INSTRUCT-O-GPAM THE HANDS-ON TRAINING GUIDE FOR THE FIRE INSTRUCTOR VOLUME XIV, ISSUE 1 FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLES JANUARY 1993 FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLES This is a two-part lesson covering Fire Hose and Nozzles. Material is provided for two separate lessons including lesson plans, each to be covered in one three-hour session, because of the limited objectives for each part. Nozzles actually require no practical application if the objectives are followed to the letter. However, it will be much more effective and beneficial to the students if the program is carried out as indicated in that section which encompasses the use of a pumper and flowing water. Fire hose requires setting up for an annual hose test, requiring field operations, including the use of a pumper. Either section may be covered first, leaving the pumper ready for operation with the other section. For example: Classroom session reviewing nozzles Setting up and operating the various nozzles Break Classroom session reviewing hose testing Conducting hose test Of course, the hose testing could be carried out first, then the fire stream section. In either case the pumper should be ready for the second part of the session. The instructor should set up for the most convenient and effective arrangement at each training site. ISSN: 0739-4551
IOG '93 JANUARY FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLES PARTI TASK To review the various nozzles used, the department(s) involved in the course, and to define the flows required for developing effective streams from these nozzles. ESTIMATED TIME OUTLINE 1 1/2 hours 1. To reviewfognozzles,theirparts, andwaterflow through the nozzle. 2. To review solid stream nozzles, their parts, and water flow through the nozzle. 3. To define the nozzle pressures required for proper operation of these nozzles. 4. To identify the gallon per minute flow required to develop proper nozzle pressures and effective streams. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES I. NFPA Standard 1001, Firefighter III A. 5-14.1 The firefightershall diagram the types of fog nozzles, identify the major parts and trace water flow through each. B. 5-14.2 The firefighter, given a selection of nozzles and tips, shall identify the type, design, operation, nozzle pressure and flow of each. STUDY GUIDE 1. Review nozzles. Source: Fire Department material. 2. Review SOP's and orders on nozzles and their operation. Source: Fire Department material. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: IFSTA, Essentials of Firefighting, Chapters IFSTA, Fire Stream Practices Manufacturer's nozzle diagrams, charts, etc. 1. LESSON DEFINED It is the purpose of this lesson to review and understand the operation of solid stream and fog nozzles to define the nozzle pressures required of each and the flow through the various nozzles which are required for the development of effective streams. 2. OUTLINE AND PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES - A review of the outline and performance objectives indicates that the instructor has a combination classroom/hands-on lesson to present. The nozzles used by the department(s) on hand should be covered in regard to the type, the nozzle pressures for which they are designed, and the flow required for those pressures. 3. GENERAL PROCEDURES Following the performance objectives to the letter would indicate that no practical operation is necessary. They merely require identification of parts, water flow, pressures, etc., when the student is presented with the various nozzles. However, it is suggested that the nozzles actually be used in addition to taking time to draw or otherwise trace the flow of water through them. Manufacturer's illustrations and charts will be particularly helpful in reviewing the flow through the nozzle and the formation of the stream. This can be discussed in the classroom and when in operation. If this session is presented as the second part of the lesson, the pumper already hooked upforthe hose test portion of the program may be readily used for nozzle work. Remember that it is the proper flow which develops correct nozzle pressure and that flow develops friction loss in the hose line. Note the first two letters in flow. v
JANUARY IOG '93 When working with the nozzles the pump pressure for the size and length of line and the nozzle used may be worked out and presented to the students. It is sometimes surprising to find firefighters who know how much pressure is required on a certain pre-connected line but have no idea why and, therefore, can figure nothing else. Review the nozzles in the classroom, then put as many of them to use as possible. Full running gear is required for this activity. SUGGESTED LESSON PLAN INSTRUCTOR NOTES I. SOLID STREAM NOZZLES A. Handline 1. Designed for 50# nozzle pressure at proper flow 2. 1 1/2" none 3. 1 3/4" -15/16" & 7/8" tips = 200 gpm maximum 4. 2 1/2" -1" = 200 gpm; 1 1/8" = 265 gpm; 1 1/4" = 325 gpm 5. Direct connect type/no playpipe and handles/best for pre-connected lines 6. Ball type control valves/neoprene valve seat/full control handle 7. Flow through nozzle/formation of stream/concentrated stream B. Heavy Streams 1. Designed for 80# nozzle pressure at proper flow 2. 