Scentfc Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 3.134 ISSN (Onlne): 2348-4470 ISSN (Prnt) : 2348-6406 Internatonal Journal of Advance Engneerng and Research Development Volume 2, Issue 1, January -2015 Optmum Selecton of Landfll Ste for Small-Scale Town and Vllage around of Developng Country Art Pamnan 1, Srnvasarao Meka 2, Vatsal Patel 3 1 Ph.D student, Department of Cvl Engneerng, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsnh Desa Unversty, Nadad, Gujarat; Inda 2 Professor, Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsnh Desa Unversty, Nadad, Gujarat; Inda 3 Ph.D student, Department of Cvl Engneerng, Faculty of Technology, Dharmsnh Desa Unversty, Nadad, Gujarat; Inda Abstract: Dsposal of MSW s one of the major crtera for proper MSWM. Landfll ste are most commonly used technology for dsposal of nert waste around the globe. As per regulaton of MSWM 2000 muncpaltes are responsble for MSWM. Nearly 72% of total populaton resdes n small-scale town and vllages around. For development of sustanable MSWM for developng country small-scale towns and vllages need to studed and developed. Study has been done for development of land fll ste for dsposal of nert waste of small-scale town and vllages around them. Optmzaton model s develop for selecton of landfll consderng transportaton and ste development cost. Keywords: MSW, Landfll, Optmzaton, Small-scale town, Vllage I. INTRODUCTION Muncpal Sold Waste (MSW) s defned usng Chapter 21.3 of Agenda 21 (Unted Natons Conference on Envronment and Development, Ro de Janero, June 14, 1992). Sold wastes. nclude all domestc refuse and non-hazardous wastes such as commercal and nsttutonal wastes, street sweepngs and constructon debrs. MSW prmarly comes from households, but also ncludes wastes from offces, hotels, shoppng complexes/shops, schools, nsttutons, and from muncpal servces such as street cleanng and mantenance of recreatonal areas (cted from UNEP IETC). As per MSW Rules 2000 Inda MSW ncludes commercal and resdental wastes generated n a muncpal or notfed areas n ether sold or sem-sold form excludng ndustral hazardous wastes but ncludng treated bo-medcal wastes. Due to urbanzaton and populaton, growth there s constant ncrease n quantty of MSW. Accordng researchers to there s ncrease of 1-1.33% per annum n quantty of MSW (Pappu et al., 2007; Shekdar, 1999; Bhde and Shekdar, 1998). Constant ncrease n Improper management and ncreasng quantty of MSW leads to envronmental and health hazards. MSWM that ncludes collecton, transportaton, segregaton and dsposal of MSW needs to plan as per rule governed by the authortes. It requres proper nfrastructure, mantenance and upgrade for all actvtes. Due to contnuous ncrease n MSW management of MSW has becomes very expensve and complex. Generally, dumpng of MSW transported for dfferent locaton at low-lyng area contamnates ar, and ground water. It can also lead to serous health hazards for populaton resdng of the area. II. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR MSWM IN INDIA Muncpal Sold Waste (Management and Handlng) Rules 2000 (MSWR-2000) gven by Government Of Inda gves all aspects of MSWM for all regulatory bodes. Urban Local Bodes (ULB) are responsble for proper mplementaton of MSWR n accordance to state government and polluton control board. Accordng to MSWR-2000 dsposal of MSW s done n scentfc method so as contamnaton of ground water, surface water and ambent ar qualty s prevented. Prvate organzaton are now ncluded n MSWM by government for better mplementaton of MSW plans. Dsposal of MSW n Inda ncludes compostng (Verm compostng or mcrobal compostng) and landfll dumpng. Accordng to MSWR- 2000 landfll s defned dsposal of resdual sold wastes on land n a faclty desgned wth protectve measures aganst polluton of ground water, surface water and ar fugtve dust, wnd-blown ltter, bad odour, fre hazard, brd menace, pests or rodents, greenhouse gas emssons, slope nstablty and eroson. Scentfc landfll stes should be made for proper dsposal of MSW. III. INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Lterature gves study of MSW and MSWM at metro, large scale and medum scale town at large. Whle small-scale town and surroundng vllages were around 72% of total populaton of Inda resde are studes less. Neglgence for smallscale town and surroundng vllages are due to low populaton, less budget of muncpalty, unawareness of people etc. Composton of MSW vares because of urbanzaton and change n lfe style. Large quantty of organc matter s found because of major occupaton of populaton s agrculture. @IJAERD-2015, All rghts Reserved 81
