Push: Pushing forward in pounds on a round knob (59mm) at various heights using 1 preferred hand. Free posture is unrestricted. Standard posture has one foot 30 cm in front of the other and elbow at 90 degrees of flexion. Handle Height Posture Sex Mean SD Shoulder Height Free Male 68 12 Female 45 16 Both 56 18 Standard Male 30 6 Female 24 3 Both 27 6 Elbow Height Free Male 79 21 Female 50 21 Both 64 25 Standard Male 33 6 Female 24 4 Both 28 6 1.7 m Free Male 67 11 Female 41 17 Both 54 19 1.3 m Free Male 76 18 Female 49 23 Both 63 25 0.7 m Free Male 88 30 Female 42 13 Both 65 33 I
Pull: Pulling backward in pounds on a round knob (59mm) at various heights using 1 preferred hand. Free posture is unrestricted. Standard posture has one foot 30 cm in front of the other and elbow at 90 degrees of flexion. Handle Height Posture Sex Mean SD Shoulder Height Free Male 67 15 Female 45 13 Both 56 17 Standard Male 33 6 Female 27 6 Both 30 6 Elbow Height Free Male 90 13 Female 53 24 Both 74 25 Standard Male 38 7 Female 29 6 Both 33 8 1.7 m Free Male 59 14 Female 44 13 Both 51 15 1.3 m Free Male 78 12 Female 50 18 Both 64 21 0.7 m Free Male 122 18 Female 65 21 Both 94 34 II
Angled Push Strength: Push forces in pounds on a cylindrical handle using one hand at different adduction/abduction and flexion angles. Feet 30 cm apart. Standing 30 100 0 28 60 35 50 0 20 60 25 0 100 0 30 30 34 60 38 90 39 50 30 25 60 32-30 100 0 27 60 33 50 0 27 60 34 Sitting (back and feet supported) 0 100 0 43 45 44 90 37 75 15 38 50 15 33 III
Angled Pull Strength: Pull forces in pounds on a cylindrical handle using one hand at different adduction/abduction and flexion angles. Feet 30 cm apart. Standing 30 100 0 23 60 33 50 0 19 60 28 0 100 0 25 30 29 60 33 90 35 50 30 25 60 33-30 100 0 29 60 39 50 0 25 Sitting (back and feet supported) 60 36 0 100 0 32 45 33 90 34 75 15 32 50 15 32 IV
Angled Lifting: Lifting strength in pounds on a cylindrical handle using 1 hand at a variety of arm angles and reach distances. Feet 30 cm apart. Standing 30 100 30 27 50 30 30 60 37 0 100 0 23 30 21 50 30 36 60 42-30 100 30 30 50 30 42 60 48 V
Angled Pulling to the Right: Pull force in pounds to the right on a cylindrical handle using 1 hand at a variety of arm angles and reach distances. Standing 30 100 30 18 60 16 50 30 20 60 18 0 100 0 17 30 16 60 16 90 16 50 30 18 60 16-30 100 30 18 60 18 50 30 22 60 20 Sitting (back and feet supported) 0 100 0 15 45 15 90 13 75 15 16 50 15 18 VI
Angled Pulling to the Left: Pull force in pounds to the left on a cylindrical handle using 1 hand at a variety of arm angles and reach distances. Standing 30 100 30 18 60 17 50 30 23 60 20 0 100 0 17 30 16 60 16 90 16 50 30 22 60 19-30 100 30 19 60 18 50 30 25 60 23 Sitting (back and feet supported) 0 100 0 16 45 17 90 15 75 15 18 50 15 23 VII
Angled Wrist Twisting: (Foot pounds) clockwise and counter clockwise using a cylindrical handgrip at a variety of arm angles and reaches Angle A % of Reach Angle B Mean clockwise Mean counter clockwise 30 100 0 7.2 8.6 60 6.9 8.3 50 0 11.2 12.3 60 11.1 11.9 0 100 0 4.9 8.7 30 4.9 9.1 60 4.9 8.8 50 0 11.4 13.2 60 11.2 13.1-30 100 0 3.6 10 60 3.8 9.6 50 0 14.3 13.3 60 10.3 13.5 VIII
