Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources Edited by M. Bolton CHAPMAN & HALL London Weinheim New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras
Contents List of contributors Preface Acknowledgements xiii xi xvii Part One: Perspectives and General Issues 1 1 Subsistence use of wildlife 3 1.1 Hunting and gathering: the original lifestyle 3 1.2 Recent and existing hunter-gatherers 4 1.3 Subsistence use and human carrying capacity 8 1.4 Effects of hunting technology 11 1.5 Impact of agriculture 12 1.6 Technology, urbanization and cultural change 13 2 Conservation and use of wildlife in the modern world 17 2.1 The impact of human numbers 17 2.2 Threats and responses 20 2.3 Conservation through utilization 26 2.4 Harvesting muttonbirds 29 3 Sustainability 35 3.1 Growth of populations 35 3.2-- Harvesting strategies 41 3.3 Relationships between species 43 3.4 The problems of multispecies management 48 3.5 The sustainability triangle 48 3.6 Sustainable development 51 4 Conservation, controversies and concerns 55 4.1 Field sports 55 4.2 Wildlife use and protected areas 62 4.3 Animal rights and animal welfare 67 Part Two: Case Studies and Categories, A Selection 75 5 Giant clams: mariculture for sustainable exploitation 77 John S. Lucas
viii Contents 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Utilization of giant clams 81 5.3 Conservation of giant clams 83 5.4 Mariculture for conservation 84 5.5 Sustainable exploitation 91 5.6 Conclusion- 93 6 Exploitation and conservation of butterflies in the Indo-Australian region 97 Tim R. New 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Exploitation and conservation 99 6.3 Butterflies and markets 100 6.4 International trade issues 100 6.5 Butterfly ranching 102 6.6 Queen Alexandra's birdwing: a flagship species for conservation 103 6.7 The livestock market and conservation 105 6.8 Other efforts to promote butterfly trade 106 6.9 Discussion 107 7 Managing the Crocodilia: an integrated approach 111 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 i Crocodilian biology 112 7.3 Captive rearing 113 7.4 Management programmes 115 7.5 Trends and uncertainties 123 7.6 Conclusion 125 8 Gamebirds: management of the grey partridge in Britain 131 Nicholas J. Aebischer 8.1 Introduction and historical overview 131 8.2 Life cycle and ecology 134 8.3 Causes of the decline 138 8.4 Habitat management 139 8.5 Predation management 142 8.6 The partridge estate: an integrated package 143 8.7 Other benefits of partridge management 145 8.8 Prognosis and conclusion 146 9 Birds of prey and modern falconry 153 9.1 Introduction 153 9.2 The basics of falconry 153 9.3 The first half of the twentieth century 155
Contents ix 9.4 The pesticide crisis 156 9.5 Responses and recoveries 156 9.6 The present situation 158 9.7 Conservation considerations 161 9.8 Conclusion 167 10 Deer management in Scotland 171 Pete Reynolds and Brian Staines 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Historical perspective 172 10.3 Contemporary perspective 172 10.4 Towards integrated resource management 184 10.5 Conclusions 187 11 Supplying primates for research 191 Mary-Ann Stanley and Owen Lee Griffiths 11.1 Introduction 191 11.2 Origin of Mauritian monkeys 191 11.3 Monkeys as pests 192 11.4 Monkeys and biomedical research 193 11.5 Trapping monkeys 194 11.6 Breeding of monkeys 195 11.7 Monkeys and conservation 196 11.8 Problems and prospects 196 12 Some veterinary risks and public health issues in wildlife utilization 199 Michael H. Woodford 12.1 Introduction 199 12.2- Non-food-borne risks 199 12.3 Food-borne risks 201 12.4 Preservation of wildlife meat 204 12.5 Safe disposal of condemned meat and offal 204 12.6 Trophy hunting, subsistence hunting and bush meat 205 12.7 International regulations 206 12.8 Conclusions 209 13 Conservation and captivity 211 13.1 Introduction 211 13.2 The conservation breeding specialist group 211 13.3 Zoos and their role 212 13.4 Wild and captive 217 13.5 Private collections 221
x Contents 14 Loving them and leaving them: wildlife and ecotourism 231 14.1 Introduction 231 14.2 Trends and phases 232 14.3 The forces of ecotourism 232 14.4 Compromise and conservation 234 14.5 Impact reduction strategies 236 14.6 Ecotourism in Antarctica 240 14.7 Local people and ecotourism 241 14.8 Tourists and the wildlife response 243 14.9 Culture 245 14.10 Conclusions 247 Part Three A Synthesis 251 15 Synthesis and conclusions 253 15.1 Conservation benefit 254 15.2 Status of target species: pests or resources? 256 15.3 Sustainability 257 15.4 Interventions and manipulations 262 15.5 Monitoring 263 15.6 Finally 266 Index 270