MSWM of area havng low quantty of waste becomes more uneconomcal thus ntegratng management of waste for two or more area can gve economcal and practcal soluton. Cluster for collecton and segregaton of sold waste made s more manageable and economcal for low quantty of waste. 3.1 Proposed Optmzaton Model In the present work, an optmzaton model s developed to dentfy sutable dsposal ste for sold waste from segregaton ste of cluster n complance wth the regulatory gudelnes. The mxed nteger nonlnear program model has been proposed to solve cost mnmzaton problem. The nstallaton cost of the ste, transportaton cost, nfrastructure cost s taken nto consderaton. To optmze sold waste dsposal cost, t s necessary to defne cost of land, landfll ste nstallaton cost, landfll ste operaton cost, travel cost from town to landfll ste, man power cost at landfll ste and vehcle cost. The summaton of all these costs becomes the total cost, whch needs to be mnmzed. 3.2 Waste to be dsposed: The amount of waste generated s segregated before transportaton to the dsposal ste. It s found that only 10-25% of the total waste collected at segregaton ste s to be dsposed n the landfll ste. Based on ths total amount of waste to be dsposed from a gven cty n 25 years s calculated 3.3 Land prce: Dependng on the locaton of the dsposal ste, the cost of the land changes the actual cost of the ste depends on the amount of sold waste to be dsposed n that ste for 25 years. The heght of the land fll s taken as sx meters and average densty s taken as 0.8 T/m3. for the calculaton of area requred for the gven landfll ste. Total amount of waste dsposal T ( ) n the ste j depends on the selecton of the ste to dspose materal from the source ths s decded based on the decson varable x(,j). If decson varable s one then only the sold waste wll be counted. Smlarly the cost of gven ste j per square meter s p1(j). Land prce s INR Lacs calculated 3.4 Ste nstallaton cost: Once landfll ste selected t s requred to prepare t for sold waste dsposal by makng excavaton, earthen bands, layng tarpauln for preventng latchet as well as constructon of nfrastructure for ts operatons. Dfferent capactes of cells are constructed phase wse. Ste nstallaton cost depends on the capacty of ste, normally t very from INR 300 To INR1100. In the present study nstallaton cost s taken as 1 per cubc meter of SW. Ste nstallaton cost by assumng that the ste wll be operatonal for 25 years Sc j s1 T ( )* x(, j) 100000 (1) 3.5 Mnmum cost for Vehcles: Vehcles whch are nvolved n transportng SW from town to landfll ste have mnmum cost nvolved rrespectve of how much SW s transferred by t. It s lnked wth trp. Ths cost s towards fx expendture lke drver wages when t s off road, mantenance of vehcle, nsurance, deprecaton etc. In general specally desgned trucks are used for transportaton of MSW. Capacty of truck may vary dependng on ts make; accordngly ths fx mnmum cost may be changed. An assumpton of each truck can carry 2 ton of SW only s made n the present study. Moreover t s assumed that mnmum cost for vehcle per trp s constant and s denoted by s4.e. INR 370 per trp. The cost (vmc) expressed n Lacks of INR can be evaluated usng equaton (4). Where cel rounds of the value towards ts nearest nteger. vmc cel T ( ) s4 * 2 100000 Є I... (2) 3.6 Travel cost: Travel cost s of summaton of mnmum cost of vehcle and the cost for operatng vehcle from town to landfll ste. Cost for operatng vehcle ncludes the fuel cost, rut n mantenance cost and remuneraton to the drver. Operatng cost depends on fuel prces. The transportaton cost s calculated as the total dstance travelled by the trucks between the selected source town () and dsposal ste (j). The number of trps are calculated based on amount of SW generated from the ste and wth an assumpton of each truck can carry 2 ton of SW only. Moreover, t s assumed that cost for transportaton per klometre s constant and s denoted by s3. The cost (Trc) expressed n Lacs of INR can be evaluated as 3.7 Manpower cost: Manpower cost conssts of manpower requred durng transferrng sold waste from town to landfll ste wth vehcle as well as at land flled ste. It depends on trps from source town per day. The numbers of trps are calculated based on @IJAERD-2015, All rghts Reserved 82
