian statistics, 216 epidemiology, 29-31 reducing risk, 52-54 unprotected players, 235-236 F Face injury, reducing risk, 52-54 Face mask ASTM/HECC certification, 53 capabilities and limitations, 150-153 costs and ethics, 58-62 eye injuries, 30-31 full face and visor type models, 235-239 health care costs and ethics, 58-62 historical development, 228-230 rule changes, 35-36 Swedish standards, 228-230 use guidelines, 55-57 Fiberglass materials, helmet development, 224-225 Fighting and injury rates, 22-23 Foam padding for helmets, 183 Fractures, body-checking and, 99-100 Free-fall impact testing, 262-265 Full face guards versus half face shield, 55-57 versus visor type, 235-239 G Gadd severity index (GSI) helmet impact testing, 242-244 recording apparatus, 270-272 Goal pads, 164-168 Goaltender face guards, 228-230 Goniometric studies, knee braces, 105-111 Half face shield, 55-57 Headform helmet testing, 250, 252, 263, 266-267 standards, 212-217 Head injury criterion (HIC), 243 Head protection (helmet and face guard combined), 228-230 Health care costs of hockey, 58-62 Heat treatment of metal blades, 125 Heel safety guard, 120-121 Helmet ASTM/HECC certification, 53 compulsory use guidelines, 220-227 cradle liners, 224-227 fiberglass materials, 224-225 historical development, 164, 170-175 impact testing, 240-261 liability, 48 limitations and capabilities, 150-153 one-piece shell prototype, 221-222 padding material, 81-82, 226-227 plastic materials for, 223-224 product liability, 48 rims and edges of, 152-153 H
SUBJECT INDEX 281 stiffness properties, 81-82 Swedish standards, 221-224 three-piece shell prototype, 221-222 tool costs of, 175 High-sticking penalties, 95-97 Hockey pants, 175-177 Hockey sticks failure sites, 160 geometry and dynamics, 157-162 performance evaluation, 157-162 safety factors, 154-163 Horizontal force depletion, 142-143 "Hostile agression" penalties, 95-97 Human factors and protective equipment, 152 Ice behavior and spinal injuries, 81-82 (see also Attitudes; Violence) Ice reaction force vector, 142-143 ICM blade, 124, 126 Impact testing cervical spine injuries, 73-77, 80-82 free-fall, 262-265 full face and visor face guards, 235-239 helmet safety, 240-261 ice surface characteristics, 266, 268 market effect, 256, 258, 260 testing sites, 266 velocity measurement, 266, 269 Information management for hockey safety, 67 Infraction guidelines, 41-42 Injection-molded plastic helmet, 170, 172 Injury rates amateur hockey, 15-2 l body-checking and, 97-100 catastrophic injuries, 25, 27 college hockey, 20-24, 26 eye injuries, 29-31 hockey sticks, 156-157 insurance claims, 233-234 knee braces, 105-109 professional hockey, 23-25 rule changes, 37-42 statistical methods for, 232-234 Inspection of protective equipment, 213, 216 "Instrumental" penalties, 95-97 Instrumentation for impact testing, 251, 253-254 Insurance against injury, 232-233 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) head protection standards, 232 protective equipment, 213 Intervention model for hockey safety, 65 K Kinematic analysis of joint stress, 141-149 Knee braces frequency of use and injury prevention, 105 goniometric study, 105-108 knee injury, 104-114 Last clear chance doctrine, 45-46 Liability laws hockey safety and ethics, 61-62 risk assumption, 44-50 L M Mechanical test rig calibration and repeatability, 254-255 helmet impact testing, 250-253 Mechanism of injury hockey sticks, 156-162 neck injuries, 71-82 spine injuries, 72-75 Metal skate blades, heat treatment, 125 Molded-in skate blade, 120-121, 124 Mouth guard development of, 16-18, 17-18 improper use of, 53-54 N National Athletic Injury Reporting System (NAIRS), 22-24 National Athletic Injury Surveillance System, 1 l National Collegiate Athletic Association, 26 Natural ice surfaces, 202-203
282 SAFETY IN ICE HOCKEY Neck injuries helmet rims and edges, 152-153 mechanism of, 71-82 "Norm violation" penalties, 95-97 Nose contact tests, face masks, 237-238 Numonics analyzer, used in face mask development, 236-237 Nylite skate blade, 132-133 Officiating body-checking penalties, 92-97 injury rates and, 37-42 Ongoing surveillance system epidemiology, 10-12 injury rates, 14-27 Opposing players' liability, 48-50 O Peak shear, compression and moment of force, 77-79 Pee-Wee players body-checking by, 84-103 morphological-biomechanical differences, 90-93, 96 Penalties average number per game, 97 trends in, 94-97 Perfecta blade, 124 Performance tests, knee braces, 109, 112 Plastic-metal skate blades design analyses, 124-125 marketing techniques, 130-135 