SURFACE PAVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND ACCIDENT RATE

The 10 h Inernaional Conference RELIABILITY and STATISTICS in TRANSPORTATION and COMMUNICATION -2010 Proceedings of he 10h Inernaional Conference Reliabiliy and Saisics in Transporaion and Communicaion (RelSa 10), 20 23 Ocober 2010, Riga, Lavia, p. 71-78. ISBN 978-9984-818-34-4 Transpor and Telecommunicaion Insiue, Lomonosova 1, LV-1019, Riga, Lavia SURFACE PAVEMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND ACCIDENT RATE Milan Valuch, Ľubomír Pepucha, Marin Pioňák, Peer Fraňo Universiy of Zilina Faculy of Civil Engineering Univerzina 8215/1, 020 26 Zilina, Slovakia Acciden rae has hree main reasons. The main reason is of course he abiliy of he driver. The second reason is he echnical condiion of he vehicle. The hird reason is he echnical condiion of he pavemen. These are hree main reasons wih influence on acciden rae and he given sudy is focused on he menioned heme. The auhors analyse he echnical characerisics of he pavemen especially muaive of hem and analyse is influence on acciden occurrence. Non muaive pavemen characerisics are on consan level during he lifeime of he pavemen and raffic loading has minimal influence on is rae or qualiy. On he oher side he muaive pavemen characerisics are direcly proporional on he influences like raffic loading, climae condiion, pavemen consrucion, ec. To ensure he suiable rae of muaive pavemen characerisic (road-raffic safey depend on is) we use he Pavemen managemen sysem (PMS). PMS is he effecive ool for mainenance and repair works cos opimisaion from he view of road nework in Slovakia. This oll based on diagnosics and evaluaion of he echnical muaive pavemen characerisics is useable all over he world. This sysem (PMS) allow he road adminisraor o evaluae he economic effeciveness of he designed mainenance and repair works for each road secion seleced o invesmen. (Repair and mainenance works). The economic effeciveness evaluaion of all seleced road secion allows he road adminisraor o make a road secion rank from he view of economic resuls of he prepared invesmen o mainenance or repairing work of he road pavemen. The nex oupu is he opimal year of he mainenance or repair calculaion. I is year when he benefis in compare o coss are on he bes level. Keywords: acciden rae, operaing abiliy of he pavemen, echnical condiion of he pavemen, muaive pavemen characerisic 1. Inroducion Accidens originae in raffic flow have a lo of negaive impacs from differen views. All governmens, EU sakeholders included, ry o reduce acciden rae from he view of number of accidens, financial coss, number of faal acciden, ec. To reduce he acciden rae we need o know he reasons of is origin. Acciden rae has hree main reasons. The main reason is of course he abiliy of he driver. The second reason is he echnical condiion of he vehicle. The hird reason is he echnical condiion of he pavemen and on his reason wih influence on acciden rae, is focused his aricle. The aricle analyses he echnical characerisics of he pavemen especially muaive of hem and analyses is influence on acciden occurrence. Non muaive (unchangeable) pavemen characerisics are on consan level during he lifeime of he pavemen and raffic loading has minimal influence on is rae or qualiy. On he oher side he muaive pavemen characerisics are direcly proporional on he influences like raffic loading, climae condiion, pavemen consrucion, ec. To ensure he suiable rae of muaive pavemen characerisic (road-raffic safey depends on i) we use he Pavemen managemen sysem (PMS). PMS is he effecive ool for mainenance and repair works cos opimisaion from he view of road nework in Slovakia. This oll based on diagnosics and evaluaion of he echnical muaive pavemen characerisics is useable all over he world. This PMS allows he road adminisraor o evaluae he economic effeciveness of he designed mainenance and repair works for each road secion seleced o invesmen (repair and mainenance works). The economic effeciveness evaluaion of all seleced road secion allows he road adminisraor o make a road secion rank from he view of economic resuls of he prepared invesmen o mainenance or repairing work of he road pavemen. The nex oupu is he opimal year of he mainenance or repair calculaion. I is a year when he benefis in comparing o coss are on he bes level. So if we are able o increase a echnical condiion of he road nework we are able o reduce he acciden rae. 71

