History Collision Regulations - PDF Free Download

ColRegs 2 nd Grade History Collision Regulations 1840 London Trinity House : steam vessels head to head and on different courses with risk of collision, alter course to starboard so they pass port to port Sailing on a port tack gives way to sailing on a starboard tack Introduction navigation lights steam vessels 1972 IMO International Convention London. The latest revision of the international Colregs (in force since July 1977) 1

Block 1: Lesson Plan What do we recall? Colregs in English some words and concepts Part A Block 2: Part B sections I and II with cases Block 3: Part B III, case Andrea Dorea, Part C, D, (E and F). Annexes Block 4: Repetition + exam test What do we recall? 2

Lights PDV? What is the purpose of 2 mast head lights? Towing vessel with tow The difference between short/long tow in lights/shapes? 3

Sailing Vessels. Lights? Small one? Fishing vessels Which two types? Differences in fishing lights? 4

NUC When or what is a Vessel not under command? RAM When or what is a Vessel Restricted in her ability to Manoeuvre? 5

What is a Vessel constrained by her draught? 1 2 3 6

Tip: you see 2 vessels 8

Who gives way? A B How? 14

A B w g W W A B 15

w w vessel drifting g B Some Colregs-words you should know Apply application - applicable = van toepassing To comply with = voldoen aan Responsibility Vessel not under command Vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre Vessel constrained by her draught Under way and Making way through the water In sight of one another. Restricted visibility Proper look-out. Safe speed. Adapt safe seed Appropriate in prevailing circumstances and conditions Risk of Collision 16

Not to impede the (safe) passage Fairway Traffic separation schemes Overtaking, crossing, reciprocal (opposite) course, Give-way and stand-on vessel Abeam, abaft the beam, forward of the beam Windward, leeward Lights and shapes (diamond, conical or cone, cylinder, ball) Short, long, prolonged blast Whistle, bell land gong Distress signals Annexes Audits Contents Colregs (NEW PART 2016 :F!) Part A: General Part B: Steering and Sailing Rules Part C Part D + E+F Annexes 1.Application Section I: Conduct vessels any visibility Lights and Shapes D Sound signals Positioning and details lights and shapes 2. Responsibility Section II Conduct in sight of one another E. Exemptions Additional signals fishing vessels 3. Defenitions Section III = Rule 19. Conduct in restricted visibility F. Verification (Audits)s Sound signal appliances Distress signals 17

PART A General Rule 1 Application Where at to whom are the Rules applicable? Special rules by whom? - on what conditions? where to find these special rules and which special rules do you know in the Netherlands (next slide) Additional lights and shapes and deviations in lights which vessels? who gives permission? on what conditions? where to find information about these vessels 18

Rule 1e Certificate of Exemption 19

Rule 2 Responsibility 2a Anyone must obey the Rules and act in good seamanship. In normal circumstances you are not allowed to depart from the Rules 2b You may (must) only depart from the Rules in certain circumstances if it is absolutely necessairy to avoid immediate danger Examples 2a Applying ordinary seamanship Anchors, engine not ready to manoeuver in narrow waters Incomplete or fague watch keeping instructions by the captain Fit to work. In time on the bridge Too many or too few people on the bridge Showing or nor showing correct lights/shapes Be aware of brightness of working lights for interfering a safe look-out and recognition of the navigation lights Give way to anchored vessels Inform pilot and being informed by the pilot of planned route 21

Example 2b Depart from the Rules Danger of Navigation A and B head on PDV s. Rule 14: Both vessels should alter their course to starboard. Vessel A must depart from this rule A B Example 2b Depart from the Rules Danger of Collision A,B,C are 3 PDV s with RoC. Vessel A should maintain C & S for vessel B and also give way to vessel C. She departs from Rule 16??? A B C 22

Example 2b Depart from the Rules Special circumstances 3 PDV s approaching pilot station with same ETA. B depart from Rules (???) A B C Rule 2 Exceptional, special, doubtful circumstances Rule 1b.. special rules inland water Rule 1c additional lights Rule 7a.. in doubt if RoC = RoC Rule 13c..in doubt if, than act as overtaking Rule 14c in doubt if, than act head on Rule 17a (ii) and b. action stand on vessel Rule 18c so far as possible Rule 18?..2 fishing vessels; RAM versus NOC? Rule 24 g inconspicuous (onopvallend) tow Rule 36.. Signals to attrack attention 23

