Management of Open Water Resources: A Strategy for Sustainable Food Through Culture Based Fisheries (CBF) Sena S De Silva School of Life & Environmental Sciences Deakin University Victoria 3280, Australia Sena.desilva@deakin.edu.au INDOAQUA & APA 2016 Surabaya, 26-29 th April 2016
Outline Food fish needs Changing scenario Traditional fish food supplies Capture versus culture CBF Principles & key elements of practices Advantages Beneficiaries Disadvantages/ negatives Changing world Environmental concerns Climate change Solutions?
Outline Why culture based fisheries (CBF) The need for it What is CBF Various interpretations Nomenclature problems (?) CBF Principles & key elements of practices Advantages Beneficiaries Disadvantages/ negatives CBFwhere to practice Potential
Food needs Increasing population: 9.5 billion by 2050 Future food needs In the wake of population growth
Food needs. 2 Food needs : A brief outlook how much the world needs
Food needs. 3 Food needs : A brief outlook how much the world needs
Food needs. 4 Food needs : A brief outlook how much the world needs 70 percent by 2050 additional nearly 1x 10 9 t cereals 200 x 10 6 t of meat (Source: FAO 2009. How to feed the world in 2050).
Food fish needs. 1 Food fish needs of the future: A brief outlook: sector-wise limitation 1950 to 2012: per caput fish consumption increased from 6 kg/yr to 19.2 kg/yr (Committee on World Food Security 2014). Increasing per caput consumption Global average: 17-18 kg/caput/yr Asian average: 26-28 kg/caput/yr Siem Reap Province ~80-90 kg/ yr
Food fish needs. 2 Food fish needs of the future: A brief outlook: sector-wise limitations Until recently main source Marine fisheries plateaued at ~100 x 10 6 t/yr ~ 25% not available for human consumption! Froese, R. et al, 2012, What catch data can tell us about global fisheries, Marine biology, March 2012
Food fish needs. 3 Food fish needs of the future: The solution?? Are the future needs likely to come with from aquaculture?? Has grown ~ 6% / year for nearly three decades It currently accounts for 50% of fish food needs It is only in the last decade that FISH FOOD needs are predominated from a FARMED ORIGIN like all our other staples
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Production (x 1000 t) Percent Aquaculture Food fish needs. 4 Food fish needs of the future: The solution?? Can aquaculture grow unabated?? Can it provide the extra 30-40 million t of fish by 2050 200.000 180.000 160.000 140.000 120.000 100.000 80.000 60.000 40.000 20.000 Capture Aquaculture % Aquaculture 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0
Aquaculture highly diverse Aquaculture Highlights Diversity of practices Highly diverse in form & functions 442 cultured species Range of environments Farming systems Ponds Indoor tanks Net cages Pens ropes
We live in a very changing/ dynamic world Plastics to outweigh fish in oceans by 2050 Ellen MacArthur Foundation: http://www.dw.com/en/plastics-to-outweigh-fish-in-oceans-by-2050-study-warns/a-18990459?maca=engk_volltext_microsoft_topstories-13226-xml-atom
We live in a very changing/ dynamic world: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS No geographical boundaries No Socio-economic boundaries Will impact mostly developing nations and related food production sectors
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
CLIMATE CHANGES WILL IMPACT FISHERIES and AQUACULTURE
Increasing impediments to Aquaculture Growth Competition for primary resources: Land Water Limitation of biological inputs Fish meal/ fish oil Increasing price of other feed ingredients Increasing need to attain environmental integrity
Increasing impediments to Aquaculture Growth Increasing need to attain environmental integrity
Quantity (million tonnes) Contribution of aquaculture (%) Why Culture Based Fisheries (CBF)? Traditional food fish supplies- marine fisheriesstagnating To a great extent forms of aquaculture expected to fill the gap between supply & demand Aquaculture possibly in a fresh phase of growth 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Froese, R. et al, 2012, What catch data can tell us about global fisheries, Marine biology, March 2012 Contribution of aquaculture to global food-fish production (1970-2008) Supply from aquaculture Supply from capture Share of aquaculture (%) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Why CBF?- New phase of aquaculture Early developments of aquaculture: Concentrated on Intensive practices Justifiably so Pond, cage etc. Limitations on land/ water resources Environmental concerns Over-crowding Conflicts of interests Lead to the next phase Use of existing water bodies (small/ medium) Secondary use for food fish production Extensive forms of aquaculture= CBF
CBF: what? CBF A form of stock enhancement (SE) Increase food fish production beyond that could be obtained through natural recruitment SE -many forms/ facets Adding seed stock of desirable species Improving spawning grounds Introducing closed seasons Gear restrictions Introducing conservation zones
Stock enhancement: many purposes Public good (including conservation purposes) Religious good Traditional practices Food fish production Food fish production + environmental mitigation Indonesia Some enhancements border on aquaculture e.g. SL, Thailand, Vietnam
CBF: what? A form of stock enhancement Often conducted in small water bodies Under natural conditions unlikely to support a fishery The water body is community managed Therefore ownership of the stocked seed is defined As such CBF falls into the realm of aquaculture CBF practices result in appreciably high yields In China for e.g. 1800 kg/ha
