Gestão da Água http://gesaq.org/ Usos do mar Planeamento espacial marinho, aquacultura, energia J. Gomes Ferreira http://ecowin.org/ Universidade Nova de Lisboa 5 de Dezembro 2017
Usos do mar Recursos renováveis: sectores e harmonização Temas Pescas Aquacultura Energias renováveis Planeamento espacial marinho Capacidade de sustentação (carrying capacity) Síntese Usos diferentes, harmonização.
World capture fisheries and aquaculture (2016)
The state of world fisheries and aquaculture SOFIA 2000 (FAO) 10 6 ton y -1 Aquaculture Fisheries FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
The state of world fisheries and aquaculture SOFIA 2014 (FAO) FAO, 2014. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. Fisheries are declining, growth in aquatic products is driven by aquaculture.
The state of world fisheries and aquaculture SOFIA 2016 (FAO) FAO, 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. Aquaculture continues to grow at an APR of 6% per year.
Distribution of production among major fish species Alaska pollock Atlantic herring Japanese anchovy Chilean jack mackerel Chub mackerel Skipjack tuna Anchoveta Largehead hairtail Atlantic cod Blue whiting Yellowfin tuna 4 4.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.3 2 4.4 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.7 8.9 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1998 1.2 1996 0.6 1.2 1.1 0 2 4 6 8 10 Production (10 6 ton y -1 ) FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Capture fishery production by country SOFIA 2008 (FAO) Capture fishery production (10 6 ton y -1 ) FAO, 2008. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Chinese fishery data Watson, R., Pang, L., Pauly, D., 2001. The Marine Fisheries of China: Development and Reported Catches. Fisheries Centre Research Report 9(2). Univ. British Colombia, Canada.
European Union capture fisheries and aquaculture 1986 1990 1994 1998 Aquaculture production Inland production ('000 tonnes) 171 221 241 249 Percentage of world total 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.3 Marine production ('000 tonnes) 699 717 796 1 085 Percentage of world total 20.6 14.5 9.2 8.9 Fisheries production Inland production ('000 tonnes) 113 107 104 120 Percentage of world total 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 Marine production ('000 tonnes) 6 774 6 067 6 737 6 419 Percentage of world total 8.6 7.7 8.0 8.2 Fisheries and aquaculture production Combined total ('000 tonnes) 7 757 7 114 7 878 7 873 Percentage of world total 8.3 7.2 7.0 6.7 FAO, 2009. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Relevance of world aquaculture Volume and value FAO Global Aquaculture Conference 2010 50% of aquatic products originate from aquaculture (SOFIA, 2010) 90% of the 68 million tonnes of aquaculture products (105 billion USD) originate from Asia (Sorgeloos, 2010) Production of striped catfish Pangasius in the Mekong delta is >1 Mt y -1, highest yields in the world, 350-400 tonnes ha -1 per crop (Sena da Silva, 2010) 30 Mt y -1 of extra aquatic products required to feed the planet by 2050 (Swaminathan, 2010) US predicted expansion from 0.5 to 1.5 Mt y -1 (Olin, 2010) Europe: production is 4.2% by volume, 9.1% by value (Sorgeloos, 2010) Growth of both population and aquaculture will take place in developing nations
Trends in fisheries and aquaculture SOFIA 2016 85 Live weight (10 6 tonnes per year) 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 y = -0.431x 2 + 174.11x - 175815 r 2 = 0.9455 y = -0.0875x 2 348.5x - 346925 r 2 = 0.9992 Capture fisheries for human consumption Aquaculture May 2013 Data points Extrapolation 40 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Equivalent to the emergence of agriculture 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic period. Year
Trends in fisheries and aquaculture : 2010-2035 % fisheries 60 50 40 30 20 10 Live weight (10 6 tonnes per year) 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 % fisheries Fisheries Aquaculture Total 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 Total weight (10 6 tonnes per year) 0 40 60 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Year For projected APR growth in aquaculture and fisheries, 155 million tonnes in Sept 2016.
Fish as a food World per capita supply (average 2003-2005) FAO, 2009. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
Fish as a food World per capita supply (average 2011-2013) FAO, 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.
The state of world fisheries and aquaculture SOFIA 2016 (FAO) FAO, 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. Balance of supply and demand. Non-food uses are decreasing.
Aquaculture in Europe Sustainability and legislation Environmental, legal, and social pressures Aquaculture is the most heavily regulated food production sector in Europe (Varadi, 2010) Competition for space, access to capital, availability of special services, limited authorised veterinary products (Varadi, 2010) Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) no reference to aquaculture. Benthic biodiversity, fish (in transitional waters); Good Ecological Status in Europe by 2015 Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) Fish and Shellfish Quality Descriptor (QD3). Aquaculture is seen only as a pressure. Good Environmental Status by 2020 Many other parts of the world don t come close to the EU regulatory panorama In all likelihood Europe will add value over volume.
Imports to Europe All numbers in millions of USD (SOFIA 2012) Europe imports 74% of its aquatic products. The USA imports 86% If European consumption was at the level of Portugal (57.4 kg y -1 per capita) an extra 27 million tonnes of fish products would be required annually.
