Height, z z i pping Free Atmosphere Inversion Boundary Layer Troposphere ~11 km ~2 km Earth Horizontal distance, x Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 65. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/ Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-22150.
Fig. 9.2 unavailable due to permission restriction.
Fig. 9.5 unavailable due to permission restriction.
16 m 1 Temperature 4 m 2 m 0.5 m 0 30 60 90 Time (s)
Fig. 9.7 unavailable due to permission restriction.
1000 Flux (W m 2 ) 800 600 400 200 F* 0 200 F s 400 F L 600 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 Local Time (h) Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 37. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215. F s F L
600 Flux (W m 2 ) 400 200 0 200 400 F* F Es F Hs F Gs 600 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 Local Time (h) Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 57. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215.
25 20 T ( C) 15 10 5 6m 3m 1.5 m 0.75 m 0 O N D J F M A M J J A S 1955 1956 Adapted from Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 37, 746 (1956).
2.5 Bulk Transfer Coefficients (10 3 ) 2.0 1.5 C D C H 1.0 C E 0 5 10 15 Wind Speed, V (m s 1 )
60N 30N 0 30S 60S 60E 120E 180 120W 60W 0 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 W m 2
Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 70. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/ Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215. z i FA EZ z z z Height, z ML SL T q q V BL Vg V (a) DAY Height, z z i z FA CI RL z z SBL T q q Vg V (b) NIGHT
(a) 100 Neutral Height, z (m) 50 Unstable Stable 0 0 V BL Wind Speed, V 100 (b) Neutral Height, z (m) 10 1 0.1 Stable Unstable z o 0.01 0 V BL Wind Speed, V From Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 77. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215; and from R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988, Fig. 9.5, p. 377, Copyright 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media.
Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 77. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/ Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215. Height, z = 500 m 500 Wind Speed, V Vg V BL 0 1000 200 100 50 2000 20 10 5 2 1000 200 100 50 3AM 9AM 3PM 9PM 3AM Time
15 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 W m 2
stable stable Height, z environment dry adiabat parcel movement unstable neutral unstable stable T q Correct Incorrect analysis local analysis Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 131. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215.
Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 69. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215. Free Atmosphere Height, z E.Z. Mixed Layer Capping Inversion Residual Layer Stable BL Day 1 Night 1 Day 2
Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 69. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215. (a) Dq (b) z i z i Height, z 0 Potential Temperature, q F Hzi 0 F Hs Heat Flux, F H
Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 70, 74. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215. (a) F Hs Daytime Nighttime Heat Flux, F H 0 t 1 t 2 Time, t (b) z i at t 2 Height, z z i at t 1 0 Sounding Early Morning q q at t 1 at t 2 Potential Temperature, q
Height, z Phase 1 Nocturnal Inversion Burn-off Phase 2 Rapid Rise Phase 3 Quasisteady Adapted from R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988, Fig. 11.10, p. 452, and Fig. 13.12, p. 564, Copyright 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media. ~1 km LCL clouds z i sunrise mid-morning mid-afternoon
tropopause z i z x High Low Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 69. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/ Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215.
Venting by thunderstorms Tropopausez Venting by fronts y x
Height, z tropopause clouds clouds z i BL n cold air frontal zone warm air Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 69. Copyright 2000. Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: www.thomsonrights.com. Fax 800-730-2215. z i BL
Adapted from R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer, Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988, Fig. 14.5, p. 592, Copyright 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media. anabatic winds valley winds (a) katabatic winds mountain winds (b)
Afternoon Nighttime
40 N (a) 30 N 20 N 10 N 40 N (b) 30 N 20 N 10 N 40 N (c) 30 N 20 N 10 N 120 W 110 W 100 W 90 W 80 W 70 W
Height, z (a) (b) Night (c) Day d Wind Speed Potential Temperature
North (a) Wind 26 C 24 C 22 C T = 20 C (b) Height, z Wind Urban Urban Plume Boundary Layer Rural Boundary Layer rural suburban urban suburban rural Horizontal Distance, x
Relative backscatter intensity (db) at 1543 nm 33.5 34.5 35.5 36.5 37.5 90.0 90.0 90.0 2.5 Height above ground (km) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 vv v 09:31 09.32 09.33 Courtesy of Shane Mayor, National Center for Atmospheric Research. Data for the figure is from Mayor, S. D. and S. M. Spuler, 2004: Raman-shifted Eye-safe Aerosol Lidar, Appl. Optics, 43, 3915 3924.
East Pacific cross-equatorial cloud optical depth (MODIS), SST (TMI) and wind stress (QUIKSCAT) (2000/09/11) 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 50 40 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30 20 10 0 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 SST [C] 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 wind speed [5 m s 1 ]