ATLANTIC SALMON IN NORWEGIAN RIVERS- CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Morten Stickler, PhD Environmental Advisor- Corporate CR&HSE staff Environmental coordinator- Innovation Department
Statkraft at glance Installed capacity * 17 000 MW Power production (2012) * 60 TWh 90% renewable energy 3 600 employees UK 272 MW Germany 2 670 MW Norway 11 442 MW Sweden 1 516 MW Finland 66 MW Nepal 34 MW Turkey 20 MW Laos 100 MW STATKRAFT Panama (project) Peru 271 MW Chile 157 MW Brazil 137 MW Zambia 11 MW India 136 MW Sri Lanka 2 MW Philippines 293 MW SN POWER AGUA IMARA * Includes: Share in subsidiaries where Statkraft is majority owner 100 % of SN Power and Agua Imara s installed capacity
You cannot step twice into the same stream (Heraclitus, quoted by Platon in Cratylus) Illustration: M. Stickler 3
Status Norway: Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. Increased numbers of multi sea winter salmon (3-7 kg and >7 kg) in 2011-2012 on the southwest coast of Norway probably due to improved marine conditions. Total return of salmon 50% compared to 1983 level- mostly due to low level of salmon <3kg. Increasing population in South-Norway and significant decrease in West-Norway. Industrial and recreational fishing not a significant threat, except in Tana. Two most important threats: Escape from fish farms and sea lice. Thorstad & Forset, May 2013 4
Holistic and adaptive management
Targeting no restocking and focusing on sustainable populations of Atlantic salmon The national gene bank for salmon established by the Directorate for Nature Management in 1986 due to the difficult situation for Norwegian wild salmon in many rivers. Statkraft has 2 gene bank and 8 hatcheries (2 presmolt, 5 smolt, 1 for eggstocking). Genebanks: Preserve genes, e.g. after rotenon treatment of gyro infected rivers. Restocking of wild fish less successful due to low survival and low rate of returns (0.5-1%). Internal new (2014) R&D program to evaluate effect of restocking in rivers and reservoirs. 6
How much water is needed.? Environment Is more better.? Flow 7
How much water is needed.? Environment A carrying capacity vs flow level.? Flow 8
Smolt migration Maintain geomorphology Attract spawners How much water is needed.? Environment Seasonal requirements.? Holistic view? egg survival, winter habitat fry displacement? Habitat Spawning July Flow 9
Our key challenges hydropower and salmon in Norway 1. Migration barrier and loss of connectivity 2. Spawning success and growth of juveniles 10
1. Migration barrier and loss of connectivity: Case Nidelva, South-East Norway Challenges: Weirs from 70 s build for estethic and recreational reasons Still water/low flow velocity, pike Sedimented and silted areas Limited population of salmon Qmin: 3 and 15 cms Weirs 11
Migration barrier and loss of connectivity: Case Nidelva, south-east Norway Solutions: Hydraulic modeling to analyze removal of weirs testing different scenarios and outcomes Removal of weirs Biological monitoring of spawning and juvenile densities of Atlantic salmon before (since 2002) and after (2007) to evaluate results 12
Removal of weirs, before - after
Spawning areas before-after removal of weirs Fjeldstad et al., 2012
2 Number of fish pr. 100 m. Densities of juvenile Atlantic salmon beforeafter 50 Reference area 40 30 Restored habitat area 1 Restored habitat area 2 20 10 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year Fjeldstad et al., 2012
Our key challenges hydropower and salmon in Norway 1. Migration barrier and loss of connectivity 2. Spawning success and growth of juveniles 16
2. Successful spawning and survival of eggs and juveniles Case Bjoreio and spawning- North-West Norway Challenges: Critical low level of Atlantic salmon population. High level (>20%) of escaped farmed salmon New action plan and investigations replaced mandatory restocking in the river. Hydro-regulation and low winter flow causing drying and freezing of spawning areas and eggs of Atlantic salmon Lower water temperature during the first feeding period (June/July) reduce fish growth and increase mortality the following winter 17
Winter flow and stranding of spawning areas Spawning in Atumn Winter time conditions
Survival (%) How much water to have 100% egg survival? 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0-50 0 50 100 150 200 Water depth (cm) Aure Trout Laks Salmon Ukjent
# Spawning nests in stranding risk areas (%) Correlation between water level during spawning period and proportion stranded redds Water Depth last week October (m) 20
# stranded spawning redds (%) Andel strandete gytegroper (%) Mapped needed discharge to obtain zero stranding of spawning redds. 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gj.sn. 10.0 5.0 0.0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Discharge (cms) Vannføring (m 3 /s) 21
Spatial distribution of spawning areas is vital to increase total production of salmon. 1069 spawning areas registered and analyzed 2004-2012. Strong correlations between river scale juvenile density and the percentage river area suitable for spawning and the spatial distribution of spawning areas.
Temperature ( C) 2 Number of fish pr. 100 m. Increased juvenile growth and density by altered water temperature Modelled growth of juvenile salmon vs water temperature Replaced 40% of the cold water with 2-4 degrees warmer water by releasing water from two other intakes during summer. Measured growth and densities of 0+, 1+ and 2+ Increased growth and densities as a direct result of altered temperature in the minimum release 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Salmon 1999 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 2008 0+ > 0+ Temperature on anadromous part of Bjoreio Before water manipulation (1988-91) After water manipulation (2003-06) 1. jan. 1. mar. 1. mai. 1. jul. 1. sep. 1. nov. 23
Overall positive outcomes By small modifications of the flow regime a win-win situation is created by improved environmental conditions for salmon with limited level of production loss But it takes time, and data before-after is critical, i.e. holistic and adaptive management and crossdisciplinary planning is crucial Foto: LFI-Unifob v/b. Barlaup
25 Future..?
Handbook on hydropower and environmental design finalized Sept-2013 Focus species: Atlantic salmon (S.salar L.) Up to date knowledge on hydropower and Atlantic salmon- Environmental Design Two main parts 1. Diagnosis 2. Solutions Multidisciplinary linking biology and hydrology 26
www.nowpas.eu 9 Global meetings Total investment appr. : 210 000 Euro s 230 young professionals 19 countries 35 key note speakers Appr 1000 per reviewed papers 27
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