1 Module # 7 Component # 8 Classification Leopard Leopard are classified in the following manner: Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus - Panthera Species - pardus Common names: English German French Afrikaans Zulu Swahili - Leopard - Leopard - Leopard - Luiperd - Ingwe - Chui
2 Myth & Legend According to the Shona People, leopards that remain in the hills leading a natural existence are to be disregarded. However sometimes one of these great cats will come into the kraal and sit down, and will remain impervious to any attempts made to dislodge it. These leopards are really spirits, and a medium must be sought to communicate with them. Their visit may be a warning, or just to observe that all is well with the tribe. Only mediums are able to speak with them. The leopard will proclaim its identity to the medium, state the purpose of its visit and then vanish.
3 Vital Statistics Males Females Shoulder Height 65 cm(26 in.) 60cm(24 in.) Total length 2.1 m (7 ft) 1.8m(6 ft) Weight 60kg(132 lbs.) 55Kg(121 lbs.) Tail length 68cm(27 in.) 67cm(27 in.) Gestation period 3 months Hunting success; 40% Maximum speed 60 k.p.h.(38 m.p.h.) - estimated Killing technique Strangulation Social grouping Solitary (unless mother with cubs) Longevity 17-21 years Record Auction Price: R 40, 000.00 Leopard are essentially very large cats. They have a ground tan colour and are greatly spotted in groups of rosettes. The only other animal that the leopard could be confused with is the cheetah, which will be discussed in a different Module. Briefly, the cheetah is smaller, more lithe and is covered with individual dark spots rather than rosettes. Leopard - Panthera pardus (Linnaeus 1758)
4 Hunting Like all cats, leopards are predators and live off flesh. They can take a wide range of ungulate species from 5 to 70 kg's [11 150 lbs.]. They are also not at all averse to taking carrion when available. These cats are also opportunistic hunters and will take smaller alternative prey such as baboons, monkeys and hares. Leopards can also obtain all their water requirements from kills, and are therefore not dependent on water. They will however drink if water is available. Leopards are the quintessential stalking predators, and the term leopard crawling " is well founded. They prefer to hunt at night, and seek to crawl as close as possible to their chosen prey. They usually get within 5 and 20 m [17 120 ft.], before their explosive rush and pounce. Their tan and black rosetted coat greatly aids in camouflage. If they miss, they seldom chase, and then no further than 50 metres [165 feet]. This is despite the fact that they can reach an estimated top speed of 60 kilometres an hour [± 38 mph]. While they may hunt during day light hours, their success rate here is very poor, usually less than 10 %. Leopards have also been noted on occasion to drive cheetahs off their kills.
5 Safeguarding the Kill Although they are the second largest of the African predators their kills are often vulnerable and can be taken from them by lion, hyaena, wild dog and even jackal when they are in numbers. They have, however, evolved an excellent way to overcome this problem. The leopard, being the strongest cat weight for weight can drag a carcass high into trees. The carcasses could be its own weight or more, and the cat claws its way up a vertical tree trunk with the animal in its mouth. In this way, the leopard kill is quite protected, and it may return to the tree over the next three to four days to continue feeding off it. Thus, the leopard doesn t have to make a kill as frequently as most other predators. This behaviour of caching prey in trees is not observed when leopards are the dominant predators in the region.
6 Social Grouping It is to be noted from the leopards mode of hunting, that they are solitary animals. The males only interact with the females long enough to mate and then leave. Both sexes maintain specific territories, and males tend to respect these boundaries, although female home ranges may overlap. Territory marking is done by scratch marks on tree trunks, as well as urine and defecation. In one rare display of territoriality two adult male leopards were observed walking towards each other. One stopped short, and the other continued to it. When they met, both turned in the same direction and walked parallel to each other for a kilometre or so as though an invisible barrier separated the two. They then broke off in different directions.
7 Reproduction Leopards are capable of breeding at two years old. In the wild, male leopards periodically seek out females to observe if they are in oestrus. Signals to this effect are mostly olfactory, coupled by female behaviourisms such as nuzzling or, more directly, presenting herself in a copulatory crouch. Actual mating has very rarely been observed in the wild, although it is generally of short duration, frequently repeated. One to three cubs are born after about three months gestation. They are concealed in dense thickets, hollow trees, abandoned termite mounds or caves. They don't emerge from this den for six weeks, after which they make short excursions with their mother and begin eating meat. They may be fully weaned by three months, although they won't be able to fend for themselves for at least a year. During this time the female spends roughly half her time with the cubs and half away, hunting and feeding. Thus, from the beginning the cubs become adapted to long periods of fasting interrupted by periods of gorging themselves.
8 Learning As the cubs venture out, they begin long play sessions that will eventually prepare them for hunting successfully. They start by stalking and pouncing on their mother s twitching tail tip, graduating to leaves, twigs and insects. By five weeks they will be able to catch the occasional frog or small lethargic rodent. By the end of their first year, they are already making small kills for themselves, but continue to hunt with their mother, until they are two years old. Full size is reached within three or four years. During this time, their mother will become aggressive toward them at her next oestrus cycle. She now drives them off, which may save them from serious injury or death when her adult mate returns. He would not tolerate the presence of well grown cubs. Leopards are very successful as a species, and have adapted well to their everdiminishing natural habitats. They have even settled quite comfortably amid agricultural communities, feeding off the very vulnerable livestock. Also, perhaps because they often remove their prey, stock losses are not attributed to them. Nevertheless, The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) list this species as vulnerable. This means that they are likely to move into the Endangered Category in the near future if the causal factors inhibiting population growth continue operating. It is very difficult to estimate or calculate their numbers in any given area. Leopards are often very nomadic and will move between different reserves and farms quite regularly. The Kruger National Park and surrounding private reserves probably have an estimated 1000 individuals.