Rule 3 Definitions PDV any vessel propelled by engine(s) includes also Towing and pushing vessels Vessels constrained by her draught (!attention!) Sailing vessels using their engine be aware of definitions and rule 18 concerning Fishing vessels ) - NUC Vessels ) even when propelled by engine(s) - RAM Vessels ) Rule 3 You should know the definitions of: Sailing Vessel Fishing Vessel NUC and RAM Q: Why is a RAM by definition not the better manoeuvrable vessel than a NUC? Vessel constrained by her draught 24

Underway Rule 3 (continuation) making way or not making way!! difference may be seen or heard - by which vessels? Length and breath In sight of one another Restricted Visibility 25

Rule 3 (continuation) Wing In Ground What extra light is shown? BLOCK II Part B section I and II 26

PART B Steering and Sailing Rules Section 1 Conduct of vessels in any visibility Rules 4 to10 4 Application 5 Look-out 6 Safe speed 7 Risk of Collission (RoC) 8 Action to avoid RoC 9 Narrow waters 10 Traffic Seperation Schemes Rule 4 Application Section I in any visibility. In sight of one another BUT ALSO not in sight of one another. In good visibility AND in or near an area of restricted visibility. 27

Rule 5 Look-out - Who Every vessel. From ULCC to small craft. A lookout should be fit and well instructed by O of the W - When In good and bad weather, good and restricted visibility, day and night, wide ocean and narrow waters, with or without sight barriers,.. - With What Eyes, Ears and All available means appropriate to circumstances. clean windows, sunglasses, binoculars, radar(s), Ecdis, VHF, AIS, echosounder, corrected charts,. - Why To make a full over-look of the situation around the vessel and/or Risk of Collision Rule 6 Safe Speed Safe Speed is as good Look-out one of the Basements of the Rules A Safe Speed also can be too low - ship not steering - drifting /set - large cross width (drift angle) - overtaking traffic 28

Rule 6 Safe Speed Every vessel At all times Safe speed = - you can take proper and effective action to avoid collision - you can stop the vessel within appropriate distance Factors in determining safe speed - (a) all vessels (always) - (b) + operational radar Rule 6 Determining Safe Speed (a) by All Vessels: Visibility Traffic Density Manoeuvrability of the Vessel Background Light State wind, sea, current, navigational hazards Draft Depth 29

Rule 6 Determining Safe Speed (b) Additional with operational Radar: Characteristics Efficiency Limitations of the radar you should know what YOU can do with THIS radar how good are YOU and how good is your RADAR Constraints by used Range Influence Sea state Weather Other Interference Worse detection Small craft Ice Vessels detected by radar Exact Assessment of the Visibility Rule 7 Risk of Collision Every Vessel shall use all available means to determine risk of collision. If in doubt, such risk deemed to exist Proper use shall be made of Radar, including Long range scanning (?) Plotting system No assumptions on scanty Information, especially scanty radar information. (?) 30

Rule 7 Risk of Collision (cont.) Risk of collision : deemed to exist if the Compass Bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change Why compass bearing? Why not appreciably With radar only? may sometimes exist, even when the appreciable bearing change is evident. (?) Rule 8 Action to Avoid Collision Any Action must be in accordance with Rules positive (doelmatig) in ample time good seamanship Action large enough to be apparent for other vessels. A succession of small alterations must be avoided Pass other vessel(s) at safe distance Check your Action until other vessel is passed and clear A good manoeuvre to avoid RoC is slacken your speed or if necessairy stop your vessel completely It also gives you time to access (beoordelen) the situation 31

8f Not to Impede!!! 8f(i) A vessel which is required by the Rules* not to Impede the (safe) passage of another vessel shall take early action to give sufficient room for a safe passage * Rule 9, Rule 10, Rule 18 8f(ii)The not-to-impede-rule remains in force if during approaching risk of collision arises When now taking action, have full regard to an action of the other vessel required by the Rules!! 8f(iii)The vessel-not-to-be-impeded must comply with the rules if during approaching one another RoC arises Rule 8 f Not to Impede Rules Part B I and Rules B III in force Risk of Collision Rules Part B Section II in force 8f(iii) (other)vessel complies with Rules Part B!! Rule 8 f (i) Not-to-impede vessel shall take early action Rule 8 f (ii) Beware of action other vessel 32

