Analysis on the Amount of Physical Activities of Taekwondo Taegeuk Pumsae Using Accelerometers

Analysis on the Amount of Physical Activities of Taekwondo Taegeuk Pumsae Using Accelerometers SangBock Lee, Tae Soo Lee Analysis on the Amount of Physical Activities of Taekwondo Taegeuk Pumsae Using Accelerometers SangBock Lee *1, Tae Soo Lee *2 *1 Dept. Of Radiology, Nambu University, gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, 506-706, Republic of Korea *2 Dept. Of Biomedical Engineering in Medical School, Chungbuk National University sblee@nambu.ac.kr, tslee@chungbuk.ac.kr doi: 10.4156/jcit.vol5.issue1.6 Abstract This study measured and analyzed the amount of exercise in performing the basic pumsae of taekwondo, namely, taegeuk pumsae Chapter 1 through 8 using an accelerometer, calculated energy consumption from the amount of exercise, and proposed it as an indicator of exercise prescription for successful aging. We attached an accelerometer armband to 39 subjects of the experiment (28 males and 11 females) and had them perform taekwondo basic pumsae, namely, taegeuk pumsae Chapter 1 through 8. Sampled data were peak transverse acceleration (PAT), peak longitudinal acceleration (PAL), mean heat emission (HFA), mean skin temperature (STA), mean transverse acceleration (TAA), mean longitudinal acceleration (LAA), ambient temperature (CTA), the mean of the absolute value of variation in transverse acceleration (TMAD), the mean of the absolute value of variation in longitudinal acceleration (LMAD), steps per minute (SPM), skin conductivity (GSR), and energy consumption per minute (EE), and the sampling rate was one per second. In the results of analyzing acquired data with regard to the amount of physical activities and energy consumption of taegeuk pumsae, the mean TMAD was 7.83, the mean LMAD was 6.92, and the mean EE was 4.08. When taegeuk pumsae Chapter 1 through 8 was performed, energy consumption was around 120~210 cal. Keywords Sports Medicine, Aging, Taekwondo, Accelerometers, Physical Activities 1. Introduction Sports medicine is a science that studies how the human body moves during physical activities in exercise and how a healthy body can be maintained [1, 2]. Sports medicine has its scientific value in how to prevent injuries or wounds that may occur during playing sports, how to enhance athletic performance, and how people other than athletes achieve health and successful aging through exercise before treatment through surgical science or rehabilitative medicine. Taekwondo established its base as an international sport in the 1980s, and was adopted as an official event in the 1986 Asian Games. As it achieved good results as a demonstrative event in the 1988 Seoul Olympics and 1992 Barcelona Olympics, taekwondo was included as an official event in the 2000 Sidney Olympics. In the Olympics, taekwondo displayed its value and superiority as a sport throughout the world and was settled as an international sport both in name and in reality [3]. Currently, the number of taekwondo trainees is around 50 million in 169 countries, and around 10% (5 million) of them are acting as taekwondo players [3]. These numbers show that most of the taekwondo population get taekwondo training for physical drilling and health and the trainees stress more on basic motions, pumsae, match and selfdefense techniques than on difficult techniques. Particularly in order to be a black-belt player, trainees focus their training on pumsae. This study measured the amount of physical activities in taekwondo basic pumsae, namely, taegeuk pumsae using an accelerometer and, using the measurements, obtained the mean and standard deviation of the amount of physical activities in each chapter of taegeuk pumsae, and analyzed the correlation between the amount of physical activities and energy consumption. Analyzed data are expected to be utilized as the indicators of the amount of physical activities and energy consumption in taekwondo taegeuk pumsae. 2. Taekwondo Taegeuk Pumsae and Acquisition of Data on The Amount of Physical Activities 1. Taekwondo taegeuk pumsae 48