amount of SW generated from the ste and wth an assumpton of each truck carres 2 ton of SW only and three persons are requred per trp. Moreover t s assumed that remuneraton for persons who are engaged n ths work s constant and s INR120. The cost (mc) expressed n Lacs of INR 3.8 Operatng cost at landfll ste: Operatng cost of landfll ste ncludes the machnery and man power cost to levellng the waste at landfll ste, coverng the waste through sand or clay, waterng for proper settlement. It also ncludes the cost of samplng and testng of waste and leach ate. For ths one should provde the nfrastructure for at least 25 years. The manpower s calculated based on amount of SW handled at the landfll ste and wth an assumpton of 10 ton sold waste handle per person and remuneraton s INR120. Machnery also needed for spreadng and levellng of sold waste whch s brought from dfferent towns. Coverng the waste through sand or clay, waterng for proper settlement also needs specal type of machnery. It s assumed that INR18 per cubc metre of sold waste for machnery operaton and mantenance cost. The cost (olc) expressed n Lacs of INR 3. Total cost: Total cost for each land flled ste consst of land prce of the landfll ste, landfll ste nstallaton cost, man power cost, travel cost and operaton cost of landfll ste. Landfll ste selecton should be such that total cost should be mnmal for dsposng sold waste from the town to the landfll ste. It can be evaluated as total _ cost j Lp( j) Sc mc tc olc.. (3) 3.10 Mxed nteger non lnear programmng soluton: The objectve functon presented n equaton (14) along wth constrants forms a Mxed Integer Nonlnear Programme (MINLP) problem for mnmzaton of total. Ths MINLP can be solved usng sutable commercal software. In the present work GAMS solver has been used for smulaton. The solver comples the proposed optmsaton model usng DICOPT solver of MINLP type. IV. CASE STUDY: GUJARAT STATE As per study done by authors composton of waste for small-scale town s found to be 48% decomposable, 30% recyclable and 22% nert whle for vllage the composton of waste s found as 73% decomposable, 20% recyclable and 7% nert. These area have large quantty of compostable waste whch can be decomposed (vermn compost / mcrobal compost). Recycle waste about 20-30% of total waste generated consst of paper, plastc bags and contaners and metal n small quantty. Paper segregated should be gven to ndustres lke recycle paper manufacturer, cardboard makng etc whch utlzes paper as raw materal. As per drectve gven by GPCP to cement manufacturng ndustres MSW should be ncluded as alternate fuel plastc from MSW can be send to cement ndustry. Local vendors take away metal avalable from MSW. Inert waste about 10-25% s to landfll, whch requres a proper landfll ste. Due to small quantty, t becomes uneconomcal to have segregaton and landfll ste at each town and vllage. Integrated muncpal sold waste can gve most economcal and feasble approach to these small-scale town and surroundng vllages. We have studed formaton of cluster for segregaton ste s by optmzaton model. It s found that havng such cluster reduces cost of segregaton to 30-70% as cost of constructon of segregaton ste reduces for each town and vllage. Inert waste obtan from segregaton ste s to be gven to land fll ste. Research done by Vatsal Patel has located 19 landfll ste for Gujarat state consderng GIS and economcal aspect along wth geographcal locaton of the area. These landfll ste are selected for small scale town and vllage around consderng 83 such town n state of Gujarat. Authors have worked n area n small-scale town and surroundng vllage. Dstance between segregaton ste and proposed dsposal ste s measured and dstance matrx s prepared for use n optmzaton model. Optmzaton model done by us have gven 83 segregaton ste for small-scale town and surroundng vllage of Gujarat state. 4.1 Mxed Integer Non-Lnear Programmng soluton: The equaton of the objectve functon consstng of mnmzng total cost wth gven constrants representng a MINLP program. Ths mxed nteger nonlnear programme can be solved usng sutable commercal software. In the present work, GAMS software has been used for smulaton. The detaled program starts wth defnton of ndces, sets, parameters, varables, tables and equatons n the requred syntax. The software then comples the model developed usng DICOPT solver of MINLP type. 4.2 Results and dscusson: @IJAERD-2015, All rghts Reserved 83