Iceland 7 kt Artic char, salmon Per capita consumption of aquatic products (2010) > 60 kg y -1 UK 203 kt Salmon, mussels, trout Norway 1321 kt Salmon, trout 30-60 kg y -1 20-30 kg y -1 10-20 kg y -1 5-10 kg y -1 Ireland 36 kt Mussels, salmon 2-5 kg y -1 Denmark 39 kt Trout, eel Poland 32 kt Carp, trout Production by nation France 167 kt Oysters, mussels Netherlands 46 kt Mussels, oysters Hungary 15 kt Carp, catfish Turkey 213 kt Trout, bream, bass Greece 138 kt Bream, bass, mussels Israel 20 kt Tilapia, carp, mullet Portugal 10 kt Turbot, clams, bream Spain 264 kt Mussels, trout, bream Italy 163 kt Mussels, trout, clams
Fed aquaculture Feed requirements Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.1 (DW/FW) is a typical value for state-of-the-art salmon culture. For many other species, the FCR can be higher, up to about 2. 1 kg of feed kg of food needed per kg of body mass 1 kg of tissue Finfish aquaculture has the best efficiency in the animal production industry.
Legal frameworks Asia 90%. Rest of the world: 10% of production Country Basic Legislation Authorization System Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) EU Horizontal directives, MSFD, WFD, shellfish directives Licencing, water quality permitting Required USA Federal and state level Registration with state authorities. May vary among states Usually required, may vary among states Canada Oversight by federal, provincial and local authorities. Federal and provincial governments issue licences Required Norway - Aquaculture Act (2005). - EEA agreement Licence. Regulators may limit number of licences Required for large aquaculture installations Chile - Fisheries and Aquaculture Law Permit Required for large aquaculture installations New Zealand - Resources Management Act (RMA) Resource consent Required Assymetry in regulatory instruments and requirements for environmental compliance on a global scale.
Offshore aquaculture - aquapods
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Vancouver Island, Canada Scallop lanterns as part of an IMTA setup that includes sablefish, kelp, and sea cucumbers.
Cage farming in Norway First prototype around 1970 (Groentvedt) Sheltered, shallow, near shore site
World s largests offshore fishfarming site 2010: 12 000 ton/year production 4 man-year semi-exposed to the ocean Cages supplied by Aqualine AS
Aquaculture in Brazil Santa Fé do Sul, São Paulo Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Aquaculture in Thailand - Mae Tak reservoir, Chiangrai Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Chiangrai pond culture, Thailand Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Cholburee, Thailand Integrated culture of tilapia and shrimp Shrimp go in for one week, then the tilapia are added and eat the Azolla.
Nori in Fujian, China - Porphyra yezoensis Worldwide production of 600,000 tonnes, feeds demand for Sushi.
Sanggou Bay December 2016 Aquaculture on a different scale Seaweed, abalone, sea cucumber, oysters, scallops...
Seasonal alternative culture of seaweeds cultivated in low and higher temperature seasons in IMTA model in Sungo Bay Nov-Jun: cultivating Kelp Jun-Oct: cultivating Gracilaria sp
Feeding abalone with Gracilaria chouae 龙须菜饵料组 Gracilaria lemaneiformis 脆江蓠饵料组 Gracilaria chouae 脆江蓠所饲喂稚鲍的生长速度显著高于龙须菜 Comparing with Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Seaweed Gracilaria chouae is a better food for abalone during summer season
养殖生态类型 网箱养殖 Cage Culture: 美国红鱼 真鲷
Sustainability criteria: foundation in classical ecology Filgueira et al., 2013. Aquaculture Environment Interactions 4, 117-133.
Nile tilapia Central Thailand
Nile tilapia Central Thailand
Tilapia cage culture Laguna de Bay, Philippines Overstocking and slow water turnover can lead to excess organic material.
Over carrying capacity farming An extreme case study of cage farming in Sandu Bay (Zhang, 2008) Yellow croaker Zhu, 2010
Rapid overstocking Yellow croaker cage farming was started in Sandu Bay in 1995, 1000 fish cages in Qingshan, 1996. 50,000 fish cages in Qingshan, (260, 000 fish cages in the whole Sandu Bay,) 2005 Carrying capacity research indicated 40% of the cages should be removed in 2005, but things remain unchanged. Zhu, 2010
Zhu, 2010
Annual production (ton) Aquaculture growth in Brazil (1994-2009) 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 Typical production 250 cages per hectare 200 kg m -3, 6 m 3 cages: 21 % annualized growth 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 300 ton ha -1 cycle -1 Many reservoirs are used for tilapia cultivation steel cages keep the piranhas at bay; Typical culture practice: stocking density of up to 300 kg m -3, harvest at 800 g after a 9 month growth period; Carrying capacity is determined as 1/6 of the total allowable phosphorus (30 µg L -1 ), determined using the Dillon & Rigler (1974) model. High growth, high impact, fragile assessment
Current global criteria for site selection Expansion of aquaculture has historically been a bottom-up process Licensing or development Space availability Limits to production Habitat destruction Coastal eutrophication Organic enrichment Loss of biodiversity Environmental basis varies widely
Carrying Capacity a Multidimensional Problem Governance Production Social Ecology Four pillars for sustainable aquaculture. In the West, the social pillar is limiting.