Journal of Convergence Information Technology Volume 5, Number 1, February 2010 If taekwondo is compared to a tree, its basic motions can be compared to roots, pumsae to the trunk, and matches, breaking and self-defense techniques as branches, leaves and flowers. Pumsae as a solid trunk is the principle, nature and base of taekwondo, and match and breaking are features derived from the base. Pumsae implies the essence of taekwondo, and the reason that the essence should be valued and treated weightily in daily life is that it is mastered through patient repetitive training [3]. There are six directions as follows for the scientific composition of taekwondo taegeuk pumsae[4]. 1. Each chapter of taegeuk pumsae must have accurate goals. 2. Taegeuk pumsae needs to be restructured according to physical and mental growth stage. 3. The simple moving lines of taegeuk pumsae should be diversified, and their applicability should be suggested. 4. New composition is required for application to taegeuk pumsae beginners and black-belt players. 5. Rhythmical moving lines applicable to attack and defense in taegeuk pumsae should be suggested. 6. For the composition of taegeuk pumsae, a scientific ground should be laid that activates spatial cognition through physical awareness. Based on these directions for the scientific composition of taekwondo taegeuk pumsae, the characteristics of motions in each chapter of taegeuk pumsae are as follows [4]. Taegeuk Chapter 1: There are defense motions (low block, inward block and face block), attack motions by hand (single punch), and attack motions by foot (front kick). Taegeuk Chapter 2: The motions are similar to those of Chapter 1, but there are more frequent kicks. Taegeuk Chapter 3: There are serial attack motions (double punch), motions using hand knife in addition to fist, and turning kick. Taegeuk Chapter 4: There are various defense and attack motions including hand knife block that puts the reserved hand ahead of the trunk for assistance, whirling back punch, attack using the tip of the hand, and side kick in addition to front kick. Taegeuk Chapter 5: Repeated attack following defense appears first in this chapter, and attack motions are diversified. Downward strike attack is newly included, and various parts of the arm are used in attacks such as ax punch, back fist, and elbow strike. Taegeuk Chapter 6: Defense motions are more various than new attack motions. There appear new motions such as palm hand block, scattered low block defending with two hands, and front turning kick. Taegeuk Chapter 7: There appear various defense motions including guarding block, scissors block defending two attacks from the front at once, and cross wrist block. Attack motions are also various including fist upper punch, fist down punch, side punch, and knee kick. Among kicking motions, target kick, which aims at a target, appears first. Taegeuk Chapter 8: Part mountain shape block, which is a two-direction defense motions blocking attacks from different directions, appears newly, and upper punch is included. This pumsae is notable for jumping and kicking attacks such as flying twin kick and jumping front kick, which are new to pumsae trainees. There are a total of 323 motions in the chapters of taegeuk pumsae, and the number of motions in each chapter is as in [Table 1] [4]. Table 1. The number of motions in the chapters of taegeuk pumsae 2. Collection of data on the amount of physical activities The accelerometer used to collect data on the amount of physical activities is SenseWear PRO2 Armband developed by Bodymedia [5]. The accelerometer embedded in the armband is ADXL202AE by Analog Device, which can measure two-axis acceleration with a range of 2g [6, 7]. [Figure 1] shows the appearance of the armband, and its specifications are as in [Table 2]. Figure 1. The appearance of the armband 49

Analysis on the Amount of Physical Activities of Taekwondo Taegeuk Pumsae Using Accelerometers SangBock Lee, Tae Soo Lee Table 2. The specifications of SenseWear PRO2 Armband without movement, and collected data were entered into the computer. The armband is embedded with a skin temperature sensor, near-body temperature sensor, accelerometer, heat flux sensor that measures heat emitted from the body, and galvanic skin response sensor that measures the electric conductivity of the skin [5]. Data acquired from each sensor can be recorded in the storage device inside the armband. 