Does Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management suit all fisheries? a case study with Chilean fisheries.

Does Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management suit all fisheries? a case study with Chilean fisheries. J. Porobic 1 ; E. Fulton 2 ; S. Frusher 3 ; C. Parada 4 ; B. Ernst 5 1 Quantitative Marine Science Program, Institute of Marine and Antartic Studies (IMAS). University of Tasmania & CSIRO 2 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). AUSTRALIA 3 Centre for Marine Socioecology. Institute for Marine and Antartic Studies. University of Tasmania. Australia 4 Departamento de Geofísica (DGEO), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas. Universidad de Concepción. Chile 5 Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas. Universidad de Concepción. Chile June 1, 2016 (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 1 / 21

WHAT ITS ALL THIS ABOUT 1 Background The different paradigms The Chilean history Status of the Chilean fisheries 2 The new fishing act Reform of the Chilean institutions 3 The different fisheries under EBFM Industrial fisheries Artisanal fisheries 4 Conclusion (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 2 / 21

The different paradigms THE CONCEPT... EBM OR EAM High recognition Widely used and accepted Lack of clear definition Lack of clear principles (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 3 / 21

The different paradigms THE DIFFERENT PARADIGMS AND APPLICATIONS THE FOCUS OF EACH DEFINITION Ideally, this takes into account all the delicate and complex relationships between organisms (of all sizes) and physical processes (such as currents, sea temperature) that constitute the Antarctic marine ecosystem (CCAMLR). (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 4 / 21

The Chilean history THE NEW FISHING ACT Sustainable use of aquatic resources by applying the precautionary approach, the ecosystem approach in fisheries regulation and safeguarding the marine ecosystems in which those resources exist. No adhere any previous statements Ambiguity Different outcomes Positive : More flexibility to set the management objectives Negative : Poor implementation due to lack of clear objectives (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 5 / 21

The Chilean history THE CHILEAN FISHING HISTORY IN 3 STAGES Pre-Hispanic Economy based on marine resources Exclusively on marine resources Gradually disappears (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 6 / 21

The Chilean history THE CHILEAN FISHING HISTORY IN 3 STAGES Pre-Hispanic Economy based on marine resources Exclusively on marine resources Gradually disappears Hispanic artisanal Remains a small-scale coastal fishery Mid-twentieth focused on hunting of marine mammals Early 40s began in Chile the hake fishery Industrialization and diversification New technology (purse seines) Sardine and Anchovy Jack mackerel with a 4.4 millions tons (1995) Multispecies crustaceans fishery (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 6 / 21

The Chilean history CHILEAN FISHING MANAGEMENT FROM FOSTERING TO RESTRICTIONS 1800 - late 70s Open access System Unclear Management Objectives Irregular application late 70s - 1991 C & C - based Institutions Gear types Minimum size Fishing areas Ministry of economy USFA & NFS 1990-2013 More instruments IFQs - ITQs TURFs Artisanal Zone (5 NM) New institutions NFC - RC - ZC (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 7 / 21

The Chilean history CHILEAN FISHING MANAGEMENT LACK OF APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS i) Different institutional priorities ii) Institutional organization of the regulatory actions iii) Problem to enforce the regulation iv) Structure of the decision making processes v) Regulatory capture (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 8 / 21

Status of the Chilean fisheries RESOURCES STATUS REPORT USFA 2014 Depleted Overexploited Healthy Anchovy (V to X) Anchovy (XV - II) Nylon shrimp Golden King Klip Anchovy (V and III) Yellow squat lobster Common Hake Jack mackerel Red shrimp American pilchard Chilean hoki Alfonsino Cardinalfish Southern hake Southern blue whiting Common sardine Patagonian toothfish (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 9 / 21

Reform of the Chilean institutions LOOKING FOR A SOLUTION A NOT VERY POSITIVE SCENARIO (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 10 / 21

Reform of the Chilean institutions NEW INSTITUTIONS (THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY) I) MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES The Good Creation of the Management Plans More participation Artisanal Industrial + workers USFA + NFAS What can be improved Include other parties NGOs, Conservationists Scientist Aboriginal peoples, etc. More participation after the MP II) TECHNICAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEES The Good Advisory body Different areas of fisheries Status of the fisheries Definition of the Quota Determination of the BRP What can be improve More participation Social science Economist Conservation, etc. (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 11 / 21