Different types of carrying capacity for aquaculture US, Europe, Canada Types of carrying capacity Southeast Asia, China Production Limiting factor Ecological Governance Limiting factor Social Different parts of the world see carrying capacity in very different ways.
Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture (the gospel according to FAO) Three principles Aquaculture should be developed in the context of ecosystem functions and services (including biodiversity) with no degradation of these beyond their resilience; Aquaculture should improve human-well being and equity for all relevant stakeholders; Aquaculture should be developed in the context of other sectors, policies and goals. Soto, 2010 EAA: ecosystem balance, social equity, multiple uses
Marine Spatial Planning Order in the sea Basic concept Uses can be attributed in marine areas in a similar way to land areas GIS tools have traditionally been used for implementation of spatial plans Key differences: significant water movement complicates zoning Significant movement of some species in water, particularly pelagic fishery species such as herring, mackerel, anchovy, or sardine, bias planning towards static uses All the challenges of land planning apply, together with a number of additional issues Two major hurdles which are not yet addressed.
Advantages of Marine Spatial Planning What it is Strategic and forward-looking What it does Manages activities within limits (sustainable development) Cross-sectoral and multi-interest Decision-making becomes predictable and consistent Participatory (not consulting) Improves management of competition, and supports co-existence MSP is a robust approach for resource optimization.
Key Challenge 1. Governance Authority who is in charge? Do they have resources? Link between terrestrial and marine planning Key Challenge 2. How to manage conflict? How to make choices on preferred development options? Common units between different industries and sectors for comparative assessment Key Challenge 3. How to measure success? What questions / indicators should be used? Cost of data / scientific effort Adaptive management versus stability for business Three key challenges for marine spatial planning
The Marine Spatial Planning Process Monitor and review Establish Institutional Framework Implement MSP Process Assess Baseline and Identify Issues Public Consultation Produce Plan Vision and Objectives Marine Spatial Planning is a process; it is not a map.
ICES boxes in the Northeast Atlantic Areas used for fisheries management. The fishery can move...
Landings of mackerel and horse mackerel Latitude Irish Exclusive Economic Zone 2006-2008 (kg nm -2 ). Longitude
A plan for a high voltage grid around the North Sea. Wind farms in the North Sea High voltage grid
Wind farms in the North Sea Wind speed around the Danish coast one layer of an MSP.
Combination of offshore windfarms and aquaculture Potential use of wind turbines and enclosed space for cultivating finfish, shellfish, and seaweeds
Co-use: Offshore wind-farm and aquaculture Source: BSH
Source: BSH North Sea marine spatial conflicts Windfarms Fisheries Navigation
Offshore windfarm single turbine Source: Ebeling 2012 A turbine costs 15-20 million and has a height above sea level of 25 m Operators resist co-use due to permitting, safety and insurance concerns
Offshore production platform idea 2015 launched in 2017?
Nordlaks : An Ocean ship/cage solution to be tested
Closed floating tanks
Legal constraints Geographic area selection Generation of constraint maps Base map generation Systems approach for site selection Use conflicts Physical suitability Growth and survival Water quality criteria Suitable areas Yes Data sources No No suitability Multi-layer factor generation STAGE 1 Every talk needs a horrendogram! Product quality Environmental sustainability Sediment quality criteria Ecological quality criteria Factor suitability ranges No suitability No Factor suitability Multi-criteria evaluation Suitable areas Yes STAGE 2 No business viability Silva et al., 2011. Site selection Detailed analysis of production, socioeconomics, and environmental effects Yes No Production feasibility Farm-scale carrying capacity model Environmental driver data or system-scale model outputs STAGE 3
The four orders of coastal governance outcomes National Regional Local First order: Enabling conditions Intermediate outcomes Second order: Changes in behaviour Third order: The harvest Final outcomes Fourth order: Sustainable coastal development Formalized mandate with implementing authority Management plans adopted Funding secured Changes in behaviour of institutions and stakeholder groups Changes in behaviours directly affecting resources of concern Some social and/or environmental qualities maintained, restored, or improved A desirable and dynamic balance between social and environmental conditions is achieved Constituencies present at local and national levels Investments in infrastructure Avoiding the paper park syndrome Time
Summary Fisheries are an important and traditional human activity; Aquaculture has replaced fisheries as the main source of aquatic protein, but fishing (like hunting) will not disappear; Aquaculture, like agriculture, needs to be sustainable. Probably only a few species will be cultivated at scale; Marine spatial planning is only one of the potential management tools, and it needs work; Carrying capacity and site selection are key for sustainable and harmonious growth of the economy of the sea; The distinction is not between wild and farmed fish it is between good and bad fish. All slides http://gesaq.org/
Resilience