Session 1. Transpor Sysems 2. Descripion of Research Road adminisraors ry o develop he effecive ools for road adminisraion long ime ago. Research and developmen in his field in Slovakia led o PMS developmen. In las few years Slovak Road Adminisraion use i as very effecive ool for ensuring of he opimal surface condiion from he view of pavemen echnical condiion. PMS in Slovakia is sill developed and upgraded. The PMS is based on hree basic principles: diagnosics of he pavemen consrucion muaive parameers echnical condiion of he pavemen consrucion evaluaion, design of he repair or mainenance echnology based on relevan daa from diagnosics, economic effeciveness evaluaion of he designed repair and mainenance echnology, The main goal of he PMS is o ensure susainable level of he echnical condiion of he road pavemens and ensure in he firs row safey of he road users. The end of he sysem echnical par is defined by he design of he repair echnology. Afer budgeing of he designed echnology we sar wih economical par of he sysem. In his par of he sysem economical parameers and inpus are very imporan, as: cos of acquisiion, (coss of invesor originae from preparaion, realizaion and successfully final building approval of he repaired road secion), road nework user benefis beer said benefis resul from road secion repair realizaion (ime savings ravel ime coss, acciden rae reducion, road user coss reducion, ec.), exernal benefis (environmenal effecs, acciden rae reducion, ec.) resul from invesmen o he repair and mainenance works on he road secion (hereinafer only: projec realizaion ), mainenance coss during he life ime of he consrucion works echnology (surface condiion renovaion) and he life ime of he consrucion works echnology depend on raffic volume evenually climae condiions. For he economic effeciveness evaluaion of his ype of invesmen projecs (repairing of he road secions) are used he same economic crieria and mehods like by he classic invesmen projecs, like: Benefi Cos Raio, Payback Period, Ne Presen Value, Inernal Rae of Reurn, ec. Economic evaluaion resuls from designed echnical soluion, hus from he designed mainenance and repair consrucion work echnology. There is an assumpion, ha repair echnology design is based on pavemen consrucion diagnosics. Then he designed echnology akes ino accoun besides he economic view (by he applicaion of he menioned mahemaical mehods), he real echnical condiion of he road consrucion oo. Then designed echnology is opimal soluion boh from economic and echnical views. Decision making process can be realized afer compleion of all imporan characerisics and parameers of he designed echnology. As shows Figure 1, PMS is ransformaion sysem. I means ha he insufficien echnical parameers of he pavemen consrucion (muaive parameers skid resisance, roughness, bearing capaciy, surface condiion, residual lifeime of he pavemen consrucion, ec.) as he inpus are ransformed o he sufficien as he oupus. PMS has incorporaed echnical and economical inerconnecions. The main goal of he PMS and his subsysem is o keep, beer said o increase, he operaing abiliy (OA) and operaing capaciy(ac) of he road nework (road secions). Described sysem is incorporaed ino program inerface called: Inegraed sysem for he economic evaluaion-iseh. I consiss from he hree modules: Basic program: is inended for he final phase of he invesmen projec preparing, when we have deail drawing documenaion(invesmen projec means: invesmen o he mainenance and repair consrucion works on he road secion), Prioriy program: is inended for he phase, where he road adminisraor is making decision making process final phase of he mainenance and repair echnology preparaion. Program chooses he opimal echnologies from he view of he pavemen consrucion diagnosics daa, Opimisaion program: is inended for he phase, where he road adminisraor is making decision making process final phase of he mainenance and repair echnology preparaion. Afer repair echnology design, program applies he predicion funcions of he muaive parameers of he pavemen consrucion and defines he opimal year for he repairing consrucion works realizaion. The main advanage is possibiliy o move some of he prepared invesmen projecs in ime (delaying of he invesmens). Then he user 72

The 10 h Inernaional Conference RELIABILITY and STATISTICS in TRANSPORTATION and COMMUNICATION -2010 can evaluae he economic effeciveness for various years of realizaion. The resul is, ha sysem enables he user beer planning of he repair works on he road nework based on economical and echnical decision making parameers. PP V CANUV KT PV (ZZ) HZ PS UN, EN DP DB UN a EN PVV ON NSU SP DF - CSH > 0 + EM PP T Figure 1. Block diagram of he PMS (Pavemen Managemen Sysem) Where: PP V inpus: muaive parameers from diagnosics describing pavemen condiion from he view of OA and OC. PV operaing capaciy (OC) PS operaing abiliy (OA) ZZ residual lifeime HZ hickness of he reinforcemen ON acquisiion cos of he consrucion works NSU mainenance cos during he lifeime of he repair echnology UN user coss EN exernal coss SP social benefis CSH Ne Presen Value CANUV daa from diagnosics abou pavemen consrucion bearing capaciy evaluaed by sysem CANUV (Comprehensive analysis of he pavemen bearing capaciy) KT lis of echnologies DP raffic daa DB UN&EN daabase of he road user coss and exernal coss from he raffic PVV surface condiion DF degradaion funcions EM economic mehods (mahemaical evaluaion) PP T ransformed muaive parameers (oupus)- goal of he sysem: sufficien operaing abiliy and operaing capaciy. 73