Upper Body Strength Measurements At Different Shoulder Angles (Measured in Pounds) Push Forces: Lift Forces: Shoulder Shoulder 5th %tile 50th %tile 95th %tile SD angle angle 5th %tile 50th %tile 95th %tile SD 60 34 92 150 38 60 20 49 82 18 120 36 172 43 120 24 60 124 24 180 50 138 210 49 180 14 43 88 22 Pull Forces Shoulder angle 5th %tile 50th %tile 95th %tile SD Downward Press Forces. Shoulder angle 5th %tile 50th %tile 95th %tile SD 60 107 280 329 98 60 20 51 89 21 120 187 462 685 138 120 26 58 98 23 180 231 538 760 164 180 17 41 82 18 Pull Forces To The Left: Shoulder angle 5th %tile 50th %tile 95th %tile SD 60 20 52 87 19 120 22 53 100 26 180 20 50 104 26 Pull Forces To The Right: Shoulder angle 5th %tile 50th %tile 95th %tile SD 60 17 42 82 20 120 15 31 62 17 180 14 35 62 24 IX
Pull Forces Based on Different Handles Pull forces in pounds on a variety of handle types using one dominant hand. The type of grip and stance were unrestricted as long as the lead foot was not in front of the handle. Handle Height Handle type Sex Mean SD 1 m 1 Male 90 28 Female 62 13 Both 75 25 2 Male 58 19 Female 42 8 Both 49 16 3 Male 29 6 Female 25 4 Both 27 5 4 Male 91 26 Female 63 17 Both 76 25 1.75 m 1 Male 52 13 Female 37 7 Both 44 13 2 Male 43 10 Female 27 4 Both 35 11 3 Male 27 6 Female 22 4 Both 25 5 4 Male 54 14 Female 40 9 Both 46 13 X
Dynamic Pulling In an Upward Direction: Dynamic pull forces in lbs. on a vertical handgrip, at a variety of hand heights and pull angles and speeds (meters/second) Speed % Of Shoulder Ht. Pulling Angle Mean SD Range 0.7 m/s 40 25 161 42 83-293 35 138 42 69-240 70 25 138 46 80-260 35 101 32 63-187 1 m/s 40 25 107 42 48-224 35 106 42 49-201 70 25 94 25 37-146 35 65 26 32-131 1.1 m/s 40 25 80 33 35-157 35 74 34 24-180 70 25 76 29 47-180 35 58 25 28-134 XI
Tool Torques: (Foot-pounds) exerted with different hand tools, averaged over 21 different postures. Tool Sex Mean SD Range Crescent wrench Male 22.3 8.9 6.1-61.8 Female 14.8 5.7 1.2-34.0 Long Screwdriver Male 2.4 0.9 0.3-6.5 Female 1.6 0.6 0.3-3.9 Longest Screwdriver Male 3.0 2.1 0.8-8.0 Female 2.2 1.0 0.5-7.0 Medium Screwdriver Male 1.7 0.7 0.5-5.4 Female 1.2 0.5 0.4-2.5 Pipe wrench Male 29.2 10.3 8.7-67.6 Female 17.8 7.5 4.4-56.1 Short Screwdriver Male 3.3 1.2 0.8-8.5 Female 2.4 0.9 0.7-5.4 Socket wrench Male 29.5 10 8.0-68.4 Female 18.0 7.0 5.2-40.9 Spanner wrench Male 24.8 9.2 2.3-62.5 Female 15.0 6.1 4.2-44.7 Vice grip Male 18.7 5.9 5.6-41.5 Female 12.1 4.2 3.4-24.8 XII
Hand grip strength: (pounds) sitting elbows @ 90 degrees and forearm in neutral Grip Type Sex Hand Mean SD Male Dominant 137 Power Non-Dominant 129 Female Dominant 81 Non-Dominant 75 Pinch Thumb & index finger Male Not specified 19 Female Not specified 15 Thumb & little finger Male Not specified 6 Female Not specified 4 Thumb & middle finger Male Not specified 15 Female Not specified 10 Thumb & ring finger Male Not specified 10 Female Not specified 7 Thumb & index and middle finger Male Dominant 23 1.1 Female Dominant 16 0.8 Tip of Thumb and index finger Male Dominant 17 0.92 Female Dominant 11 0.58 Lateral Pinch or key grip Male Dominant 27 1.1 Female Dominant 20 1.1 XIII