Cultivating Capture Fisheries: Consumption and Compassion for Salmon and Cultures Heceta Head Conference October 28, 2010 Courtland L. Smith School for Language, Culture, and Society
Background on North Pacific Peoples North Pacific Salmon Stocks Capture v Culture Globalization Ecological Reciprocity (what s the lens?) (From Augerot et al. 2005:9)
Background Vocabulary Culture? People? What do anthropologists do? What are the most important human inventions? Reciprocity?
Indigenous North Pacific Peoples (From Augerot et al. 2005:19)
Harriet Dasch Photo Last dipnetting before The Dalles Dam inundates Celilo Falls
Butterfly Fleet, Astoria
Cleveland Rockwell, Angler Painting
Newport Blessing of the Fleet
Port Orford
Pacific City
Gibsons, British Columbia
Alaskan Native drying fish
Bristol Bay
Riparian area, Japan
Kamchatka, G. Rahr photo, Wild Salmon Center
Vocabulary Culture? People? What do anthropologists do? What are the most important human inventions? Reciprocity
Hey! Since when did you stop being nomadic?
Percent 100.0 80.0 Global Production by Species, 2003-2008 60.0 40.0 20.0 Sockeye 5 Rainbow trout Pink Masu 0 Coho 5 Chum Chinook <1% Atlantic 0.0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year FAO Data 2010
Percent 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 Global Production by Area, 2003-2008 Oceania 0 Europe Asia America Africa 0 20.0 10.0 0.0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year FAO Data 2010
From Augerot et al. 2005:33
Metric Tons 2500000 2000000 Worldwide growth of cultured salmon 1500000 1000000 500000 0 Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Capture Culture FAO Data 2010
Percent 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Capture Culture FAO Data 2010
Percent 28 Species cultured, 2000-2008 6 1 65 Atlantic salmon Chinook Coho Rainbow trout FAO Data 2010
100 Total & Hatchery Harvest by Region 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Japan Russia Alaska BC WOCI Total Hatchery Percent of total catch in the North Pacific by country (adapted from Augerot 2005:33).
Summary Species Area Production Atlantic salmon transplanted Most cultured Chinook, king WOCI Wild Chum, keta, dog Japan Most hatchery Coho, silver WOCI Wild Coastal cutthroat trout WOCI Data lacking Masu, seema, cherry Japan, Russia Data lacking Pink, humpback Russia, Alaska Wild/hatchery Rainbow trout, steelhead widespread 2 nd most cultured Sockeye, red, blueback Alaska, BC Wild WOCI = Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho Wild or naturally spawned Hatchery or ranched Cultured or farmed
Extending the agricultural metaphor Globalization canneries as indicators Making salmon hatcheries as producers The full monty farming salmon
Date Globalization Event 1805 Lewis and Clark reach the Clearwater in Idaho 1855 Treaties with Columbia River tribes 1864 First salmon cannery on the Sacramento River 1866 First salmon cannery on the Columbia River 1870 First British Columbia salmon cannery on the Fraser River 1875 Russo-Japanese Treaty of St Petersburg 1878 Klawok, first Alaska salmon cannery 1882 Karluk River salmon cannery built 1907 Russo-Japanese Convention-- Sakhalin Island to Japan 1920 Japanese take over Armur and Sakhalin fisheries 1937 Japanese intercepting more Soviet Union salmon
Production in Single-Species Fisheries Management A+ fish Subtract - predators predators + regulate harvest = maximum abundance & stability Adapted from Bottom (2007)
Date Making Salmon 1863 Miomote River artificial propagation, Japan 1872 McCloud hatchery in northern California built by Livingston Stone 1877 Clackamas River hatchery built by Livingston Stone 1884 First British Columbia hatchery 1890 Hokkaido salmon hatcheries constructed 1928 Soviet Union builds two hatcheries on Armur River 1930 first Alaskan salmon hatchery built 1944 Japan operating 22 hatcheries on southern Sakhalin Island 1990 Russia builds Sakhalin Island hatcheries
The Agricultural Domestication Paradigm Natural systems should be relatively constant and stable Salmon populations should be controlled for maximum efficiency and production Technology can substitute for ecological processes Adapted from Dan Bottom (2007)