3. Experiment and method 1. Data collection The experiment was performed for 5 months with 28 men and 11 women sampled from the Taekwondo Department of N University, the Police Administration Department of H University, and S Taekwondo Training Center. The subjects of the experiment aged between 18 and 21, and the means and standard deviations of their age, height and weight were 19.46 1.02 years, 171.82 6.29 cm, and 61.92 8.97 kg. [Table 3] shows the means and standard deviations of the body parameters of the subjects. (a)attached Armband (b) exercises Figure 2. Armband attaching and exercise Collected data were peak transverse acceleration (PAT), peak longitudinal acceleration (PAL), mean heat emission (HFA), mean skin temperature (STA), mean transverse acceleration (TAA), mean longitudinal acceleration (LAA), ambient temperature (CTA), the mean of the absolute value of variation in transverse acceleration (TMAD), the mean of the absolute value of variation in longitudinal acceleration (LMAD), steps per minute (SPM), skin conductivity (GSR), and energy consumption per minute (EE), and the sampling rate was one per second as in [Table 4]. Table 4. Collection of data on the amount of physical activities and armband parameters Table 3. The means and standard deviations of the body parameters of the subjects As shown in [Figure 2], the armband was worn on the upper arm, and the subjects performed taegeuk pumsae at a leader's command. The subjects had a minute's break without movement after each chapter, and performed the next chapter. After finishing Chapter 8 of taegeuk pumsae, the last chapter, the armband was removed while the subjects were seated 2. The amount of physical activities analysis in taekwondo taegeuk pumsae 2.1. Mean and standard deviation After saving the acquired data in the computer, we analyzed the amount of physical activities and energy 50

Journal of Convergence Information Technology Volume 5, Number 1, February 2010 consumption according to the amount using statistical programs Excel and SPSS and data analysis program Origin. The means and standard deviations of data for each chapter of taekwondo taegeuk pumsae are as in [Table 5]. According to [Table 5], The mean HFA was high as 114.2 12.03, and TAA and LAA were - 0.34 0.027 and 0.84 0.06, respectively. It is because taegeuk pumsae has more movements of arm and leg than upward, downward and side-to-side movements. The mean energy consumption of each chapter of taegeuk pumsae was 4.24 0.36 cal. Table 6. Correlations among the parameters and significance levels (N:312) ** Correlation coefficient is significant at 0.01 (both sides); * correlation coefficient is significant at 0.05 (both sides) Table 5. The mean and standard deviation of each chapter of taegeuk pumsae Avg : Average, Std : Standard deviation 2.2. Relation between motions and energy consumption In order to see relations among the parameters, we analyzed their correlations. In order to see the relation between the amount of physical activities and energy consumption, we made a scatter plot for TAA, LAA and EE. As shown in [Figure 3], data concentrated on the lower part. In the scatter plot for TMAD, LMAD and EE as in [Figure 4], data concentrated on the upper part. Figure 3. Three-dimensional scatter plot for TAA, LAA and EE Figure 4. Three-dimensional scatter plot for TMAD, LMAD and EE 51

Analysis on the Amount of Physical Activities of Taekwondo Taegeuk Pumsae Using Accelerometers SangBock Lee, Tae Soo Lee In the result of analyzing the correlations between TMAD and EE and between LMAD and EE, the value of R in correlation with TMAD was 0.9679 as in [Figure 5] and that with LMAD was 0.99775 as in [Figure 6]. Table 7. The amount of exercise and energy consumption in each chapter of taegeuk pumsae [Table 8] shows the correlation between physical activities and consequent energy consumption. [Table 8] shows the results of calculating the means of the input parameters from data acquired by the subjects' performance of taegeuk Chapter 1 through 8 (n=8) and analyzing the correlation between the amount of physical activities and energy consumption. Figure 5. Correlation between EE and TMAD Table 8. The correlation between the amount of physical activities and energy consumption 2. Discussion Figure 6. Correlation between EE and LMAD 4. Results and discussion 1. Result The results of analyzing collected data on the amount of physical activities and energy consumption were as in [Table 8]. The means of parameters on the amount of physical activities in taegeuk pumsae were as follows. TMAD was 7.83 2.64, LMAD was 6.92 4.2, and EE was 4.08 3.03. When taegeuk pumsae Chapter 1 through 8 were performed for 30 minutes, energy consumption was around 120~210 cal. Exercise is a very important element for successful aging. Taekwondo practices pumsae, a collection of basic motions, and uses the motions according to situation in real matches [4, 8]. Among taekwondo pumsae, taegeuk pumsae has eight chapters designed to practice essential motions of taekwondo [4, 8]. In order to prescribe taegeuk pumsae, the basic motions of taekwondo, as an exercise for successful aging, this study analyzed the amount of physical activities in taegeuk pumsae. According to the results of the analysis, the correlation between the amount of physical activities and energy consumption in taegeuk pumsae is as follows. 1) As to the amount of physical activities in taegeuk pumsae, the mean of the absolute value of variation in transverse acceleration (TMAD) was 7.83, higher than 6.92, the mean of the absolute value of variation in longitudinal acceleration (LMAD). This shows that there are more transverse movements than longitudinal ones in the physical activities of taegeuk pumsae. 2) According to the results of analyzing the correlation between the amount of physical activities 52