8f Not To Impede!!! Where (or in which rules mentioned)? Which vessels should not impede which vessels? Obligations of vessels not to impede Obligations of vessels not to be impeded Rule 9 Narrow Channels - What is a narrow channel? - What is a fairway? - How to proceed in a narrow channel? Anchoring? - Note the differences in the not to impede rules of Rule 9 (Sailing vessel and small PDV, fishing vessels and ALL crossing vessels - Rule 13 (=overtaking) overrules Rule 9 - Sound signals. Which and when given? - Is rule 9 also applicable in restricted visibility? 33

Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) Adopted by IMO In a TSS any vessel* must comply with the sailing and steering Rules of all sections of Part B Sailing Rules TSS apply at any Visibility Entering-proceeding-leaving rules. Anchoring? Separation zone? Crossing a TSS. HOW? Inshore Traffic Zone rules. For which vessels allowed? Do not impede rules. Note difference sailing and fishing vessels * Vessels engaged with cables/buoys are exempted 34

PART B Steering and Sailing Rules Section II Conduct of vessels in side of one another Rules 11 to 18 11 Application 12 Sailing vessels 13 Overtaking 14 Head on PDV 15 Crossing PDV 16 Action Give-way vessel 17 Action Stand-on vessel 18 Responsibilities between vessels 35

Rule 11 Application Sailing Rules part B2 are appliccable when in sight of one another Q: In sight of one another? Q: Restricted visibility? Steering and sailing Rules part B3 (= Rule 19) are appplicable when not in sight of one another caused by restricted visibility Q: What to do if coming in sight of one another in restricting visibility? Principle Section II Rule 11 Application Two vessels involved. General: One give way vessel, one stand on vessel. The better maneuverable vessel gives way (rule 18) Be aware! Rules of Section I are any time in force Note Rule 8f not to impede in narrow waters and TSS Note Rule 10 TSS is not a fairway! All other rules are in force 36

Rule 12 Sailing Vessels Rules for Sailing Vessels approaching each other No difference between yachts and windjammers Rule 13 overrules Rule 12 Rule 18 Rule 12 Sailing Vessels Two sailing vessels with RoC Wind on different side. The one with wind on port side (port tack) gives way to the other (on starboard tack) Wind on same side. The windward vessel gives way to the leeward vessel In doubt. A vessel with wind on port side(port tack) gives way to a windward vessel if she is in doubt whether that vessel has the wind on port or starboard side 37

Square sails Stay sails fore and aft sails Windward Leeward Rule 12 Sailing vessels B A 38

Rule 12 Sailing vessels B A Rule 12 Sailing vessels B A 39

Rule 12 Sailing vessels B A Rule 12 Sailing vessels C B C A B A 40

Rule 13 Overtaking ANY vessel overtaking ANY other vessel keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. When are you Overtaking? Proceeding in sector sternlight How to handle if in any doubt? As you are overtaking Till when? until overtaken vessel is finally Past and Clear Rule 9 versus Rule 13 In narrow water/fairway overtaking ony aloud if it is possible Head-on Crossing Crossing In Doubt 112½º Overtaking 5 In Doubt 112½º 41

Overtaking or Crossing? A B 1 + + + + + + C Rule 14 Head-on Situation When two Power Driven Vessels Both vessels shall alter course to Starboard to realize a Port to Port passing How to handle if any doubt? If doubt head-on If doubt head on/crossing Rule 14 Rule 18! 42

Rule 14 If any doubt.. Head-on Situation Rule 14 Head-on Situation 43

Rule 14-18 Head-on Situation wvs wvs wvs Rule 15 Crossing Situation When two Power Driven Vessels are crossing If the circumstances admit, avoid crossing ahead Rule 9 Narrow water: While crossing, do not impede vessels that only can safe navigate in narrow waters Rule 18 - Rule 15 44