Date Cultuvation of Salmon 1960 Norwegian salmon aquaculture emerges 1960 Salmon farming experiments at University of Washington 1971 The first salmon farm with British Columbia license 1972 Atlantic salmon farming begins in Puget Sound 1974 For-profit salmon ranching in Oregon 1997 farmed salmon and trout surpass wild production 2008 BC largest fish farmer in the North Pacific
Examples of Globalization Impacts Russian Far East & Market Economy Yukon Closure Aleut Sustainability
1. Yukon Closure MARSHALL, Alaska In the 1980s and early 1990s, commercial fishermen on the lower river made an average of $8,000 to $12,000 in gross earnings, sometimes more. Since 2000, that number has been closer to $4,000, and this year, it dropped to just over $2,000. (By STEFAN MILKOWSKI, New York Times, published: October 2, 2009)
2 Development to Preserve Tradition?: The Role of Salmon and other natural resources in Sustaining Indigenous Alaskan Communities Katherine Reedy-Maschner, Idaho State University on Aleut Cultures
The salmon fisheries of these two eastern Aleutian communities are social failures amidst ecological success. They are in an unsustainable socioeconomic trap, with sustainable resources all around them. Historically they may have met ecological or economic change with trade, a shift in resource emphasis, or mobility (Reedy- Maschner 2010).
3. Russia Far East Jesup North Pacific Exped Map Vol VI
International Ecotourism Club photo
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (National Geographic 2009(Aug):36
Sport Fisherman on the Zhupanova River, Kamchatka (Wild Salmon Center) open discussion took place about new ways for Russians to manage salmon rivers that combine implementing lowimpact sport fishing and the conservation of salmon biodiversity. Yet, Victoria Sharakhmatova notes that indigenous Kamchatkans do not receive the benefit as Russian economic development plans allocated catches to nonindigenous commercial and recreational fishers. Russia allocated salmon to outside businesses, while local people are not allowed to catch salmon from runs that are generally considered abundant. Perhaps the most egregious effect of globalization is the fishing for caviar described by Koester.
Vocabulary Culture? People? What do anthropologists do? What are the most important human inventions? Reciprocity?
Balanced - Negative Anthropocentric, Self-interested, Impersonal, Short-term + Generalized Ecocentric, Altruistic, Personal, Long-term Types of Reciprocity See Sahlins 1972:191-196
From: Charles Wilkinson, Messages from Frank's Landing: a story of salmon, treaties, and the Indian (2000).
Ecological reciprocity in salmon ecosystems Reciprocity, the ceaseless give and take, the flow moves in two directions this is the real teaching of the salmon. Most specifically, never take more from the living land than you need, and, indeed, never take more from the living land than you return to the land not only with nourishing offerings and propitiations, but also with prayers and praises gifting the breathing earth with you eloquence, honoring the sensuous and sentient surroundings with the heartfelt gratitude of your songs and your dances, feeding the more-than-human world with your grateful attention. Abram (2004:81)
Balanced - Negative Anthropocentric, Self-interested, Impersonal, Short-term + Generalized Ecocentric, Altruistic, Personal, Long-term Improving Ecological Reciprocity
So? Considerable natural and human biodiversity has been lost, but much still exists. If we are going to eat salmon, it will be cultured. To adapt in the future, should we show more generalized reciprocity to nature and one another? Thank you Questions? Comments?
Acknowledgments Xan Augerot, Wild Salmon Center & Marys River WC Salmon Peoples Seminar, School for Advanced Research Dan Bottom, US Forest Service Katherine Reedy-Maschner, University of Idaho Ben Colombi, University of Arizona Heceta Head Coastal Conference, Organizing Committee Court Smith, csmith@oregonstate.edu, Cleveland Rockwell Painting