Environmental Considerations I. Hyperthermia a. Heat stress i. Take extreme caution in hot, humid weather ii. Every year athletes die from heat related causes iii. Body temperature must be obtained by heat iv. Body temperature is affected by: 1. heat production the higher the metabolic rate, the higher the heat 2. heat exchange by contact and surface, the turf can be very hot 3. heat exchange by breezes 4. radiant heat exchange sunshine 5. heat loss by sweat evaporating, at 75% humidity the sweat does not evaporate b. Monitoring the heat index i. Measures heat and ii. Lets trainer use extra caution when necessary c. Heat illnesses i. Heat 1. red, raised rash with prickly sensations when sweating 2. occurs when skin is wet with sweat 3. toweling off can prevent the rash ii. heat syncope 1. rapid physical in the heat 2. usually from not being accustomed to exercising in the heat 3. caused by pooling of in extremities, which results in, fainting, and nausea 4. relieved by moving to environment and fluids
iii. Heat cramps 1. painful spasms that usually occur in or abs 2. related to excess loss of and electrolytes 3. prevented by replacement of Na,, Mg, Cl, Ca, and water 4. salt tablets are recommended 5. treatment with, stretch, and ice iv. Heat 1. from inadequate replacement of fluids lost through sweating ( ) 2. usually the victim collapses, has sweating, pale skin, elevated (102), dizzy, hyperventilation, and rapid pulse 3. immediate treatment includes large quantities of and eventually IV, and if possible move to cool area v. Heat 1. serious emergency 2. sudden collapse and loss of, flushed, hot skin with less sweating, shallow breathing, rapid strong pulse, and core temp over 3. body loses ability to dissipate heat through 4. must body temp a. get to cool area b. strip clothing and sponge water on the athlete and fan c. transport to hospital ASAP
d. Preventing Heat Illness i. & replacement 1. must drink quantities of water in hot weather to prevent dehydration 2. average runner lose liters of water/hour 3. drinks empty from the stomach 4. must have unlimited access to water 5. commercial drinks a. gastric emptying, depriving cells of b. not recommended for use during activity, can be useful activity to replenish electrolytes ii. Gradual acclimatization 1. most effective method of avoiding heat stress 2. exposure should occur over a to ten day period iii. Identifying susceptible individuals 1. large athletes are prone to heat illness 2. athletes have % greater heat production iv. Uniforms 1. selected on & 2. initial practices should be conducted in more light weight clothes 3. never use a suit v. weight records 1. careful records must be kept 2. a loss of 3-5 % of body weight will reduce blood and could lead to health threat vi. Temperature and humidity readings 1. should be taken on the field before practice 2. to practice should be made according to existing conditions
e. Treatment i. Provide in areas ii. Remove jerseys iii. Provide lots of iv. activity if: 1. headache, nausea, mental slowness, incoherence, visual disturbance, fatigue, weakness, unsteadiness, collapse, unconsciousness, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, seizures, rigidity, weak & rapid pulse, pallor, flush, faintness, chills II. sub normal body temperature a. Causes i. Fail to warm up, or inactivity in cold weather ii. chill factor see chart on 148 iii. Dampness or iv. 65% of heat lost through radiation, the head and neck can account for % v. death can occur when core temperature is above 107 and below b. prevention i. apparel ii. dress in thin iii. replace c. common cold injuries i. frost 1. involves ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers, and toes 2. occurs when there is high wind and severe cold 3. skin is, with areas that will in 24-72 hours 4. treat with pressure(not rubbing), blow hot breath on it, place hands in armpits
ii. 1. prolonged exposure to cold 2. skin is red,, tingling, and pain in toes and fingers 3. superficial frostbite a. skin and subcutaneous layer b. skin is pale,, cold, and waxy c. gradually with warm water d. may blister and be painful for 4. deep frostbite a. are frozen b. rapid rewarming is necessary c. hot drinks, heating pads, or hot water bottles d. tissue will become during rewarming e. tissue with become III. Altitude a. Adaptation i. blood cells are less oxygenated, depriving tissue ii. Depends on if native, resident or visitor 1. larger chest capacity, more, more capillaries and higher red blood cell level 2. resident makes adaptation after months or years a. conserves glucose b. increases mitochondria c. increased formation of 3. visitor increased breathing and heart action, increased hemoglobin, increased blood alkalinity, and increased myoglobin iii. training? Or competition 1. still ongoing research, too many variables to do exact research 2. best to arrive 2-3 weeks before 3. most arrive 2-3 days before
iv. altitude illness 1. acute sickness a. 1 out of 3 will suffer when going from low to 7000 ft or above b. symptoms, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, (breathing difficulty), can last up to 3 days c. affects sodium and balance in brain, which causes excess retention of fluid and thus increases 2. pulmonary a. at 9000-10000 feet b. lungs accumulate small amount of c. causes dyspnea,, headache, weakness, unconsciousness d. treat by moving to lower altitude ASAP and give oxygen IV. Overexposure to sun a. Long term effects i. Premature ii. Skin iii. Lightly pigmented people are more susceptible b. sunscreens i. helps ultraviolet radiation ii. sun protection factor ( ) 1. spf 6 means that you can be exposed 6 times longer compared to those without sunscreen 2. higher numbers are better, like 30 V. Electrical Storms a. Lightning accounts for deaths per year b. Move quickly or to a car, stay away from c. If you can not seek shelter, assume a crouched position, but do not lie flat or will increase surface area that is exposed d. calculates miles away i. Count seconds from lightning to bang and divide by 5 ii. At 30 seconds there is danger iii. At 15 seconds everyone off the field and seek shelter
VI. Air Pollution common in urban areas with industry and heavy a. Ozone i. Form of oxygen with 3 atoms ii. May cause shortness of, coughing, chest tightness, nausea, eye irritation, fatigue b. sulfur dioxide i. colorless gas from burning coal and petroleum ii. causes to air movement in and out of lungs, shortness of breath, fatigue iii. try to nose breath, so can filter it c. carbon monoxide i. colorless and odorless gas ii. reduces hemoglobin s ability to transport and release d. prevention i. stop or decrease activity in periods of high pollution VII. Circadian Dysrhythmia (Jet Lag) a. Effects body b. Can cause, headache, problems with digestive system, changes in blood pressure and heart rate c. Can all have effects on athletic output d. There is % faster adaptation flying westward than eastward e. Treat: i. Leave well rested ii. Try to adjust time and eating patterns iii. Drink plenty of fluids to avoid iv. Consume caffeine traveling west, not east v. adopt local time VIII. Artificial Turf a. No evidence to support turf causes injuries than grass b. Most professionals believe that it does though c. Most turf stadiums are being replaced with grass d. Does cause more and turf toe (hyperextension of great toe)