G8 clauseهای قیدی Adverb Clauses Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 1 of 45
بس م اهلل ای روح البقا بس م اهلل ای شیرین لقا بس م اهلل ای شم س الضحا بس م اهلل ای عی ن ا لیقین Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 2 of 45
پیشگفتار انواع جمله 1 Simple ساده 2 Compound مرکب 3 Complex پیچیده Susan was working at 10:00. Susan was working at 10:00, but David was sleeping. While Susan was working at 10:00, David was sleeping. Susan, who was sleeping at 10:00, must have seen him. Susan knew that David was sleeping. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 3 of 45
پیشگفتار انواع جمله 1 Simple ساده 2 Compound مرکب 3 Complex پیچیده Susan was working at 10:00. Susan was working at 10:00, but David was sleeping. clause قیدی While Susan was working at 10:00, David was sleeping. clause وصفی Susan, who was sleeping at 10:00, must have seen him. clause اسمی Susan knew that David was sleeping. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 4 of 45
جملههای دارای clause قیدی Situation I was born in 1969. adverb قید In 1969, adverb قید I was born. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 5 of 45
جملههای دارای clause قیدی Clause( )Adverb Situation I was born in 1969. adverb قید In 1969, adverb قید I was born. I was born main clause clause پایه before they landed on the moon. adverb clause clause قیدی Before they landed on the moon, adverb clause clause قیدی I was born. main clause clause پایه Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 6 of 45
انواع واژگان ربط clauseهای قیدی از نظر معنی )1 از 7( 1 زمان since از زمانی که when وقتی که whenever هر وقت که until تا زمانی که before پیش از آنکه after پس از آنکه while در حالی که as در حالی که as soon as همین که به محض اینکه once همین که به محض اینکه Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 7 of 45
انواع واژگان ربط clauseهای قیدی از نظر معنی )2 از 7( مکان where جایی که wherever هر جا که 2 Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 8 of 45
انواع واژگان ربط clauseهای قیدی از نظر معنی )3 از 7( دلیل because زیرا as از آنجایی که in that از این نظر که now (that) اکنون که حاال که since از آنجایی که inasmuch as از این نظر که insofar as از این نظر که 3 Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 9 of 45
انواع واژگان ربط clauseهای قیدی از نظر معنی )4 از 7( منظور so (that) تا اینکه به این منظور که in order (that) تا اینکه به این منظور که 4 Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 10 of 45
انواع واژگان ربط clauseهای قیدی از نظر معنی )5 از 7( (even) though اگرچه although اگرچه تضاد while در حالی که whereas در حالی که (as) much as اگرچه )خیلی( 5 Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 11 of 45
انواع واژگان ربط clauseهای قیدی از نظر معنی )6 از 7( as though گویی انگار as if گویی انگار 6 حالت Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 12 of 45
انواع واژگان ربط clauseهای قیدی از نظر معنی )7 از 7( 7 شرط providing (that) به شرط آنکه provided (that) به شرط آنکه so long as مادامی که if اگر on condition (that) به شرط آنکه as long as مادامی که supposing that با این فرض که unless مگر مگر آنکه whether خواه چه در هر شرایطی in case زیرا شاید که )برای هشدار( Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 13 of 45
since until whenever when as while after before 1. زمان once as soon as wherever where 2. مکان in that since now (that) as insofar as because inasmuch as 3. دلیل in order (that) so (that) 4. منظور whereas while (even) though although (as) much as 5. تضاد as though as if 6. حالت provided (that) providing (that) on condition (that) if unless supposing that so long as as long as 7. شرط in case whether Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 14 of 45
clauseهای قیدی reduce شده Although they were really interested, they left. clause Although really interested, they left. reduced clause (a phrase) Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 15 of 45
clauseهای قیدی reduce شده Although they were really interested, they left. clause Although really interested, they left. نهادها باید یکی باشند. reduced clause Although I am rich, a Porsche is still too expensive. Although rich, a Porsche is still too expensive. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 16 of 45
clauseهای قیدی reduce شده to BE or not to BE Although they were really interested, they left. BE While they lived in Austria, they studied Mozart. non-be Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 17 of 45
clauseهای قیدی reduce شده to BE or not to BE Although they were really interested, they left. BE Although really interested, they left. While they lived in Austria, they studied Mozart. non-be While living in Austria, they studied Mozart. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 18 of 45
نکته الف معموال clauseهای قیدی زمان تضاد و دلیل reduce میشوند. ب اگر clause قیدی از نوع زمان یا دلیل باشد میتوان واژهی ربط را نیز حذف کرد. When she is angry with them, she yells. When angry with them, she yells. Angry with them, she yells. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 19 of 45
برگهی تمرین clauseهای قیدی reduce شده Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 20 of 45
Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 21 of 45
1 از 6 1 The man in the forest. 2 Walked home in the dark. 3 Arrested last night. 4 Cooking this Indian dish. 5 When she arrived at work. 6 Because she was so honest. 7 Once she understood the question. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 22 of 45
1 از 6 نکته: اینها هیچیک جمله نیستند و همگی نادرستند. اینها fragment هستند. 1 The man in the forest. 2 Walked home in the dark. 3 Arrested last night. 4 Cooking this Indian dish. گروه نخست:»عبارت«هستند گروه دوی م:»clause«پیرو work. 5 When she arrived at 6 Because she was so honest. 7 Once she understood the question. هستند حتما باید همراه یک clause پایه بیایند 5 When she arrived at work, everyone had left. تصحیح مثال Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 23 of 45
2 از 6 1 She is clever, she makes silly mistakes. 2 She is clever she makes silly mistakes. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 24 of 45