Features of culture-based fisheries A form of stock enhancement in which Ownership is defined* Stock is cared-for Realm of aquaculture Needs annual stocking* Almost entirely based on finfish (one or two exceptions at the most unlike in the case of enhancements)
CBF: where? Best suited for small water bodies Relatively easy to manage; keep watch etc. Enables almost complete harvest at the end of the growth cycle Facilitates community involvement and management Small water bodies; usually smaller communities More synergy; less top-down approach Higher degree of involvement of community households Small water bodies Generally more productive Less loss of stoked seed Higher returns from stocked seed
CBF: how? Direct stock & recapture strategy Species to be stocked based on productivity of the water bodies Consideration of feeding habits; niche segregation to be utilized: Comparable to pond-polyculture Could utilize fertilization; if available such as for e.g. cow dung Care of stock until harvest Prevent escape through sluices etc. Keep watch; easily dine as a measure of community management Keep vigilance on disease outbreaks (very rare) Harvesting often limited to a short window Harvesting period often dictated by downstream water demand/ use Possible a glut to occur in a given region/ area Marketing strategies have to be worked out; staggered harvesting may reduce such gluts
CBF: benefits Almost, always rurally based Impacts rural (often poor) communities Direct nutritional & monetary gains for communal households Low cost Attractive to governments Minimal technical expertise needed at community level High food fish production Profits filtering also for communal welfare CBF: secondary use of water resources Only external input is seed stcok Environmentally friendly Also trigger other activities; e.g. fry to fingerling rearing
CBF in Chinese Reservoirs China: From Wang et al., 2015
Production (kg/ha) Production (kg/ha) Examples of CBF successes: Sri Lanka: Chandrasoma et al., 2015 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 510,6 Pre-CBF (kg/ha) Post- CBF (kg/ha) Minor Reservoirs 27,2 284,1 144,9 202,3 261,2 193,5 223,1 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Medium Reservoirs Pre-CBF (kg/ha) 395,3 885,2 49,1 201,7 Post-CBF(kg/ha) 257,8 666,4 669,6
Examples of CBF successes: Laos: from Phomsouvanh et al. 2015
Indonesia (?) Many small water bodies suitable for CBF development in Indonesia (Kartamihardja, 2015) Name of Island Lakes Reservoirs Total Sumatera 329 217 546 Java 327 342 669 Bali 14 29 43 Nusa Tenggara 27 586 613 Sulawesi and Maluku 37 151 188 Papua 2 16 18 Indonesia 736 1,341 2,077
Indonesia (?) (1) an understanding of science and technology of CBF by officers and the community is lacking (2) in general, CBF implemented in some water bodies has not been carried out correctly (3) monitoring and evaluation of the CBF implementation to determine the success or failure has not been done; (4) regulation and institutions in the management of fisheries resources are not yet available; and (5) management of fishery resources has not involved public participation. (Kartamihardja, 2015)
CBF : potential Water resources ~66.7x 10 6 ha of suitable water acreage for CBF in Asia alone (FAO, 1999) Only a small proportion utilized for CBF; needs to increase the water acreage devoted for CBF Increased emphasis In the past emphasis on intensive aquaculture development Resource limitations e.g. land for pond construction, water favors CBF development Also community management suits rural development Low capital input; therefore attractive to governments & development agencies Bottle necks Fingerling availability Needs to coordinate harvesting in a given region in order to maintain favorable farm gate prices Growth cycle(s) subjected to the prevailing elements
CBF : potential If 20% of 66.7 x 10 6 ha are to be utilized for food fish production through CBF by 2020 And if average yields of 800 kg/ ha/yr can be obtained Food fish production will be boosted by approximately 11 x 10 6 t/yr SHOULD WE NOT AIM EVEN MORE THROUGH CBF???
CBF : potential CBF developments benefit mostly rural communities Such communities are often impoverished CBF facilitate and generate synergies among communities CBF generate ancillary, small scale aquaculture related developments; e.g. fry to fingerling rearing
Take home messages. 1. World will need an extra 30-40 million t of food fish by 2050 To cater to increasing population Increasing per caput consumption
Take home messages. 2. The main traditional source of food fish supply (marine capture fisheries) is stagnant Expected to yield about 75 million t (for consumption)
Production (x 1000 t) Percent Aquaculture Take home messages. 3. Aquaculture has continued to fill the gap in supplies But can aquaculture be expected to grow at an annual rate of 6% for the next few decades Unlikely Many reasons for this 200.000 180.000 160.000 140.000 120.000 100.000 80.000 60.000 40.000 20.000 0 Capture Aquaculture 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Take home messages. 4. Therefore we have to look for and develop other strategies for augmenting the food fish supplies One such strategy is CBF A form of semi-intensive aquaculture Utilises existing small water bodies Communally managed Low cost Acceptable to developing countries
Take home messages. 5. If CBF were to be developed in 20% of small water bodies in Asia (which are unutilised for fish production) Conservative estimate of 11 million t of food fish can be produced Will also create additional employment opportunities Will be environmentally friendly
Take home messages.6. BUT remember CBF is not an alternative to traditional intensive aquaculture
(Lord Buddha)