test results, 128 Plastic padding material in helmets, 224, 226-227 Plastic skate blades, 120-121 Plastics helmet development, 223-224 liner padding for helmets, 224, 226-227 skate blades, 125 Player speed, cinematographic analysis, 158 Playing surface (see also Rink design) area size, 188 evolution, 187-200 Pneumatic air cannon, 178, 180 Polymer plastic skate blades, 125 P Polyvinyl chloride helmets, 223-224 Post-assembled skate blade design problems, 127-129 examples of, 122, 124 Post shrinkage in skate blades, 124 Premises liability, risk assumption in hockey, 46-47 Products liability, risk assumption in hockey, 47-48 Professional hockey blade servicing, 135 injury rates, 23-24 Quebec Sports Safety Board, 65 Prolite tubular blade, 122 Pronation-supination displacement curve, 144-145, 147 Protective braces, knee injury, 104-114 Protective equipment aging of, 151-152 as catalyst for violence, 55-57 defective, 16-18 fear of injury and, 40 historical perspective, 164-183 knee injury brace, 104-114 limitations and capabilities, 150-153 products liability, 47-48 testing, certification, and inspection, 213,216 Public review of equipment standards, 211 Puck velocity cinematographic analysis, 159 face mask development and, 236-239 pneumatic air cannon, 178 Q Quadriplegic injuries. (see also Spinal cord injuries) hockey versus football, 10-11 Quebec Sports Safety Board, 63-68 R Research in hockey safety, 66-67 Rink design, 187-200 American versus European dimensions, 188-192 ends and comers modification, 188, 192-194
SUBJECT INDEX 283 enlargement, 188, 192-193 goal location, 192-194 natural and seminatural facilities, 202-204 standards, 195-200 Risk assumption eye and face injuries, in amateur hockey, 52-54 liability, 44-51 Risk reduction, eye and face injuries, 52-54 Roughing penalties, 95-97 Rule changes injury rates, 37-42 injury surveillance, 11-12 safety as a factor, 35-36 S Safety versus economic gain, 60-62 versus victory, 39-40 Safety guard requirements, skate blades, 133 Seminatural ice surface, 203-204 Severity indices for helmet impact testing, 243-244, 247 Sharpening equipment for skate blades, 135 Shooting speeds of players, face mask testing, 239 Shoulder injuries protective equipment development, 176, 179 rate declines, 18 Shoulder pads, 176, 179 Skate blades design problems, 125-127 development, 117-120 edge durability, 135-139 fit to boot, 135 heel safety guard, 120-121 plastic materials, 120-121 post-assembled design, 127-129 safety factors, 117-139 servicing techniques, 135 support of standards, 135-139 test equipment, 131-132 tubular, 120 Tuuk blade, 122 Skates, historical development, 164, 169-170 Slap shot hockey sticks, 160-161 standing and skating shots, 156 Slashing penalties, 95-97 SLM blade design problems, 124, 126-127 hardness and wear table, 139 "Spearing posture" and hockey injuries, lo-11 Spectator injury, 50 Spinal cord injury hockey versus football, lo increase of, 25, 27 mechanisms and prevention, 71-82 rule changes and officiating, 41 Standards eye injuries, 29-31 for protective equipment, 208-211, 232 rink design, 194-200 skate blade safety, 135, 139 Swedish standards development, 220-234 Statistics on injuries, 232-234 Stickwork, rule changes, 41-42 Subtalar joint kinematic analysis, 141-149 supination and pronation, 146-149 Surface characteristics natural and seminatural facilities, 202-204 skate blade testing, 136-137 Talocrural joint dorsal and plantar flexion, 146, 148 kinematic analysis, 14 l- 149 Taping modifications to hockey sticks, 154-156 Temperature change, blade stresses and strains, 124 Test equipment drop height testing, 264-271 protective equipment testing, 213, 216 skate blades, 130-132 T
284 SAFETY IN ICE HOCKEY Throat guards cut resistance test, 230 development of, 230-231 for goaltenders, 53 Trade-offs of protective equipment, 150-153 Tripping penalties, 95-97 Truth in advertising, 130-135 Tubular skate blade, 120, 122 Tuuk blade design problems, 127-129 hardness and wear table, 139 marketing methods, 132, 134 safety factors, 122, 124 Velocity measurement, helmet impact testing, 266, 269-270 Victory versus safety in hockey, 39-40 V Video camera, safety analysis, 178, 181-182 Violence in hockey, promoted by protective equipment, 55-57 Visor type face masks, 235-239 W Warmth factor of equipment, 164 Warmth as factor in protective equipment, 164 Wayne State curve for concussion tolerance, 242 Whiplash effect, helmet design and, 221-222 Wrist shots hockey sticks and, 160, 162 standing and skating shots, 156 Zamboni machine, 136-137 Z