Social Studies -- Chapter 19, Sections 1-5 CHAPTER 19 SECTION 1 1 19-1 504 Many different Native American Nations lived free on the Great Plains 2 19-1 504 Native Americans are believed to be descendents of people who crossed over the Bering Sea on a land bridge, 12,000 years ago, from Asia 3 19-1 504 In the 1600 s Plains Indians learned to tame and ride wild horses that had descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish 4 19-1 504 Once riding horses became part of Plains Indian life, farming became less important than hunting and following herds of Buffalo 5 19-1 504 Many Plains Indians lived in a tent-like structure called a Tepee 6 19-1 504 The tepees could be easily moved on horse or dog drawn sleds called Travois 7 19-1 505 Plains Indians could drive a buffalo herd into an enclosure called a Corral 8 19-1 505 Plains Indians depended on the buffalo to provide them with _ Food, clothing, and shelter 9 19-1 505 Buffalo meat could be dried into strips called Jerky
10 19-1 505 A religious ceremony when thousands of Plains Indians gathered together each summer to thank the Great Spirit for helping them in times of trouble was called The Sun Dance 11 19-1 506 Having great understanding and wisdom, some Plains Indian Nations relied on a to make final decisions about matters of importance? Woman 12 19-1 506 A Blackfoot woman who led many hunting parties was Running Eagle
CHAPTER 19 SECTION 2 1 19-2 507 Many Americans were lured west to strike it rich mining for & Gold and Silver 2 19-2 507 A Western mining boom began in 1849 with The California Gold Rush 3 19-2 507 A nickname for the miners of the 1849 California Gold Rush was Forty-Niners 4 19-2 507 A rich vein of gold or silver is called a Lode 5 19-2 507 One of the largest gold and silver strikes in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range became known as the Comstock Lode 6 19-2 507 People searching for gold and silver are called Prospectors 7 19-2 507 After failing as a prospector, Samuel Clemens began writing for a Nevada newspaper. We know Samuel Clemens by his pen name Mark Twain 8 19-2 508 First came a gold or silver strike, then a Boom Town would grow, then the area s precious metals would be mined out, leaving behind a Ghost Town 9 19-2 508 As gold and silver ran deeper underground becoming scarce, and mining became too difficult for hand mining, miners would sell or abandon their mines to be taken over by large companies that could afford Large costly machinery
10 19-2 508 Much of the mining frontier was lawless, except for groups of miners banding together to become Vigilantes 11 19-2 508 A common vigilante punishment for an outlaw or thief caught was a Lynching 12 19-2 509 Needing supplies and the ability to ship out gold and silver, mining boomtowns caused railroad companies to rush to Lay tracks connecting railroad lines 13 19-2 509 Government financial aid to railroad companies, to help them buy equipment and connect the country together quickly is called a Subsidy 14 19-2 509 To connect the West with the East, in 1863, The Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads began a race to build the first Transcontinental Railroad 15 19-2 510 Labor was scarce during the Civil War, so the railroads hired immigrants. Name the heritage of many of these hard working railroad builders Chinese, Irish, African American, Mexican American, & many other Europeans 16 19-2 511 When on May 10, 1869, Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads met at Promontory Point,, who was the President of the Central Pacific Railroad, who hammered a golden spike that joined the two rail lines and the nation coast to coast? Leland Stanford 17 19-2 511 Because of the rapid growth of railroads, many territories applied for Statehood (Nevada 1864, Colorado 1876, N. & S. Dakota Montana Washington 1889, Idaho Wyoming 1890)
CHAPTER 19 SECTION 3 1 19-3 512 Roaming wild on the Texas plains were wild herds of beef cattle called Texas Longhorns 2 19-3 512 The demand for beef increased after the Civil War 3 19-3 512 Moving cattle great distances was called making Cattle Drives 4 19-3 512 To meet the demand for beef, Texas ranchers hired to bring herds of longhorns north to railroad lines in Kansas and Missouri? Cowhands 5 19-3 512 One of the most famous cattle drive routes from Texas north to the Kansas Pacific Railroad was the Chisholm Trail 6 19-3 512 Skilled Spanish and Mexican cowhands were called Vaqueros 7 19-3 513 Name some equipment that both vaqueros and cowhands used on cattle drives Wide-Brimmed hats, Lariats (leather ropes), Bull whips, Rifles and Pistols, Leather Chaps, Boots with spurs, Horse or Oxen drawn Chuckwagons. 8 19-3 513 Cattle drives ended in villages called that sprang up along railroad lines with pens built to hold the cattle before shipping? Cow Towns. 9 19-3 515 One famous cow town in Kansas at the north end of the Chisholm Trail starting in San Antonio, Texas, was Abilene
10 19-3 512 & 510 Another famous cattle drive route was the Western Trail, which started in Texas and went all the way north to Montana through the city of, which was at about the halfway point? Dodge City 11 19-3 515 In the 1870 s, ranchers began raising beef cattle on the Plains from Kansas north to Montana. This cattle-raising empire became known as the Cattle Kingdom 12 19-3 515 The Cattle Kingdom came to an end in 1887 because in 1886 and 1887 killed millions of cattle, causing farmers and sheep ranchers to move into the Great Plains? Severe Freezing Winters
CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4 1 19-4 516 Name the Indian treaty of 1851, which, for money, animals, agricultural tools, and other goods, the U.S. Government guaranteed each Indian Nation it s own limited area of land to keep forever Fort Laramie Treaty 2 19-4 516 In 1858, prospectors discovered gold on Indian land the U.S. had promised to Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, causing a wave of miners to rush to the land at Pike s Peak, Colorado 3 19-4 516 When gold was discovered at Pike s Peak, the U.S. Government forced the Indian leaders to sign a new treaty giving up the land around Pike s Peak, and causing some Indians to? Attack white settlers 4 19-4 516 In 1864, upset with white settlers being attacked, Colonel John Chivington led his militia to destroy a peaceful Indian village, killing men, women, and children, even though they had raised a white flag. This became known as The Chivington Massacre 5 19-4 516 Name the Lakota War Chief who said, When the white man comes in my country he leaves a trail of blood behind him. Chief Red Cloud 6 19-4 516 The Chivington Massacre caused The Indian Wars between Indians and U.S. Soldiers all across The Great Plains 7 19-4 517 To help end the Indian Wars, in 1867 the U.S. Government established a? Peace Commission 8 19-4 517 In 1867 Southern Plains Indians were forced onto Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma
9 19-4 517 In 1867 some Northern Plains Indians agreed to live on Indian Territory in what is now South Dakota 10 19-4 517 A limited area of land that is set-aside for Native Americans to live on is called a Reservation 11 19-4 517 What animal population fell from about 13 million in 1860, to about 200 in 1900 Buffalo 12 19-4 519 With miners finding gold in the Black Hills, on Lakota and Sioux Reservations, Chief Sitting Bull and Chief Crazy Horse with their warriors fought back in what became known as The Sioux War of 1876 13 19-4 519 In 1876, Colonel George Custer and his 225 men were all killed in a battle with Lakota and Cheyenne. This battle is known as The Battle of Little Bighorn 14 19-4 519 Famous leader of the Nez Perce Indians was Chief Joseph 15 19-4 519 A formal end to Indian and White warfare came when this holdout Apache Chief surrendered in 1886 Geronimo 16 19-4 519 This Indian religious ceremony celebrated the time Native Americans lived free on the Great Plains The Ghost Dance 17 19-4 520 By 1890, settlers persuaded the Government to outlaw the Ghost Dance because settlers thought Indians were preparing for war. When police officers entered a Lakota Reservation was accidentally killed? Chief Sitting Bull
18 19-4 520 The death of Sitting Bull led angry groups of Lakota the leave the reservation and travel to a creek in present day South Dakota. Followed by troops, as the Lakota surrendered arms, a shot rang out provoking the deaths of 300 at this creek called Wounded Knee 19 19-4 520 This daughter of an Indian Chief of the Omaha, convinced many people to take up the Indian cause with her books, articles, and lectures Susette La Flesche 20 19-4 520 In 1881, another woman took up the Indian cause in her book, A Century of Dishonor that revealed the Government s cheating, robbing, [and] breaking promises. Helen Hunt Jackson 21 19-4 521 Another woman who took up the Indian cause, lived with Indian Tribes, and became a worker for the U.S. Government Bureau of Indian Affairs was Alice Fletcher 22 19-4 521 In 1887, the government did pass a law to try and help the Indians become farmers again, but it was a terrible failure for those Native Americans who only wanted to live free. The outcome of this law was to leave Native Americans winding up with half the land they had. The law was The Dawes Act
CHAPTER 19 SECTION 5 1 19-5 522 A woman who spoke out bitterly about the low prices farmers were getting for their crops and animal stock was Mary Elizabeth Lease 2 19-5 522 What was the1862 law that promised 160 acres of land if the new owner farmed it for at least five years The Homestead Act 3 19-5 522 People who took advantage of Government s Homestead Act were called Homesteaders 4 19-5 522 African Americans who took advantage of the Homestead Act, most able to own land for the first time, called themselves Exodusters 5 19-5 523 Mexican Americans of Spanish speaking heritage, living in the Southwest, called themselves Mexicanos 6 19-5 523 Mexicanos, in 1894 Arizona, to protect their rights and take political actions to fight for rights formed The Hispanic-American Alliance 7 19-5 523 Southwestern English speaking white people living in the Southwest were called Anglos 8 19-5 524 After the government cleared the Indians out of Oklahoma, the last land-grab was held with 100,000 boomers lined up on the Oklahoma border waiting for a shot to be fired to rush in and grab land. When they charged in, much of the best land had already been taken by Sooners
9 19-5 524 Farmers on the Great Plains were called Sodbusters 10 19-5 524 Because lumber and trees were scarce on the Great Plains, first houses were often Sod houses 11 19-5 526 By 1894, because of over-harvesting grain by numerous farmers in the Midwest, what is the crises that developed Low grain prices 12 19-5 526 Pooling money and labor together to help save money on prices of materials and other needs, makes some people form a Cooperative 13 19-5 526 Buying of selling something in large quantities directly from the source of the product is to sell or purchase by Wholesale 14 19-5 526 In 1867, farmers banded together to purchase seeds and tools at wholesale prices, by forming a large agricultural cooperative called The National Grange 15 19-5 526 Another group that formed agricultural cooperatives and warehouses was The Farmer s Alliance 16 19-5 527 In 1891 farmers and labor unions wishing to gain political representation formed The Populist Party 17 19-5 527 For the presidential elections of 1896, The Populist Party endorsed the Great Orator William Jennings Bryan
18 19-5 527 Supported by bankers and businessmen, The Republican Party winner of the 1896 Presidential Election was William McKinley 19 AMENDMENT REVIEW 13 th banned slavery 14 th citizenship (born in U.S.A.) 15 th citizens can vote 16 th income tax 17 th direct election of senators 18 th ban alcohol (prohibition) 19 th women s suffrage 20 th presidential terms 21 st prohibition repealed