Session 1. Transpor Sysems 3. Quanificaion of he Parameers for Decision-Making Processes Economic evaluaion depends besides designed echnical soluion also on precision of he main parameers quanificaion ha is included ino decision-making process. If we wan o make decision abou economic effeciveness of he designed buil repair echnology, we need o calculae: 1. Road user benefis for all life ime of he designed repair echnology, or more precisely road user benefis resul from realized building repair of he road secion are he differences beween higher road user coss in he case if he building repair is no realized and lower road user coss afer building repair projec on he same road secion realizaion. (Road user coss-benefis are: ime savings, higher safey acciden rae, lower vehicle operaion coss, ec.). This difference is affeced, in nex few years ill he end of he repair echnology life ime, and adjused by he raffic growh coefficiens and by he operaing abiliy degradaion. B OPUN = ( UN UN ( / n) ) * k, where: OPUN BEZOPR PRIOPR ) T, OPR * (1 Expeced road user benefis during he ime in (during he life ime of he repair echnology) UN BEZ OPR Road user coss in firs year afer expeced repairing of he road secion in he case when he repair is no realized, UN PRI OPR Road user coss afer repair realizaion, during he firs year afer repair works, B k KIRDZ Coefficien of he degradaion raffic growh coefficien years from 1 ill n 2. Exernal benefis (savings in he exernal coss) resuled from realized building repair works. These benefis presen he difference beween higher exernal coss if he building repair projec is no realized and lower exernal coss afer projec realizaion from he view of road users and he people living alongside repaired road secion. The exernal benefis are: noise, air polluans, vibraions, dusiness depression, lower rae acciden ec Quanificaion of hese ypes of benefis is possible by he raffic speed and acciden rae simulaions if we ake ino accoun he echnical level of he road consrucion and operaing abiliy. For his ype of calculaion we need daabase of he exernal coss including is calculaion. 3. Analogous o road user benefis are calculaed benefis in he field of exernal coss during he life ime of he repair echnology. The exernal benefis are calculaed like difference beween higher exernal coss if he building repair projec is no realized and lower exernal coss afer projec realizaion from he view of road users and he people living alongside repaired road secion. This calculaion is applied in he firs year afer repair works realizaion. During he nex years of he repair echnology lifeime are he benefis adjused by he raffic growh coefficiens and by he operaing abiliy degradaion. BEZOPR PRIOPR ) T, OPR * (1 KRDZ B OPEN = ( EN EN ( / n) ) * k, KRDZ where: OPEN Expeced exernal benefis during he ime in (during he life ime of he repair echnology). 4. Invesmen coss (coss resul from coss used from he view of invesor for preparing works, building repair of he road secion projec realizaion and final building repair works approval). Purchase cos of he repair works conains building coss and preparing works coss (diagnosics, projec documenaion, budge reserve, ec.). Purchase cos is included in library of echnologies: OONSÚ = SNSÚ + OONSÚ SNSÚ = ZRNSÚ + VRNSÚ, where: OONSÚ Expeced invesmen coss for repair works during he ime in 74

The 10 h Inernaional Conference RELIABILITY and STATISTICS in TRANSPORTATION and COMMUNICATION -2010 SNSÚ Building coss for building repair Works during he ime, OONSÚ Ohers coss included in invesmen coss (preparing works diagnosics, projec documenaion, ec.), during he ime, in ZRNSÚ Basic budge for building repair works coss calculaed for repair works during he ime, in VRNSÚ Secondary coss for building repair works coss calculaed for repair works during he ime. 5. Mainenance works coss coss used for mainenance of he repaired road secion during he lifeime of he used echnology. I means improvemen of he pavemen surface condiion. I conains building coss and preparing works coss (diagnosics, projec documenaion, budge reserve ec ). Abou value of hese coss are decreased road user and exernal benefis. These coss are included in library of echnologies. OONOPVV = SNOPVV + OONOPVV SNOPVV = ZRNOPVV + VRNOPVV, where: OONPVV expeced invesmen coss for mainenance works of he echnology (of he pavemen surface during he echnology life ime) during he ime, in. 6. Technology life ime for all ypes of repairing Technologies is included in library of Technologies. 