Rule 15 Crossing Situation Rule 15 Crossing Situation? 45

Rule 16 Action by Give-Way Vessel Any Give-Way vessel shall so far as possible take: Early and Substantial Action to keep Well Clear Rule 16 versus Rule 8 Action to avoid collision Rule 8 Action to Avoid Collision Any Action taken in accordance with Rules positive - in ample time good seamanship Action large enough to be apparent for other vessels. A succession of small alterations must be avoided If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action Passing at safe distance - Check your Action until other vessel is passed and clear Slacken speed or take all way off if necessary to avoid collision or to allow more time to access the situation Not to Impede rule 46

Rule 17 Action by Stand-On Vessel Where one of two vessels must give way, the other shall keep her course and speed The stand-on vessel may take action as soon as it becomes apparent that the give way vessel is not taking action. BUT A power driven stand-on vessel shall not alter course to port for a power driven give-way vessel on her own port side The stand-on vessel must take action if collision cannot avoided by give-way vessel alone Such action shall be the best to avoid collision (and has no limitations as mentioned above) This rule does never relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to give way!! Action of stand-on vessel (Rule 17) 1 A 2 3 4 1. Great distance no RoC 2. RoC: A give way; B stand on vessel 3. A is not taking action. B may take action not to port (if A and B power driven vessels) 4. A remains give way vessel; B shall take best action to avoid collision RoC B 4 3 2 1 47

Action of stand-on vessel (Rule 17) wvs A wvs A B B A wvs A wvs B B Who is the Give-Way vessel? What action Stand-on vessel if Give-way vessel does not take appropriate action? Action of stand-on vessel (Rule 17) A A B B A A B B B must take action. What is the best action to avoid collision? 48

Rule 17 en Rule 2 Attention!!! Complying with Rule 17 a(ii) and 17c (action if give way vessel does take appropriate action) is NOT the same as complying with rule 2b Rule 17 means complying with the Rules. Rule 2b means departing from the Rules, only allowed if necessairy in special circumstances to avoid immidiate danger Rule 18 Responsibilities Between Vessels Except where Rule 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require Rule 13 Any overtaking vessel must give way 9 and 10 not to impede rules! A power driven vessel underway gives way to all other categories Sailing vessel? Fishing vessel? RAM and NUC? Any vessel other than a NUC or RAM shall avoid impeding the safe passage of a deep draft vessel. The latter vessel shall navigate with particular caution. 49

Rule 18 Rule 18 50

Rule 18? Welk voorschrift wordt toegepast? Rule 18 51

BLOCK III Part B section III Part C,D,E,F 52

PART B Steering and Sailing Rules Section III Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility Part B SECTION III = Rule 19 Rule 19 a,b,c When navigating IN or NEAR an area of restricted visibility, not in sight of one another Q: What when in sight of one another? Adapt your safe speed. A power driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuvering Q: what should you do on board of a sailing vessel? Rules of section I (any visibility) adapt to the circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility Q: Rule 5 fog signals? Rule 7 how to determine RoC? Rule 8 - action? Rule 9 and 10 appliccable? 53

Rule 19 heading judge, plot action 12 8 4 Too close Restricted visibility: any circumstance in which... 54

Rule 19d Every vessel which detects another vessel with radar, MUST determine if a dangerous situation develops. If so, every vessel MUST take action to avoid this in ample time. IF this action is an alteration of course the next alteration of courses shall (as far as possible) be avoided: Rule 19 d All ships in restricted visibility, not in sight of one another must avoid: 1. Altering Course to Port for a crossing or head on vessel approaching forward of the beam other than a vessel being overtaken 2. Altering Course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam. 55

Voorschrift 19 d avoid Δ C to port abeam abeam avoid Δ C towards echo Voorschrift 19 d Δ C to starboard abeam abeam Δ C to starboard Δ C to port 56

Voorschrift 19 d heading Δ C to starboard turn to SB until echo is abeam portside dwars turn to SB until echo is 30 on port dwars Δ C to starboard turn to SB until the echo is dead astern Δ C to port turn to port until the echo is dead astern 57

Difference section II and III In close quater situation or RoC: Section II: one vessel gives way, the other keeps course and speed (stands on) Exeption? Section III: Every vessel must take action Why this difference? Comparing sections II and III Actions by vessels, not in sight of one another, taken on the basis of Rule 19, are very close to the actions taken by power driven vessels in sight of oneanother in section II. Let us compare rule 13, 14, 15 and 17 with rule 19 58