MINLP based optmzaton problem s solved and t consders not only transportaton cost but also land cost, ste development cost, transportaton cost, Labor cost etc. Fgure 1 shows stes 18 selected for development of landfll ste for dsposal MSW generated from each town under consderaton. Fgure 1: Identfcaton of landfll stes for study towns. Segregaton of MSW before t s dsposed n landfll stes s done. The quantty of dsposable waste depends on varous factors lke populaton, clmatc condton etc. Lterature for composton of waste shows that approxmately 10-25% of total waste quantty s nert waste and t needs to be dsposed off on landfll ste. Researchers have studed composton of waste by weght for small-scale town and surroundng vllage. Dstance of segregaton ste and cost of dsposal ste selecton of optmal locaton of landfll ste s consdered. Organc waste segregated s results obtaned for optmzaton of four cases are presented n Table 1. It s noted from Table 1 that segregaton at the source s the best possble opton. Overall t s observed that, the transportaton cost s the governng parameter for model to calculate economcally optmum locaton for dsposal of sold waste generated from each town. From Table 1 t can be seen that total cost changes margnally by 2.45% and 0.62% when maxmum and average quanttes are consdered. The varaton s margnal as segregaton s assumed to done at the landfll ste. On the other hand f segregaton s done at the source, there s approxmately 41% reducton n overall cost of MSWM over a perod of 25 years. It s to be noted that approxmate cost of MSWM per person per year s estmated to be approxmately 400 INR that s less than 7 US dollars per person per year. Table 1: Comparson of cost ncurred n Lacs for dsposal of MSW under varous heads % of total waste dsposed As per lterature (35) Approxmate Average (25) Actual quantty (Vares between 15 to 35) Segregaton done at source Land Prce for land fll 271390.00 194440.00 209990.00 208500.00 ste Installaton cost of landfll 148990.00 106420.00 114540.00 114540.00 ste Operaton cost of landfll 1489.89 1064.26 1145.45 1145.45 ste Landfll ste total cost 421869.89 301924.26 325675.45 324185 Transportaton cost 3500000.00 3500000.00 3500000.00 1247800.00 Total cost 3921869.89 3801924.26 3825675.45 1572000 % Devaton wth respect to Actual 2.45-0.62-41.09 @IJAERD-2015, All rghts Reserved 84
V. CONCLUSIONS Geographcal Informaton System based method for dentfcaton of potental land fllng stes s proposed. Total 18 potental landfll stes are dentfed for the study area. An optmzaton model s proposed for selecton of the most economcal landfll ste for dsposal of MSW generated from each source town. Total cost of MSW dsposal when waste segregated at land fll ste and segregated at source are estmated to be INR 3825675.45lacs and 1572000 lacs respectvely. The analyss of results has shown that t s advsable to consder source segregaton. Approxmate per capta cost of MSWM per year s estmated to be approxmately 400 INR that s less than 7 US dollars per year. REFERENCES: [1]. Ast Nema, 2007. MSW (management and handlng ) Rules, (2000) - A Crtque, Engneerng ecologcal securty, pp:1-3; [2]. MOEF, 2000, Muncpal Sold Wastes (Management and Handlng) Rules (2000), [3]. OAdewuy Rachel, Komne H., Yasuhara K., Murakam S; (2009). Muncpal Sold Waste Management n Developed and Developng Countres, pp:1-2. [4]. Shekdar, A.V., Krshnawamy, K.N., Tkekar, V.G., Bhde, A.D., (2005), Indan urban sold waste management systems jaded systems n need of resource augmentaton. Journal of Waste Management 12, 4, pp 379 387. [5]. Shukla, S.R., et al (2000). Sold waste Management Manual, Government of Inda, Central Publc Health and Envronmental Engneerng Organzaton, Mnstry of Urban Development, New Delh, Pg 23. [6]. Ulrch Glawe, C. Vsvanathan, M. Alamgr, (2009). Sold Waste Management n Least Developed Asan Countres A Comparatve Analyss, pp-3 [7]. Valere Cummns, Vck O Donnell, Alstar Allen, Joe Donnelly, Sotros Koukoulas; (2002), A New Approach to Landfll Ste Selecton n Ireland usng GIS Technology, Pg 4-13. @IJAERD-2015, All rghts Reserved 85