APUSH: Key Concept 1.1. Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 1.1 To Succeed In APUSH

APUSH: Key Concept 1.1 Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 1.1 To Succeed In APUSH

1491-1607

The New Curriculum Key Concept 1.1 As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. Big idea: 1. How did natives adapt to their environment?

One must realize 1. There were several different Indian populations in the present-day U.S. 2. Each tribal group lived a lifestyle in accordance with its environment. 3. Native Americans were diverse - get rid of any stereotypical image that you may have in your own mind that represents ALL Native Americans. There were many different language and culture groups, with over 150 distinct ethnic groups in the Americas and ten broadly characterized culture groups in North America. Each tribal group interacted differently with its environment. While native tribes in colder climates subsisted exclusively by hunting and gathering, most tribes also practiced some form of agriculture. Each geographical culture group adapted to and interacted with its distinct regional environment.

DIVERSITY 156 Distinct Ethnic Groups Map Credit: KVDP

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CULTURE GROUPS Cultural areas of North America at time of European contact Public Domain Map by Nikater

HUNTING FISHING

Eskimo Seal Hunter Special Collections, Toronto Public Library

Seal Meat Photo by Thomas Woodtli

AMERICAN INDIAN Culture Groups Arctic (Eskimos, Inuits) Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing Southwest (Hopi, Pueblo) Plains Indians (Sioux, Comanche, Witchita) Northeast / Great Lakes (Iroquois, Algonquins) Southeast (Cherokee, Creek)

HUNTING&FARMING HUNTING FISHING FARMING HUNTING& FARMING Public Domain Map by Nikater

Subconcept 1.1.1 - Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. A) Impact of maize cultivation: Very popular in the southwest Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande) How did maize transform societies? 1. Less emphasis on hunting and gathering 2. Increase in population 3. Establishment of permanent villages with socially diverse societies 4. Tenochtitlan 250,000 people, social classes

Hopi Apartment Complex Photo by Grand Canyon National Park

Photo by Ken Lund Cliff Palace Mesa Verde National Park

Subconcept 1.1.1 - Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. B) Great Plains and Great Basin Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering Lack of natural resources Large, flat area that was arid (dry) Basin Grassland- Plains With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered Bison hunting became much easier Natives with horses became stronger militarily Natives in the Great Basin hunted bison and sheep Like natives on the Great Plains, horses helped natives become more powerful

Plains Indian Bison Hunt Source: Library and Archives Canada Artist: George Catlin (d. 1872)

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Witchita Tribe (Agriculture & Trade)

Subconcept 1.1.1 - Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. C) Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and Atlantic Seaboard Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages Iroquois (Present day NY and PA): Adapted to their environment: Burned forests to hunt and grow crops (Slash and Burn) Villages were built around maize Matriarchal society Power was based on female authority Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted Cahokia Indians near present-day St. Louis (around 30,000 people in 1200) Built giant mounds Largest settled community until NY and Philadelphia in 1800

Three Sisters Corn- As older sisters often do, the corn offers the beans needed support. Beans- The beans, the giving sister, pull nitrogen from the air and bring it to the soil for the benefit of all three. As the beans grow through the tangle of squash vines and wind their way up the cornstalks into the sunlight, they hold the sisters close together. Squash The large leaves of the sprawling squash protect the threesome by creating living mulch that shades the soil, keeping it cool and moist and preventing weeds. The prickly squash leaves also keep away raccoons, which don t like to step on them.

Gender Roles Women generally shared in labor, except for hunting. Photo by marksonto

Longhouse Photo by Perry Quan

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AMERICAN INDIAN Culture Groups Arctic (Eskimos, Inuits) Southwest (Hopi, Pueblo) Plains Indians (Sioux, Comanche, Witchita) Northeast / Great Lakes (Iroquois, Algonquins) Southeast (Cherokee, Creek) Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing Bison Hunters - Migratory (Teepees) Horses (introduced from Europe) Bison Hunters - Migratory (Teepees) Horses (introduced from Europe) Hunting and Gathering Slash and Burn Agriculture Three Sisters (Corn, Squash, Beans) Longhouses (Iroquois)

Cahokia Mounds Outside St. Louis Photo by Michael Dolan

SETTLED communities Photo by Michael Dolan

Subconcept 1.1.1 - Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. D) Northwest And Present-Day California Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California prior to the arrival of Europeans Most of these societies were based on hunting, gathering, and foraging Gather nuts, fish, and hunted Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families Chinooks Advocated warrior traditions Used advanced fighting techniques Lived in longhouses which could house many families