2 از 6 1 She is clever, she makes silly mistakes. 2 She is clever she makes silly mistakes. نکته: جملهای که دو clause دارد باید واژهی ربط داشته باشد. به این جملههای نادرست Run-On میگویند. A She is clever. She makes silly mistakes. B She is clever; she makes silly mistakes. تصحیح این جملهها با بهکارگیری عالمت سجاوندی مناسب با افزودن mistakes. C She is clever, but she makes silly واژهی ربط mistakes. D Although she is clever, she makes silly Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 25 of 45
3 از 6 1 When these particles, enormous energy is released. 2 When these particles collide, enormous energy is released. 3 Although cetaceans are fully marine animals, are mammals. 4 Although cetaceans are fully marine animals, they are mammals. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 26 of 45
3 از 6 1 When these particles, enormous energy is released. 2 When these particles collide, enormous energy is released. 3 Although cetaceans are fully marine animals, are mammals. 4 Although cetaceans are fully marine animals, they are mammals. نکته: در جملههای دارای clause قیدی هر دو clause باید ساختار نهاد و فعل داشته باشند. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 27 of 45
1 Although they are young, but they are always lethargic. 2 Because she works hard, so she is expected to succeed. 3 If they had helped us, so we could have achieved our goals. 4 از 6 Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 28 of 45
1 Although they are young, but they are always lethargic. 2 Because she works hard, so she is expected to succeed. 3 If they had helped us, so we could have achieved our goals. 4 از 6 نکته: کاربرد دو واژهی ربط برای وصل کردن دو clause نادرست است. تصحیح جملهی نخست )به عنوان مثال( 1 Although they are young, but they are always lethargic. Although they are young, they are always lethargic. They are young, but they are always lethargic. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 29 of 45
1 Despite it was raining, we left. 5 از 6 Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 30 of 45
5 از 6 1 Despite it was raining, we left. نکته: حرف اضافه! حرف اضافه هیچگاه»واژهی ربط«نیست: دو clause را به هم نمیپیوندد. به دلیل owing to due to because of بهرغم despite in spite of در صورت in the event of in case of به شرط on condition of Although it was raining, we left. Despite the rain, we left. تصحیح جملهی باال Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 31 of 45
6 از 6 1 Although highly interested, the noise was disturbing. 2 Although highly interested, I found the noise disturbing. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 32 of 45
1 Although highly interested, the noise was disturbing. 6 از 6 شکل پیش از reduce شدن: Although I was highly interested, the noise was disturbing. نهادها یکی نیستند. بنابراین reduce شدن clause قیدی ممکن نیست. 2 Although highly interested, I found the noise disturbing. شکل پیش از reduce شدن: Although I was highly interested, I found the noise disturbing. نهادها یکی هستند. بنابراین reduce شدن clause قیدی ممکن است. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 33 of 45
نوبت شما! صفحههای 65 و 66 پرسشهای 1-3 و 12 و 13 Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 34 of 45
1 In a 1988 advanced officers training program, Sampson developed a plan to incorporate police in enforcing environmental protection laws whenever feasible. a it is b is c has d it has Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 35 of 45
1 In a 1988 advanced officers training program, Sampson developed a plan to incorporate police in enforcing environmental protection laws whenever feasible. A it is b is c has d it has clause قیدی به نهاد و فعل نیاز دارد. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 36 of 45
2 added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid. a That b As is c It is d When Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 37 of 45
2 added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid. a That b As is c It is D When آنچه پس از ویرگول آمده است یک clause کامل است. بخش پیش از آن میتواند یک clause قیدی و یا شکل reduce شدهی آن باشد. گزینهی a نادرست است: that clause نهاد و فعل ندارد. گزینهی b نادرست است: clause قیدی نهاد ندارد. گزینهی c نادرست است: جملهی حاصل دو clause خواهد داشت بدون هیچ واژهی ربطی. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 38 of 45
3 together in one place, they form a community. a When people who live b When people living c Whenever people live d Whenever living people Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 39 of 45
3 together in one place, they form a community. a When people who live b When people living C Whenever people live d Whenever living people شکل جمله و نیز شکل گزینهها به یک clause قیدی پیش از ویرگول امکان میدهد. گزینهی a نادرست است: وجود ضمیر ربط به معنی یک clause دیگر است که نداریم. گزینهی b نادرست است: clause قیدی فعل ندارد به طور ناقص reduce شده است. گزینهی d نادرست است: clause قیدی فعل ندارد به طور ناقص reduce شده است. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 40 of 45
12 A competitive sport, gymnasts perform before officials a who must use their judgment along with their knowledge b c of the rules to determine the relative skill of each d participant. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 41 of 45
12 A competitive sport, gymnasts perform before officials A who must use their judgment along with their knowledge b c of the rules to determine the relative skill of each d participant. A competitive sport Competitive sportspeople reduced clause اشتباه: a competitive sport و gymnasts یک چیز نیستند. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 42 of 45
13 After reviewing the curriculum, several significant changes a b were made by the faculty in traditional business programs c d at Harvard University. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 43 of 45
13 After reviewing the curriculum, several significant changes A b were made by the faculty in traditional business programs c d at Harvard University. After reviewing the curriculum After they reviewed the curriculum بخش نخست یک reduced clause است که با توجه به فعل )review( نهاد آن باید انسان باشد. در حالیکه نهاد clause پایه غیرانسان است. Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 44 of 45
همهی پرسشهای این فصل را برای جلسهی بعد انجام دهید. در صورت لزوم پرسشهای خود را در جلسهی بعد مطرح کنید. پاسخهای خود را بررسی کنید و Abolhassan Tajfar www.tajfar.com a.tajfar@tajfar.com Page 45 of 45