Comparing sections II and III y x z A 15 A 19d B x y 17c B z 19d Comparing sections II and III y x A 15 A z 19d B x y z 17c B 19d 59

Comparing sections II and III A 13 A 19d B 17c B 19d Comparing sections II and III B A 14 A 19d B 19d 60

Rule 19 e Q: When do you have to reduce your safe speed to steering or even stop your vessel and navigate with extreme caution until danger is over? Rule 19 e 1. Except where determined there is no RoC, when you hear a fog signal apparently forward of the beam 2. If a close quarter situation forward of the beam can not be avoided 61

Rule 19 e A CPA 3 Radar 12 mile range No RoC with fat echo A. low/heavy fogsignal from A Rule 19 e not applicable. Rule 19 e CPA 3 Radar 12 mile range No RoC with fat echo A. A high fogsignal is heard apparently from SB foward of the beam. How to comply with rule 19 e? 62

Rule 19 e fogsignal apparently forward of the beam Directly steering speed or stop your vessel ( try to keep your heading!) Look out! Radar small range Try to locate echo Plot Visual look out in direction signal Listening Sound more frequent own fog signal Manoeuvre with extreme caution Only alter your course after determining position and movement of the other vessel. Rounding the fogsignal.(what does this mean?) Rule 19 e a close quarter situation cannot be avoided B B 63

Rule 19 e a close quarter situation cannot be avoided B A B A Rule 19 x A y y x B How to comply with rule 19? 64

Rule 19 A x x B y y How to comply with rule 19? 65

Radar RELATIVE MOTION (own ship fixed in centre or off centre) Head up, not stabilized Head up or North up, stabilized TRUE MOTION (own ship moves over screen) 66

Vector and Trail Relative motion/true (RM/T) Relative vector (relative way xy) and True trail (wake of the vessel) Relative motion/relative (RM/R) True vector (course other vessel zy) and Relative trail Possible to switch quickly, but be aware what presentation is used 67

Part C Lights and Shapes Rule 20 to 31 From Application, definitions, visibility of lights and lights and shapes of all types of vessels Q: What are the purposes of the lights laid down in the Rules? Q: Where to find the positioning and details of the lights and shapes Rule 20 Application Q: When the lights and shapes must be exibited? Rule 21 Definitions Q: Draw the horizontal sectors of the lights (rule 21 and anex 1) Q: Why sailing vessels have different lights?!! Rule 22 Visibility of the lights Q: Visibility of lights of vessel > 50 meters Rule 23 PDV (under way) Q: are the navigation lights also exibited while drifting? Q: Draw navigation lights PDV >50 meters Q: What could be the reasons of two mast headlights? Q: What extra light shows a WIG and an air cushion vessel Rule 24 Towing and Pushing Q: What means the lengt of a tow? Q: When 3 vertical mast headlights? What is shown by day and by whom? Q: Towed vessel(s) show 71

Annex I 4.5 m Sidelights lower and not in front of fore mast headlight > 6 m < ¼ L > ½ L L Rule 21 and Annex 1 The sections are enlarged ±5º to prevent blind sectors 72

Annex 1 Vertical sector electric lights sailing vessels > vertical sector pdv Rule 24 Towing and Pushing What do you see? 73

Rule 24 Towing and Pushing What do you see? Rule 24 Towing and Pushing What do you see? 74

Rule 24 Towing and Pushing What do you see? Who is or are showing the shape? 75

Rule 25 Sailing vessels True or not true: Any sailing vessel underway is allowed to show only sidelights and sternlight True or not true: Any sailing vessel underway is allowed to show red over green in the top of the mast besides the sidelights and sternlight True or not true: Any sailing vessel underway is allowed to show a combined lantern in the mast in stead of all the lights mentioned above True or not true: a sailing vessel underway, showing the combined lantern, is allowed to show also sidelights and sternlight True or not true: a sailing vessel using her engine is allowed to show the combined lantern together with mast headlight Rule 26 Fishing vessels defenition! True or not true: A fishing vessel always shows her fishing lights when underway or at anchor. True or not true: a trawler trawling with a long net shows an additional light True or not true: A fishing vessel at anchor shows her anchorlight True or not true: The additional lights of annex 2 are shown to warn all the other vessels in the vicinity 76