Reform of the Chilean institutions NEW INSTITUTIONS (THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE UGLY) III) MANAGEMENT PLANS The Good Focus in the Management Objectives Guidelines Future regulations Signal from the Government Commitment to act Stable Management scenario What can be improved Include other parties (More effort) + effective + comprehensive + inclusive + commitment More participation after the MP IV) BYCATCH REGULATIONS The Good Reduction discard and incidental catch Develop of new technologies Collection of Information Plan of reduction What can be improved More connection with MP (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 11 / 21

Artisanal fisheries A SIMPLE SOLUTION FOR A COMPLICATED WORLD THE PERIL OF SCIENCE PRESCRIPTION Industrial Fisheries Follow the example of another countries Dynamic very similar to another fisheries around the world Artisanal fisheries Artisanal fisheries and TURFs are highly complex No clear rules Based on tradition The internal dynamics is knotty Can be risky to use traditional recipes (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 12 / 21

Artisanal fisheries THE JUAN FERNÁNDEZ ROCK LOBSTER FISHERY Overview: The main economical activity in Juan Fernández Archipelago Operating for more than a century continuously The oldest shellfish fishery in Chile of modern time Main operation of the fleet in Alejandro Selkirk Island and Robinson Crusoe - Sta. Clara (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 13 / 21

Artisanal fisheries THE JUAN FERNÁNDEZ ROCK LOBSTER FISHERY Overview: Fishery highly spatially structured Fishing technology (trap, boat) has not changed much since 1940s Formal and informal management Sex - Size - Season Traditional sea tenure system (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 14 / 21

Artisanal fisheries THE JUAN FERNÁNDEZ ROCK LOBSTER FISHERY THE MARCAS Fishing spot Alignment with land features Associated with a boat 80-200 Marcas by boat only 30 actives (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 15 / 21

Artisanal fisheries THE JUAN FERNÁNDEZ ROCK LOBSTER FISHERY THE MARCAS Fishing spot Alignment with land features Associated with a boat 80-200 Marcas by boat only 30 actives Owned by Fishermen or family Never a company or organization Use and transfer rights inherited by family member In Charge of the Marcas Sell the boat and instalación The buyer learn the Marcas Community recognition (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 15 / 21

Background The new fishing act The different fisheries under EBFM Conclusion Artisanal fisheries H OW TO MANAGE THIS FISHERY UNDER EBFM APPROACH T HE ROL OF THE GOVERMENT - T HE M ANAGEMENT PLAN Generic prescriptions MPA Loss of traditional management Conflict between fishermen Catch quota Race for fish Other effort reduction Can be possible At the right time Self-organized Partnerships with NGOs Partnerships with scientists (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 16 / 21

TOWARD EBFM FOR THE CHILEAN FISHERIES CONCLUSION Complex fishing history Looking for a better management of the resources Evolution of the Chilean fisheries Management The Good Institutions More institutions Change in attributions and responsibilities Management plans From necessary to compulsory Room for improvement Institutions More interested parties More interaction between those new institutions Management plans More interested parties Keep working after (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 17 / 21

EBFM SUIT ALL FISHERIES? CONCLUSION Industrial fisheries Well know approaches Based on international examples Australia USA South Africa Artisanal fisheries More complex scenario Need to include everyone Scientist (Natural science, Social Science) Politicians Fishermen NGOs Aboriginal people Other interested parties The Top-Down Approach can be dangerous for the management Promotes the co-management (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 18 / 21

FINAL WORDS Engages more stakeholder in the management planning processess More compromise More commitment Broader view Keep improving management actions after the creation of the management plan Systematic evaluation Change, improvement and refining Promotes the Co-management Chile, have all the tools and institutional capacities to lead fisheries management towards a more holistic approach. To achieve this, it is necessary to call all stakeholders, this implies a great human and institutional effort, but it is necessary to ensure an effective ecosystem-based fisheries management. (IMAS-CSIRO) EBFM in Chile June 1, 2016 19 / 21

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