4. Applicaion of he Sysem in he Program Inerface Presened par of Pavemen managemen sysem (PMS) is applied ino program inerface called: Inegraed sysem for economic evaluaion of he pavemen building repair echnologies. (ISEH). Program ISEH has hree modules: Basic, Preferred and Opimising. Preferred and opimising modules are based on basic modules. Preferred module works wih daa abou presen echnical condiion of he road consrucion and road pavemen, presen parameers of he operaing abiliy and operaing capaciy of he pavemen consrucion. This module enable o make sequence of he road secion from he view of he repair works realizaion necessiy for each valuaed road secion on he level of road nework. This sequence is based on designed building repair echnology economic effeciveness evaluaion, is purchase coss and exernal-social benefis. Figure 2. Inroducory window of he program ISEH 75

Session 1. Transpor Sysems Opimising module works wih daa abou presen pavemen echnical condiion and fuure progress of he pavemen consrucion echnical condiion. Nex module works wih presen parameers of he operaing abiliy and operaing capaciy of he pavemen consrucion and is predicion based on prediced funcions for all variable parameers of he pavemen consrucion. This module enables o make he sequence presen urgency of he repair works for all valuaed road secions. This sequence is based on designed building repair echnology economic effeciveness evaluaion, is purchase coss and exernal benefis during he echnology life ime. This sequence can be updaed for various years according changes in operaing abiliy and operaing capaciy of he pavemen consrucion, changes in designed repair echnology, is price and changes in exernal social benefis. Applicaion of he PMS economic par for economic evaluaion of he repair echnology design has inroducory window ha enable moion beween single pars of he program applicaion and enable o voe beween all modules of he program applicaion. 4.1. Inpus Ranges of inpus depend on ype of he program module. You can work wih basic, preferred or opimising module. In principle i akes he daa: idenificaion daa, daa abou echnical condiion of he pavemen and pavemen consrucion: raffic parameers (raffic volume, raffic flow srucure...), variable parameers of he pavemen surface, residual life ime variable parameers, road geomery (unchangeable parameers), ec. Main window of he program Inpus Calculaion oupus Idenificaion daa Traffic volume Work wih daa base New acion creaion Muaive parameers Unchangeable parameers Figure 3. Srucure of he user inerface 4.1.1. Idenificaion daa Idenificaion daa include common daa abou evaluaed road secion. (Name, ype of road, road ID, ec..), economic daa (year of projec realizaion, repair works invesmen coss, residual life ime of he pavemen consrucion before and afer projec realizaion, bank rae discoun of he Slovak Naional Bank, ec.), daa abou road secion localizaion from he view of he Slovak road nework daa from Nodal Locaion Sysem (LNS) (nodal poins, lengh of he road secions his applicaion (work in LNS) is possible only if he user choose he work in LNS by he creaing of he new acion) and uni prices of he road user and exernal coss. 76

The 10 h Inernaional Conference RELIABILITY and STATISTICS in TRANSPORTATION and COMMUNICATION -2010 4.1.2. Ineres of he road users (Traffic volume) Traffic volume daa are enered like able of 24 hour raffic volume for all raffic flow srucure for evaluaed road secion. If he user choose by he creaion of he new acion possibiliy enable ener he daa for each raffic flow direcion independenly, user have o ener he percenage of he raffic volume in he direcion of he road saioning. User has o ener he percenage of he raffic growh raffic growh coefficien. 4.1.3. Operaing abiliy (variable parameers) Operaing abiliy presen he immediae condiions of he pavemen represen by he values of he variable (muaive) parameers of he pavemen consrucion: longiudinal roughness, ransverse roughness, surface condiion, skid resisance, ec. All of he parameers are enered for he all lengh of he evaluaed road secion. According he new acion seing seleced by user, user can ener he daa for boh direcion of he road secion or for each raffic flow direcion separaely. In he second case is on he boom of he window displayed buon for changing he raffic flow direcion and copying from one direcion o he reverse. 