Rule 25 Sailing vessels What do you see? 77

Rule 26 Fishing Vessels What do you see? 78

Rule 27 NUC and RAM NUC RAM underway: two red all round lights vertical Making way + side lights and sternlight Shape 2 (black) balls vertical At anchor anchorlight(s) / ball alone underway : Red-wit-red vertcal all round lights Making way +masthealight(s) sidelights sternlight Shape: ball-diamant ball vertcal At anchor: R-W-R + anchorlight(s) anchorball Rule 27 RAM(exceptions) RAM + obstruction: + Free side: green green vertical Obstructed side: red-red all round vertcal Shapes: At anchor: No anchorlight(s), no anchorball! Tow as RAM: underway shows lights as tow + R-W-R all round lights Minesweeper, underway shows Navigation lights + 3 green all round lights Shapes 79

Rule 27 NUC and RAM What vessels? Rule 27 NUC and RAM!!! What vessels? 80

Rule 28 Deep draught vessels 81

Rule 29 Pilot vessels Wit red all round lights vertical underway: At anchor: + side lights and sternlight + anchorlight(s) - anchor ball Shape? Rule 29 Pilot vessels Wat ziet u? 82

Rule 30 at anchor and grounded At anchor: L > 50 meters 4,5 meter if L < 50 meter: one anchorlight enough If L > 100 meter: + decklights Rule 30 at anchor and grounded grounded: If L < 50 meter: one anchorlight enoughvoldoende If L > 100 meter: + decklights 83

Rule 31 - seaplanes As close as possible as PDV WIG + red quick flashing all round light (Rule 23) Part D Light- and sound signals Rule 32 to 37 84

Rule 32,33, Annex 3 A whisle, gong and bell must comply with specifications of Annex 3 What is a short blast, what a prolonged (long) blast From what ship length a whisle is obliged? Equipment vessel > 100m? What is the difference in sound between a large and a small vessel What if a vessel is equipped with two wistles 85

Rule 34 manoeuvring and warning signals In sight of one another: Manoeuvring signals by power driven vessels All vessels should give warning signal, overtaking signals, in doubt signal when necessary Whistle sound may be supplemented by light signals Manoeuvring light described in Annex 1 Rule 35 Fog signals Study page 252-258 book: rule of the road Fog signals must be given in or near an area of restricted visibility Things to remember Power driven vessels underway. Note difference between making way and not making way Power driven Pilotvessel additional..... All other vessels no distinction. Just underway Pushingvessel+vessel pushed= 1 unit = PDV Fishing vessel at anchor: whistle fogsignal, not bell RAM at anchor while working:whistle fogsignal, not bell Whistle < 2 mins ; bell < 1 minute Ship at anchor/aground may give an additional whistle sound. 86

Rules 36, 37 Annex 4 Attention signals by whistle or light Not to be confused with signals colregs Lights should not embarrass a vessel Distress signals Only in distress and when assistance is required read Annex 4 page 69 blue pages in the back carefully 87

Part E Exemptions Rule 38 Exemptions for old vessel complying with rules 1960 were exempted for. until.. 6 voet 2 meter Part F Verification of Compliance Rule 39-41 Periodic Audits, based on IMO (standard) audit guidelines, according to IMO scheme Why? To verify compliance and implementation 88

Annexes I Lights and shapes and their position Study points 2 and 3 (ships>50m),5,6a/b,9,10,14 II Additional signals fishing vessels, fishing in close proximity just read. For you important to know the lights Rule 26 III Technical details sound signal appliances read point 1 and remember: large vessel low sound - range 2 miles; small vessels high frequency smaller range and 1f: more than 1 whisle, 3 IV Distress signals read carefully 1,3 and reproduce at least 10 signals. Aattention to 1l :Alert DSC VHF70 and MF/HF frequences, 1m: ship to shore alert via Inmarsat, 2: Distress signals only allowed to use if assistance is required Crossing Dover Strait Right angles yes or no Collision rules in TSS yes or no Collision rules thereafter -? I hope it s done in good visibility Crossing Dover Strait.avi 89