1 1/4" - 400 gpm; 1 1/2" = 600 gpm; 1 3/4" = 800 gpm; 2" = 1,000 gpm 3. Controlled at pumper and/or by gated Siamese or gate valves 4. Flow through base and nozzle 5. Stream straightener/vanes/prevent turbulence and poor stream 6. Too much pressure destroys stream II. FOG NOZZLES A. Handline 1. Designed for 100# nozzle pressure at proper flow 2. 1 1/2" = 125 gpm maximum 3. 1 3/4" = 200 gpm maximum 4. 2 1/2" = 250 gpm maximum 5. Direct connect type for pre-connects 6. Ball type control valve/rotary type (garden hose style) a. indicate water flow control, parts and stream formation for each type if on hand 7. Constant gallonage a. same flow regardless of pattern b. showwaterflow control, parts andstream formation if on hand 8. Adjustable gallonage a. same as constant gallonage except that a flow setting may be selected b. show design features of nozzle, and parts that allow gpm selection/water control and stream formation if on hand
IOG'93 JANUARY INSTRUCTOR NOTES 9. Automatic a. regardless of flow, maintains 100# nozzle pressure b. though stream may look good there may no be enough water for control of fire c. determine minimum operating pressure based on size and length of hose d. watch out for a drop in flow during firefighting operations e. indicate parts/design features which cause automatic operation/water flow control and stream formation if on hand B. Heavy Streams 1. Designed for 100# nozzle pressure at proper flow 2. Available from 500 gpm to 2,000 or more gpm 3. constant, adjustable and automatic a. designed and operated the same as handline nozzles 4. Best performance with stream straightener 5. Water flow controlled at nozzle, pumper, gated Siamese or gate valves FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLES PART 2 TASK To review the procedures, equipment and safety factors required for conducting the annual hose test for fire hose. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE I. NFPA Standard 1001, Firefighter III A. 5-13.1 The firefighter shall conduct an annual service test for fire hose. ESTIMATED TIME 1 1/2 hours STUDENT STUDY GUIDE OUTLINE 1. To review the need for an annual hose test. 2. To identify proper actions related to firefighter safety during the test. 3. To define equipment needed to conduct the test. 1. Review SOP's and orders on hose testing. Source: Fire Department material. 2. Review items used for hose testing. Source: Fire Department material.
JANUARY IOG '93 STUDENT REFERENCES: IFSTA, Fire Hose Practices, Seventh Edition NFPA, Standards 1961 and 1962 1. LESSON DEFINED It is the purpose of this lesson to present to the student the actions required and the equipment needed to conduct an annual hose test. 2. OUTLINE AND PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE A review of the outline and performance objective indicates that the instructor has a simple, straightforward session to present in regard to the proper testing of hose either in the classroom and/or the practical operation if possible. 3. GENERAL PROCEDURES As stated, this lesson is to cover the proper method of testing hose. It is not an operational procedure which needs to be repeated by individual members of the class. A single run through should suffice to satisfy the performance objective. INSTRUCTOR REFERENCES: IFSTA, Fire Hose Practices, 7th Edition NFPA, Standards 1961 and 1962 SUGGESTED LESSON PLAN INSTRUCTOR NOTES I. SAFETY It is important to note that certain safety factors are involved and that definite procedures should be followed and certain equipment used to conduct a test in a proper and safe manner. First of all, keep in mind that a hose test gate valve must be used and that all air must be bled from the line before test pressure is placed on the hose. The gate valve to be used has a 1 /4" hole in the gate itself so that when closed this small opening allows the pressure to be exerted but does not allow a flow surge if hose should fail under test. This, of course, keeps burst hose from flying around possibly injuring someone. Air must be bled fully from the line because air can be compressed, water cannot. It is not hard to imagine what will happen if hose bursts under 250 psi of compressed air pressure. II. GENERAL INFORMATION It is important to point out that hose should also be tested when it has been subjected to certain activities or conditions. This may include: 1. Severe strain - hoisting 2. Hard use - damaged or torn jackets 3. Pressure surges - water hammer 4. Mechanical injury - run over, dropped from considerable height 5. Freezing 6. Burned or heated 7. Chemical contamination