4.1.4. Geomery and pavemen consrucion daa (Unchangeable daa) These daa include: Road caegory, road ype, road geomery road alignmen, raffic inerrupions (crossroads), limied raffic speed, urban areas, ec. In he case of opimising module user ener he residual pavemen consrucion life ime oo. 4.2. Oupus Par called: Oupus enable o users o view and o prin he calculaed values of he economic parameers, mainly: Chaper of he coss and benefis in financial numbers, economic resuls beer say economic effeciveness designed building repair echnology for he pavemen consrucion presened by economic crieria like: Payback Period, Ne Presen Value, Inernal Rae of Reurn. The user can view and prin he general repor for each acion beer say for all evaluaed road secions and all evaluaed building repair echnology varians. Nex he user can view and prin he sequences of he urgency for he evaluaed road secion based on economic crieria values beer say based on economic effeciveness of he invesmen o he road secion repairing. The menioned oupus are sufficien and objecive crieria for he program user (road adminisraor) for decision if he designed repair echnology is effecive, if his echnology will be used for evaluaed secion or no. A he end road adminisraor can make decision if he evaluaed road secion will be repaired or no and decision making process will be correc and based on objecive crieria. 4.3. Archiving All daa enered for each acion can be archived. Then user can anyime use he daa again, work wih hem, change hem and use again. Archive in program serve in he same ime like a ool for making of he sequences of he urgency based on economic crieria (Inernal Rae of Reurn). 5. Conclusions The acciden rae reducion issues are incorporaed ino Pavemen Managemen Sysem. The main goal of he PMS is o improve, beer said, a leas o keep he echnical condiion of he road pavemens. If we ake ino accoun, ha he echnical condiion of he road pavemen is one of he hree main reasons for he acciden occurrence originae, we can say, ha if we reduce he road pavemen degradaion, hen we reduce he acciden rae. So he developing and upgrading of he PMS is very effecive ool for acciden rae reducion. Economic par of he PMS is is final produc, because economic evaluaion of he prepared invesmen projecs enable comprehensive evaluaion of he designed echnical soluion, road user and exernal-social benefis, invesmen coss and secondary coss mainenance coss during he life ime period included. Economic effeciveness crieria (Payback Period, Ne Presen Value, Inernal Rae of Reurn ec ) enable o users evaluae he designed repair echnology for he pavemen 77

Session 1. Transpor Sysems consrucion and make decision if he designed echnology will be used or no. Calculaed crieria of he economic effeciveness enable o user (road adminisraor) make he sequence of he urgency of he repair works for all evaluaed road secion on he level of he road nework. These sequences of he urgency are based on immediae echnical condiion of he pavemen consrucion, is progress degradaion and mosly on economic effeciveness of he invesmen o he repairing of he evaluaed road secion. Evaluaion of he repair and mainenance invesmen projecs is no only abou echnical condiion of he pavemen consrucion evaluaion beer say evaluaion of he echnical parameers of he pavemen consrucion evenually is predicion. Road adminisraor from he view of PMS principles needs comprehensive evaluaion based on echnical-economic parameers like invesmen coss, exernal social benefis, designed echnical soluion, mainenance coss, echnology life ime, ec. During he Cos Benefis analysis applicaion he daa resuled from projec realizaion, will be convered o he cash flow and he decisive economic crieria will be calculaed. By is calculaion (economic crieria) we can answer he quesion if he prepared invesmen o he road secion reparaion is effecive from he view of he road users and raffic flow safey increasing. Because he safey and he coninual raffic flow are mos imporan requiremens from he road users o he road adminisraors. Developing and upgrading of he PMS is very effecive way how o slow down he road consrucion degradaion and how o reduce he rae acciden. The main advanage is ha wih he increasing he qualiy of he road pavemen echnical condiion are conneced he several benefis excep acciden rae reducion as road user benefis, exernal benefis, social benefis, ec. I means a lo of benefi we canno see in he firs view bu hey come wih invesmen o he road secion reparaion. This work was suppored by he Slovak Research and Developmen Agency under he conrac No LPP-0402-09. References 1. Valuch, M., Frano, P. Sysém ekonomického hodnoenia prevádzkovej spôsobilosi vozovky, záverečná správa. Žilina, 1998. 2. Polacek, M. Program C 920: Dopravoprojek. Braislava, 1985. 3. Schlosser, F., Trojanova, M., Zguova, K., e al. Technológia savebných prác: VŠ učebnica, ŽU EDIS. Žilina, 2005. 4. Pepucha, Ľ., Časnocha, P. Hodnoenie efekívnosi projekov. Zborník z 9. medzinárodnej konferencie: Cesná konferencia Q-2007, Žilina 3.5.-4.5. Žilina, 2007, s. 70-75. ISBN 978 80-969681 0 7 78