Journal of Convergence Information Technology Volume 5, Number 1, February 2010 and energy consumption, energy consumption (EE) was in a close negative correlation with the mean transverse acceleration (TAA) and in a close positive correlation with the mean of the absolute value of variation in transverse acceleration (TMAD), steps per minute (SPM), and skin conductivity (GSR), but its correlation with the mean of the absolute value of variation in longitudinal acceleration (TMAD) was relative low. 5. Conclusions This study measured the amount of physical activities in taekwondo basic pumsae, namely, taegeuk pumsae Chapter 1 through 8, using an accelerometer, and obtained energy consumption according to the amount of physical activities. [Table 9] shows energy consumption of each chapter of taekwondo taegeuk obtained from the experiment and analysis. Table 9. Energy consumption per minute in each chapter of taekwondo taegeuk pumsae It was found through experiment that variations in the amount of physical activities and energy consumption in taegeuk pumsae are large among individuals depending on the accuracy of motion. The duration of performing taegeuk pumsae was 25~31 minutes according to the performer's skill and accuracy. Thus, for 30 minutes' performance, the total energy consumption was round 120~210 cal. Kinesitherapy can be applied with the object of health management, successful aging (prevention or delay of aging), and treatment. It should be applied suitably for the body condition based on accurate data on the body. For this, it is mandatory to consult with a physician. If one aged over 40 is going to start exercise for successful aging, he or she needs to take an exercise tolerance test. Particularly for those suspected to have arteriosclerotic disease such as obesity, hypertension, asthma and angina, consultation with a doctor is essential prior to kinesitherapy. Future research topics for the application of taekwondo taegeuk pumsae as kinesitherapy include changes in blood composition, muscle mass, and muscle power measured by blood test and muscle test, and such studies need to be conducted together with long-term clinical experiments involving clinicians. 6. Reference [1] Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell Wl, Macera CA, Bouchard C, Buchner D, Ettinger W, Heath GW, King AC et al(1995) Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine, JAMA 273:402~407 [2] Sam W. Wiesel, MD, John N. Delahay, MD, Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery", Third Edition, Springer New York, 2007, PP. 257~275. [3] http://www.wtf.org [4] Oh, Young-Jin, "The Constitution Principles and Analyzing Taegeuk Poomsae", Master's thesis, Graduate School of Education, Dankook University, 2000 [5] J.I. Cowie, J.A. Flint, A.R. Harland, "Wireless Impact Measurement for Martial Arts", The Engineering of Sport 7, Vol. 1, 2008. 08, PP. 231~237. [6] CB Liden, M Wolowicz, J Stivoric, A Teller, C Kasabach, S Vishnubhatla, R Pelletier, J Farringdon, S Boehmke, "Characterization and Implication of the Sensors Incorporated into the SenseWear Armband for Energy Expenditure and Activity Detection", BodyMedia White papers. [7]http://www.analog.com/UploadedFiles/Data_Sheets/5372 8567227477ADXL2002 E_a.pdf [8] Lee, Sang-Bock, Lee, Jeong-Yong, An, Min-Ju, Physical Activity Analysis on Taegeuk Poomse of Taekwondo, The Korean Society of Sports Science, 2008, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 697~707. [9] HJ Luinge(2002), "Inertial Sensing of Human Movement", Ph. D. thesis, University of Twente. [10] American College of Sports Medicine(1998), "Excercise and physical activity the older adults", Med Sci Spor Exerc adults, 30, 992~1008. [11] Kathleen F. Janz(2005), "Examining the Accuracy of the AMP 331 Activity Monitor", ACSM Poster session, University of Iowa. [12] Westerterp, K. R., & Meijer, E. P.(2001), "Physical activity and parameters of aging : a physiological perspective", J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 56(2), 7~12. 53