:Fish Energetics
ish_ Energetics New Pers:Rectives Edited by Peter Tytler & Peter Calow CROOM HELM London & Sydney
1985 Peter Tytier and Peter Calow Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row, Beckenham, Kent BR3 I AT Croom Helm Australia Pty Ltd, First Floor, 139 King Street, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Fish energetics: new perspectives. I. Fish-culture I. Tytier, Peter II. Calow, Peter 639.3 11 SHI51 ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7920-1 e-isbn-13: 978-94-011-7918-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-011-7918-8 Typeset by Words & Pictures Limited
CONTENTS Preface 7 List of Contributors 9 Part One: Evolutionary Aspects of Energy Budgets 1. Adaptive Aspects of Energy Allocation 13 Peter Calow 2. Metabolic Scope in Fishes Imants G. Priede 33 Part Two: Food and Feeding 3. The Application of Optimal Foraging Theory to 67 Feeding Behaviour in Fish Colin R. Townsend and Ian J. Winfield 4. Energetics of Feeding and Digestion TJ. Pandian 99 and E. Vivekanandan 5. Laboratory Methods in Fish Feeding and 125 Nutritional Studies Clive Talbot 6. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements 155 Albert G.J. Tacon and Colin B. Cowey 7. The Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Feeding 185 Alan J. Matty and K.P. Lone Part Three: Production 8. Growth Malcolm Jobling 213 9. Energetics of Reproduction Robert J. Wootton 231 Part Four: Energy Budgets 10. Laboratory Studies of Energy Budgets 257 Alan E. Brafield 11. Field Studies of Energy Budgets N.M. Soofiani 283 and A.D. Hawkins 12. Energetics and Fish Farming Brian Knights 309 Subject Index Systematic Index 341 347
PREFACE It is almost thirty years since Professor G. G. Winberg established the basis for experimental studies in fish energetics with the publication of his monograph, Rate of Metabolism and Food Requirements of Fishes. His ultimate aim was to develop a scientific approach to fish culture and management, and the immense volume of literature generated in the ensuing years has been mainly in response to the demand for information from a rapidly expanding, world-wide aquaculture industry and to the shortcomings of contemporary practices in fisheries management. The purpose of this book is not to review this literature comprehensively, but, assuming an informed readership, to focus attention on topics in which new knowledge and theory are beginning to be applied in practice. Most emphasis has been placed on food; feeding; production (growth and reproduction) and energy budgeting, as these have most influence on the development of fish culture. Some chapters offer practical advice for the selection of methods, and warn of pitfalls in previous approaches. In others the influence of new theory on the interpretation of studies in fish energetics is discussed in the context of resource allocation and adaptation. We hope that the scope of material presented here will have sufficient interest and value to help significantly to fulfil Winberg's original objectives. The book was conceived during a scientific meeting of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles in December 1982. Most of the authors were participants in this meeting. The book is, however, in no sense a proceedings of the meeting and all chapters have been written since the meeting specifically for the book. P.T. 7
LIST OF CONTRI BUTORS A.E. Brafield, Department of Biology, Queen Elizabeth College, Campden Hill Road, London W8 7 AH, England P. Calow, Department of Zoology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, England C B. Cowey, NERC, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, St Fittick's Road, Aberdeen AB1 3RA, Scotland A. D. Hawkins, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen AB9 8D8, Scotland M. Jobling, Institutt for Fiskerifag, Universitetet I Tromso, 9000 Troms0, Norway B. Knights, Applied Ecology Research Group, The Polytechnic of Central London, London WI M 8JS, England K. P. Lone, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan AJ Matty, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aston, Gosta Green, Birmingham B4 7ET, England T.J. Pandian, School of Biology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021 India 1. G. Priede, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2TN, Scotland N Soofiani, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen AB9 8D8, Scotland A. GJ Tacon, Aquaculture Development Coordination Programme, FAO, Via delle Termi di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy C Talbot, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Freshwater Fisheries Laboratory, Perthshire PH16 5LB, Scotland CR. Townsend, Department of Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, England E. Vivekanandan, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021 India IJ Winfield, Department of Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, England RJ Wootton, Department of Zoology, The University College of Wales, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 2AX 9