QUOTAS -Setting and Sharing A North East Atlantic Gordic Knot 1.Simpósio Internacional sobre o Manejo da Pesca Marinho no Brasil Brasilia, 06 a 08 de Julho de 2015 Johán H Williams Diretor Technico, Pesca y Aquicultura Norwegian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries
1. The Arena
Norway A Blue Economy Nation NORWAY Population: Mainland: Spitsbergen: Jan Mayen: kkkkk 5,0 million 323.425 sq.km 62.050 sq.km 377 sq.km Mainland EEZ: 968.700 sq.km Spitsbergen FPZ 804.000 sq.km Jan Mayen FZ: 296.600 sq.km
Norwegian Coast and Seas Norwegian Seas: Jurisdiction over 6 times the land area. Baseline: 2,500 km Coastline (mainland): 25,000 km Norwegian shoreline (mainland including islands): 83,000 km
Economic Values of the Norwegian Seas 35 percent of GDP 10 percent of employment 70 percent of Norwegian export Food Energy Transport
Shared Stocks 90% of Norwegian catch from shared stocks Cooperation is fundamental Different mechanisms established to address the management challenges Stable and agreed kkkkk quota allocation between states facilitates successful joint management schemes Based on the UNCLOS /UNFSA framework
Bilateral and Coastal State Fish Stock Management Negotiations Bilateral Managing fishing on Norway Russia (shared) shared fish stocks requires close Norway EU (shared) cooperation between Norway Greenland (exch) the coastal states Norway Faroe Island (exch) Coastal States kkkkk Norwegian spring spawning herring Northeast Atlantic mackerel Blue whiting Irminger Sea redfish Redfish area I and II Capelin
Norway in Regional Fisheries Management Organisations North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO) The International Commission kkkkk for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO) Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine living Resources (CCAMLR)
2. The Scientists
Institute of Marine Research The Beginning Norsk Fiskeristyrelse established 1900 Became the Directorate of Fisheries in 1906 with a research staff of 20, two were scientists In 1989, the Institute of Marine Research was separated from the Directorate of Fisheries
Institute of Marine Research Key Figures Scientiists 185 Technicians 230 Administrative 88 Crew 110 Total 613 Appr turnover 100 mill US$/y
Institute of Marine Research - Vessels Vessel Days at Sea G.O. Sars 280 Johan Hjort 250 Håkon Mosby 170 G.M. Dannevig 230 Dr. Fridtjof Nansen Hans Brattström 320 210 Fangst 180 Jan Mayen 75 Chartered vessels 770 Total 2 485 G.O.SARS 2003 JOHAN HJORT 1980 G.M.DANNEVIG 1978 HÅKON MOSBY 1980 DR. FRIDTJOF NANSEN 1983
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Main aim: To collate, synthesize and coordinate marine science To enable provision of best available evidence for use by decision-makers A marine scientific cooperation since 1902 20 Member Countries bordering the North Atlantic Geographical scope; North Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic Sea, European seas, Arctic and Pacific
Advice is : Delivered at the time required to feed into the decision process Compiled annually in advice report: Status of marine ecosystems Status of fish stocks in Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea Advice on natural resource management and the marine environment Annually ICES provides: Fisheries Advice on >240 stocks. Quantitative Advice on 68 stocks Multi-species Mixed fisheries Environmental Advice
Unbiased and non-political: Considered legitimate by governments and stakeholders Best available knowledge of biological conditions in the sea - Advice is : : International science, application of research results and international data bases Transparent - documented and open to observers Quality assured - peer reviewed advice
3. The happy Years
BLUE WHITING Micromesistius poutassou
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Blue Whiting - Advice vs Catches 2500 2000 1500 1000 ADVICE CATCHES 500 0
Blue Whiting - EU Catches & Catches EU Zones - % of Total 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 EU CATCHES CATCHES EU ZONES
The Negotiations Blue Fighting More than 20 negotiation-meetings More than 5 years The Coastal States EU Faroe Islands Iceland Norway Affiliated Russia
The Negotiations Blue Fighting More than 20 negotiation-meetings More than 5 years I had my hairdresser in Reykjavik, Iceland
Blue Whiting - Norwegian Catches 50 % OF TOTAL 45 PAID EU 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Blue Whiting - Norwegian Catches 1200 1000 800 TOTAL IN N EEZ IN EU EEZ 600 400 200 0
Blue Whiting - Catches in Zones and by Fleets, 2005 & 2006 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2005 2006 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2005 2006
The 2006 Blue Whiting Agreement EU 30% Norway 26% Faroes 24% Iceland 16% Russia 4% access to economic zones fair share for others / outside 200 mile management plan catch reduction strategy Agreement 16. Dec, 2006
Quota sharing Negotiations rational Common Ground and agreed Allocation Criteriae application The UN Fish Stock Agreement (UNFSA) (The United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks )sets out principles for the conservation and management of those fish stocks and establishes that such management must be based on the precautionary approach and the best available scientific information. The Agreement elaborates on the fundamental principle, established in the Convention, that States should cooperate to ensure conservation and promote the objective of the optimum utilization of fisheries resources both within and beyond the exclusive economic zone. Zonal attachment Historical fishing Dependency Contribution to research
Sucsess Factor #1 Gang up against the biggest
Sucsess Factor #2 Show them your muscles
Success Factor #3
4. Climate Changed Climate
to agree or not agree X x x
Mackerel Catches Newcomers and Expansionism 180000 ICELAND 160000 FAROE ISLANDS 140000 GREENLAND 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0
A Party loses its Herring Patience 120 FAROE ISLANDS HERRING CATCHES 100 FAROE ISLANDS % OF TOTAL 80 60 40 20 0
Another Party remember and worries
Change in Blue Whiting Zonal Attachment 600 ICELAND CATCHES BLUE WHITING 500 OF IT IN OWN EEZ 400 300 200 100 0
The Consequence NSS Herrring : NO AGREEMENT Mackerel : NO AGREEMENT Blue Whiting : AGREEMENT OPENED NSS Herring and Atlantic Mackerel are fished at unsustainable catch levels Blue Whiting still fished in line with agreed management plan ICES found it to be in acc. with PrecApp
1000 tonn/1000 tonnes Aggregate spawning stock of the 5 most important pelagic Species 1985 2014 20 000 18 000 16 000 14 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
5. On the Side-line
The relevant RFMO ARTICLE 2 The objective of this Convention is to ensure the longterm conservation and optimum utilisation of the fishery resources in the Convention Area, providing sustainable economic, environmental and social benefits.
Convention Area & Regulatory Area Empowered by the Contracting Parties No autonomous powers - No supernational decision rights Coastal State Agreement and EEZ-regulation basis for Regulatory Area regulatory measures. 4 1, but reservation right (not bound as in every int.org) No coastal state, no NEAFC, int.waters stay unregulated with
DIVERT ATTENTION VMEs EBSAs Collective Arrangement Port State Measures?
6. It is possible, however
The Contradiction The History of the Joint Norwegian-Russian Fisheries Commission The Joint Norwegian-Russian Fisheries Commission was established in 1976 to manage cod, haddock and capelin in the Barents Sea. The Commission is also involved in other aspects of fisheries regulation, and since 1993 fishery control has become an important dimension of the bilateral management cooperation.
Present State Excellent
1000 tonn/1000 tonnes 3500 Aggregate spawning Stock of the 5 most important Groundfish Species 1985 2014 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
Cause and Effect CLIMATE FEED TEMPERATURE MANAGEMENT F and B lim RESILIENS
jhw@nfd.dep.no www.fisheries.no