1OG'93 JANUARY INSTRUCTOR NOTES If an actual service test is to be conducted, arrangements should be made ahead of time for use of a proper site and for the needed equipment to be on hand. The instructor should review the overall procedures and safety factors in the classroom then go into the field for the test. NFPA 1962 allows testing with fire department pumper or a hose testing machine. Testing with use of a pumper will be covered herein. Needed in the field will be the following: 1. A suitable location where water runoff will not be a problem. Watch out for and keep children and other bystanders away. 2. Water source - hydrant or static.,., 3. Fire department pumper 4. Spanners 5. Rope hose tool/utility rope 6. Crayon or soft pencil (to mark hose at couplings) 7. Tags to mark defective hose sections 8. Notebook or clipboard and paper to record the ID numbers of hose 9. Hose Test Gate Valve The amount of hose to be used for this session need only be 100 feet. NFPA 1962 limits each to 300 feet per line, but this amount is not necessary for class purposes. ill. CONDUCTING THE TEST 1. Lay out hose, straight, free of twists or kinks. Record hose ID numbers. 2. Connect pumper to water supply. 3. Connect hose test gate valve to outlet on officer side for protection of operator, connect hose to hose test gate valve. Attach shut off nozzle to end of line. Use rope hose tool to support the line about 12 to 15 inches from discharge outlet. 4. With hose test gate valve and nozzle open, charge line at not more than 100#. After line is charged and all of the AIR HAS BEEN EXHAUSTED FROM THE HOSE, close nozzle slowly and close hose test gate valve. Maintain a pressure of about 50# for a few minutes and check for loose hose linings. n
JANUARY IOG '93 INSTRUCTOR NOTES 5. Check couplings for leaks, tighten with spanners as necessary. Mark hose at couplings with crayon or soft pencil. 6. With the test valve closed, raise pressure slowly to the required level (see Appendix A). Hold the pressure forfive minutes. Walkthe line and inspect for coupling leaks orpinholes. NEVER STRADDLE THE HOSE. Except as necessary to inspect the hose and couplings, keep at least 20 feet from the hose. 7. After five minutes, reduce pumper to idling speed, close discharge, disengage pump and open drain valve to reduce pressure on the test line. When pressure drops below 100# open nozzle slowly to finish relieving pressure. Disconnect line. 8. Observe marks placed on hose at couplings. If couplings have moved during the test the section must be recoupled. Record ID number, tag and take the section out of service. 9. Hose record should indicate the condition of each section tested. 10. After testing, properly drain and dry hose. Despite the lengthy description above, the actual test set up for class purposes will take a relatively short time. Remember, this is for this lesson only. Do not get involved in department fire hose testing. Deny all requests to conduct the annual test or any other tests not related to this lesson. The time allotted for this lesson does not allow for such activities. The log's which you have received and will be forthcoming are edited versions of lessons developed by Hal Richman for Wisconsin State Fire Training. Hal is a past president of the Society and a retired Fire Chief with some 30 years in the fire service. Our thanks to Mr. Si Hertzler, Wisconsin State Fire Service Director for permission to use the material and to Fire Coordinators Dave McFadden and Bruce Erickson for their help with the program. Methods and techniques provided in the Instruct- O-Gram are suggested by the author. There are many other methods and techniques which are equally successful and used in many municipalities throughout the world. The new Instruct-O- Gram is aimed at developing sound training procedures for the recruit level. These procedures may differ from policy which is established by the chief of the department and commonly posted as the "standard operating procedure" (SOP). It is suggested that any difference in procedures be brought to the attention of the chief of the department. ISFSI
APPENDIX A Test pressures for Hose Manufactured Prior to July, 1987 - Trade Size (inches) Jackets New Hose Rated Acceptance Test Pressure (psi) Service Test Pressure (psi) Lined Industrial Standpipe & Fire Department 1 1/2"thru 4" Lined Forestry 1 1/2" & 2 1/2" Unlined Forestry Relay Supply 3 1/2" thru 4 1/2" 5" thru 6" Pumper Supply Soft Sleeve 4" thru 6" Multiple Multiple Single Single Single Single Multiple 400 600 450 450 400 300 400 250 250 250 250 200 150 200 The service test pressure for hose manufactured in and after July, 1987 shall meet the requirements of NFPA 1961,1987 Edition, "Standard for Fire Hose," shall be determined by the test pressure stenciled on each length of hose shown as: "SERVICE TEST TO PSI per NFPA 1962" TRAINING NOTICE TIME:. DATE: LOCATION: NOTES: FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLES - PART I TASK To review the various nozzles used, thedepartment(s) involved in the course, and to define the flows required fordevelopingeffectivestreamsfrom these nozzles. ESTIMATED TIME 1 1/2 hours STUDY GUIDE 1. Review nozzles. Source: Fire Department material. 2. Review SOP's and orders on nozzles and their operation. Source: Fire Department material. FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLES - PART 2 TASK To review the procedures, equipment and safety factors required for conducting the annual hose test for fire hose. ESTIMATED TIME 1 1/2 hours STUDENT STUDY GUIDE 1. Review SOP's and orders on hose testing. Source: Fire Department material. 2. Review items used for hose testing. Source: Fire Department material.