Cambiamen( clima(ci e variazioni del livello del Mar Mediterraneo: Recen( sviluppi della ricerca italiana e implicazioni per le poli(che ges(onali 6-7 July 2018, Rome, Italy FaFori di cambiamento lungo la costa del Mediterraneo: onde, mareggiate e aumento del livello del mare P.Lionello 1,2 piero.lionello@unisalento.it 1 DiSTeBA - University of Salento, 2 CMCC (Centro Euro Mediterraneo sui cambiamenf climafci)
GCM RCM T s c MSLP surface wind Demography, economy, ecosystems Coastal morphology Coastal defences W c e h Storm surge model Sea Level "extremes " wave model SWH Mean and "extremes" Hazard Sea level exposure vulnerability T c M T e s ( c RISK
A large set of a set of wave and sea level simula(ons covering the period 1950-2100. has been completed Wind and SLP forcing produced by different regional climate models and adop(ng mul(ple emission scenarios (A1B, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) have been used. Climate change simula(ons carried out in this study "Circe" projections (1951-2050) CMCC LR A1B 1951-2050 CMCC HR A1B 1970-2050 MPI A1B 1951-2050 ENEA A1B 1951-2050 ARPEGE A1B 1951-2050 IPSL3 A1B 1951-2050 IPSL2 A1B 1951-2050 CMIP5 driven "MedCORDEX" projections (1951-2100) CMCC historical rcp4.5 rcp8.5 ITU historical rcp8.5 LMD historical rcp4.5 rcp8.5 CNRM historical rcp4.5 rcp8.5 GUF historical rcp4.5 rcp8.5 RCA4 historical rcp8.5
Evolu(on of the mean SWH in the Mediterranean Sea
Mean SWH climate change A1B RCP4.5 RCP8.5 [2021-2050] - [1971-2000] [2071-2100] - [1971-2000]
Annual mean SWH: A1B CC 1971-2000 2021-2050 CLIMATE CHANGE
model domain and coastal points selec(on Bathymetry of the Mediterranean sea. Yellow dots denote the coastal grid points used in the following figures for climate change analysis. Violet dots denote the locafons of the Fde gauges used for model validafon.
MAIN OBJECTIVE To assess climate change effect on storm surges along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the next decades by a mul(-model mul(ple-scenario approach Mediterranean region: dots denote the coastal grid points used for storm surge and wind-wave analysis.
MAIN OBJECTIVE To assess climate change effect on marine storminess along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the next decades by a mul(-model approach Mediterranean region: dots denote the coastal grid points used for storm surge and wind-wave analysis.
MAIN OBJECTIVE To assess climate change effect on marine storminess along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the next decades by a mul(-model approach Mediterranean region: dots denote the coastal grid points used for storm surge and wind-wave analysis.
mean SWH along the Mediterranean coastline Present 1971-2001 Climate Change (%)
extreme SWH along the Mediterranean coastline Present 1971-2001 Climate Change (%)
mean wave frequency along the Mediterranean coastline Present 1971-2001 Climate Change (%)
mean wave direc(on along the Mediterranean coastline Present 1971-2001 Climate Change (%)
MAIN OBJECTIVE To assess climate change effect on marine storminess along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the next decades by a mul(-model approach Mediterranean region: dots denote the coastal grid points used for storm surge and wind-wave analysis.
EXTREME storm surge profile along the Mediterranean coastline Present 1971-2001 SSI 10 Average value of the 10 highest surges according to the multi-model ensemble mean along the coast of the Mediterranean Climate Change (%) TOP panel: distribution of the mean value of the 10 annual largest storm surges (storm surge index) for the period 1971-2000 according to the ensemble mean of the CIRCE simulations (black line) and of the MedCORDEX simulations (red line). Bottom panel: percent change of the storm surge index considering the A1B ensemble mean and the MedCORDEX simulations. The latter include two time slices (2021-2050 and 2071-2100) and two emission levels (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).
Steric effects The steric level variafon is computed considering average values in six different subbasins (western Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian Sea, AdriaFc Sea, Central Mediterranean, Aegean Sea, LevanFne basin. ), therefore the value is uniform along large parts of the coastline. This figure shows average annual values of steric height variafons between the average values in the 2021-2050 and 1971-2000 periods Ftolo
Max crest amplitude Max cres amplitude Storm surge Max crest Storm Steric amplitude effect surge Max Steric Mass crest effect addifon amplitude Storm surge REGIONAL GLOBAL Reference water level
Will the Mediterranean coastline be impacted by Climate Change? Change of hazard level Change of hazard level Figure 4:Maximum water level indicator (mean sea level resulting from storm surges plus wave effects plus steric effects) along the Mediterranean coast for the case of no net mass addition (panel A) and for three other scenarios of mass addition (panels B to D). The colours indicate where the trend is statistically significant, showing the dominance of the climatic change signal (mass addition) and how that affects with limited increases the Greek coast, southern Sicily and the north-west Mediterranean coast.
Informa(on on coastal morphology
Futures risk of erosion for muddy coasts and sandy beaches parts of the Mediterranean muddy coastline and sandy beaches where the risk of erosion is expected to increase. The panels consider the difference between the 2021-2050 and 1971-2000 time slices, for different value of mass addition across Gibraltar: no addition (panel a, offset = 0 ) and for three other scenarios of mass addition (panels b,c,d, offset = 15, 30, 45 cm). The red part of the coastline is where the risk of erosion is expected to be higher in future than presently
Conclusions The three set of simulafons that have been analyzed in this study suggest a future reducfon of wave and marine storminess as a consequence of climate change along most of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. ReducFon affects mean and extremes SWH values and also storm surge heights The reducfon signal is robust across models, it covers most of the Mediterranean coastline, it increases with the emission levels and with Fme, being largest for the rcp8.5 scenario at the end of the 21 century. The impact of these changes on the hazard level experienced along the coasts will be substanfally modulated by future sea level rise. A moderate increase of sea level (such as the lower limit of the uncertainty range of global projecfons) will lead to increased hazard along most of the coastline Future risks likely shows a large spafal variability depending on the coastal morphology, environment, societal and economic characterisfcs
Thanks for your afenfon Refs Wolff C, Vafeidis AT, Muis S, Lincke D, Satta A, Lionello P, Jimenez JA, Conte D, Hinkel J (2018) A Mediterranean coastal database for assessing the impacts of sea-level rise and associated hazards Scientific Data 5:180044. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.44 Lionello P, Conte D, Marzo L, Scarascia L (2016) The contrasting effect of increasing mean sea level and decreasing storminess on the maximum water level during storms along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the mid 21st century. Glob Planet Change http://dxdoiorg/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.012 Sánchez-Arcilla, A., Sierra, J. P., Brown, S., Casas-Prat, M., Nicholls, R. J., Lionello, P., and Conte, D. (2016). A review of potential physical impacts on harbours in the Mediterranean Sea under climate change. Regional Environmental Change, doi: 10.1007/s10113-016-0972-9 Conte D, Lionello P (2013) Characteristics of large positive and negative surges in the Mediterranean Sea and their attenuation in future climate scenarios. Glob Planet Change 111:159-173. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.006