Aquaculture: is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance, such as stocking, fertilizing, feeding, habitat manipulation, and protection from predators. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. FAO 1991, Fisheries Circular 815 rev. 3 Classification of aquaculture s by density and food source Extensive few animals/area Intensive many Extractive nature food source Input-dependent man
Group Species example Growth Temp. Abalone (Haliotis sp.) Catfish (Ictalurus sp.) Basa (Pangasius sp.) Global = 41 Global = 2,781 U.S. = 0.175 U.S. = 234 V. Nam = 1,250 channel catfish Basa Ictalurus Pangasius sp. punctatus Haliotis rufescens red abalone Luxury mollusk food species California = U.S. China = World 15 20 o C Analysis of costs Mississippi = U.S. Competition Mekong delta = Viet Nam 26 30 o C coldwater warmwater SW FW FW slightly land-based tanks or raceways ponds 23 28 o C tropical catadromous river-based net-pens Carps (family = Cyprinidae) Global = 20,593 Silver carp = 3,782 Grass carp = 3,775 Common carp = 2,987 Artisanal (subsistance) Aquaculture China 25 30 o C warmwater FW ponds Market Age 39 months 24 months 10 months temperate 24 months tropical 12 months Market Size 3.5 inch abalone steak Fillets from 1 2 lb fish Fillets from 0.5 1 kg fish 1 kg fresh whole or fillets - biological characteristic make them susceptible to overfishing - know lifecycle - know about spawning - know the feed for each stage - know life & cycle - re requires cold period - most commonly U.S. cultured fish Modern (scientific) Intensive culture - know levels for various types of s natural - 150-300 kg/ha/yr fertilization - 500-800 kg/ha/yr supplementary feeding - 1-4 mt/ha/yr complete feeds - 5-10 mt/ha/yr complete feeds + aerators - 20-30 mt/ha/yr - different types of re techniques - carp polyculture
Group Eels Trout Salmon Tilapia 265 Global = 2,296 2,798 677 1,619 Species example Anguilla spp. rainbow trout: Oncorhynchus mykiss (576) Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (1,475) tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus (O. mossambica = CA) Growth Temp. Market Age Market Size dependent on fishery for elvers Japan, China and Taiwan FW prod. of salmonids Gov. policy and global marketing Idaho = U.S. Norway leading Global producer 26 15 15 30 FW - growout FW FW (hatchery) SW (growout) Small tanks Raceway Net pen (growout) 6 months (fastest ) 1 yr 250 g whole broiled eel -catadramous - know life cycle -no control over re - must train to feed Subsistence aquaculture intensive prod. for fillet market FW - growout Ponds 12 months ~ 3 yrs 6 months ~ 350 g gutted head-on fillets - know life cycle - spawning tech. details - raceway cult. details Industry depends on and is limited by the artesian water at 15 o C of the Hagermann Valleyh 3.5 kg; steaks, fillets - anadromous - stages of salmon culture: FW phase (eggs, alevins, parr, smolts; SW growout to market in netpens - rise, fall and recovery of the Norwegian salmon industry 350 g fillets - know what makes Tilapia a good culture species - control of re - how Tilapia could fit into a polyculture
Group Micro-algae* Seaweed Sturgeon Exact amount unknown but < 0.5 15,781 26 substantial Species example Spirulina Porphyra = Nori Temperature Market Age algae are plants Seaweed aquculture Asia variable 30 8 20 variable FW SW FW raceways. nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, iron and essential trace elements), and injected CO 2 are added daily to feed the algae, mixed by 50 foot paddlewheels Harvested daily during the Hatcheries produce conchospores for seeding on nets Nets hung from poles in protected coastal areas for thallus growout summer months Market Size NA Blades - 20 cm long Know the algal growth curve and elements supporting culture Dried, sold as a powder or compressed into tablets White sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus of luxury foods California U.S. 15 mt of caviar 2010 Large tanks 60 days 7 yrs caviar (3 yrs meat restaurants, minor) - life cycle - blades washed, chopped and pressed into sheets which are dried for market product ~ 35 kg (~ 10% caviar) - various sized tins - sturgeon cultured for primarily for the caviar market; meat to restaurants - biological characteristics that make it vulnerable to overfishing; value of PI
Group Oysters (meat) Pearl Oysters Genus Pinctada Crawfish Shrimp 3,399 Giant tiger White-legged 4,164 22 418 722 2,259 Species example Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas 95% of all oysters Tropical P. margaritifera, Tahitian black pearl oyster Warmwater P. fucata, Japanese or Akoya pearl Red swamp Procambarus clarki Marine shrimp Penaeus monodon Marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Temperature Role of Pacific coast hatcheries Pacific coast of the U.S. oyster of luxury non-food item Japan & South Pacific 18 Tahitian = 19 32 o C Akoya = 10 25 o C Impact of competition Louisiana = U.S. China = world Impact of biology on Black tigers = tropical Asia 22 25 30 o C SW SW FW SW - typical Cultched bottom, stake, hanging; clutchless rack and bag Removal from cultch for hanging basket grow- out Pearl grow-out in pocket nets Market Age 1.5 yr 2 yr grow-out + 2 yr pearl deposition Market Size 4 shell = 30 g (meat) - know life cycle - know > 20 o C is need for re -know growout techniques and the market aim NA - success rate of steps - know grading of pearls - know industry factions, such as FW pearls Ponds Ponds White leg = originally central & south Amer now also Asia 6 months 4 m tigers 6 m whites 25 gram tailmeat = 15% - doublecropping - harvesting - Chinese fishery; tail meat market 20-25 gram typical U.S. market = peeled tails; tailmeat only = ~ 50% yield - know life cycle - use of oceanic resources - open vs. closed thelycum shrimp and impact on culture - hatchery feeds - levels of grow-out intensity
Group Marine Fish Reptiles Brine Shrimp Rotifer Species example Temperature Market Age Market Size potential (presently 1,800) note: not responsible for tonnage amount flatfish, Cobia, bluefin tuna, etc. Future developments 1.3 million hides/yr 17 million lbs of cysts from Utah fishery 2006 2007 season (~ 50 of global ) Alligator mississippiensis Artemia 25 Cobia,. 30 30 25 20 - flatfish SW FW/land 3 5 X SW SW Flatfish = landbased tanks Cobia =? Off-shore cages 1 2 yrs flatfish ~ 1 yr - Cobia 1 kg flatfish 5 kg - Cohia - know problems in feeding marine fish larvae - know value of rotifers - know market limitations Indoors growout Pens breeders hide = 2 yrs breeder = 6 yrs > 4 foot in length hide & 30% meat yield - breeding & hatchery - growout facilities - products; both meat and hides - impact on alligator hunting Cyst harvest - Great Salt Lake N.A. cysts nauplii = 450 µ - cysts dried and vacuum packed cysts stored for years - hatch in 24 hr - ~.5 mm in size - feed for small fish larvae and mysis stage of shrimp substantial but unknown Brachionus Vats N.A. S strain ~ 150 µ - cultured on algae or yeast, and enriched with HUFF s - stay suspended in the water column - slow swimming speed