Agriculturl Economics Report No. 389 June 1998 Chrcteristics, Expenditures, nd Economic Impct of Resident nd Nonresident Hunters nd Anglers in North Dkot, 1996-97, Seson nd Trends Tin D. Lewis Jy A. Leitch Aron J. Meyer Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics! Agriculturl Experiment Sttion North Dkot Stte University! Frgo, ND 58105-5636
Acknowledgments Thnks re extended to the following individuls for reviewing this mnuscript: Chrlene Lucken, Tim Petry, Dr. Lrry Leistritz, Dr. Steve Schultz, nd Arlen Hrmoning. An dditionl thnks is extended to Arlen Hrmoning for his technicl ssistnce nd to the North Dkot Gme nd Fish Deprtment nd the North Dkot Agriculturl Experiment Sttion for funding this project. Also, thnk you to the mny helpful individuls who completed the mil questionnire. We would e hppy to provide single copy of this puliction free of chrge. You cn ddress your inquiry to: Crol Jensen, Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, North Dkot Stte University, P.O. Box 5636, Frgo, ND, 58105-5636, Ph. 701-231-7441, Fx 701-231-7400, e-mil cjensen@ndsuext.nodk.edu. This puliction is lso ville electroniclly t this we site: http://gecon.li.umn.edu/ndsu.html NOTICE: The nlyses nd views reported in this pper re those of the uthor. They re not necessrily endorsed y the Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics or y North Dkot Stte University. North Dkot Stte University is committed to the policy tht ll persons shll hve equl ccess to its progrms, nd employment without regrd to rce, color, creed, religion, ntionl origin, sex, ge, mritl sttus, disility, pulic ssistnce sttus, vetern sttus, or sexul orienttion. Informtion on other titles in this series my e otined from: Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, North Dkot Stte University, P.O. Box 5636, Frgo, ND 58105. Telephone: 701-231-7441, Fx: 701-231-7400, or e-mil: cjensen@ndsuext.nodk.edu. Copyright 1998 y Tin D. Lewis, Jy A. Leitch, nd Aron J. Meyer. All rights reserved. Reders my mke vertim copies of this document for non-commercil purposes y ny mens, provided tht this copyright notice ppers on ll such copies.
Tle of Contents Pge List of Tles... iii List of Figures...v Astrct... vi Highlights...vii Introduction...1 Procedures...2 Survey...2 Smple Groups nd Smple Sizes...3 Survey Instruments...3 Milings nd Dt Collection Prolems...3 Response Rtes...6 Expenditures...6 Confidence Intervls...8 Economic Impcts...8 Direct Impct...8 Indirect Impct...8 Rurlized Expenditures...9 Additionl Expenditures...9 Resident nd Nonresident Hunter/Angler Chrcteristics...9 Residents...9 Age...9 Residence...10 Income...12 Ownership of Lnd Hunted...12 Dys of Prticiption...12 Distnce Trveled...12 Vlue of Dy of Hunting/Angling...17 Nonresidents...18 Age...18 Residence...18 Income...18 Ownership of Lnd Hunted...20 Dys of Prticiption...21 Distnce Trveled...21 Vlue of Dy of Hunting/Angling...22
Tle of Contents (Cont.) Resident nd Nonresident Hunter/Angler Expenditures...23 Dily nd Seson Expenditures...23 Projected Totl Expenditures...29 Additionl Nonresident Expenditures...34 Economic Impct of Resident nd Nonresident Hunters/Anglers...35 Resident nd Nonresident Rurlized Expenditures...35 Summry...37 Conclusions...38 References...41 Appendix A - Representtive Questionnire...43 Appendix B - Summry of Expenditures...47 Pge ii
List of Tles Tle Pge 1 Smple Groups nd Milings, North Dkot Hunter nd Angler Survey, 1996-97...4 2 Smple Sizes, Undeliverles, Returns nd Response Rtes y Activity, North Dkot Resident nd Nonresident Hunters nd Anglers, 1996-97...5 3 Vrile nd Fixed Good Expenditure Ctegories...7 4 Averge Age nd Percentge of Resident Hunters/nglers in Ech Age Group in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97...10 5 Residence of Resident North Dkot Hunters/nglers, y Activity, 1996-97...11 6 Incomes of Resident Hunters in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97...13 7 Resident Hunting y Lnd Type, y Activity, North Dkot, 1996-97...14 8 Averge Dys Residents Spent Hunting/fishing in North Dkot, y Activity, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, nd 1996...15 9 Averge Miles Trveled to Hunt/fish y North Dkot Residents, y Activity, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, nd 1996...16 10 Averge Vlue of Dy Spent Hunting/fishing in North Dkot, Estimted y Resident Respondents, y Activity, 1996 Dollrs, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, nd 1996...18 11 Averge Age nd Percentge of Nonresident Hunters/nglers in Ech Age Group in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97...18 12 Residence of Nonresident North Dkot Hunters/nglers, y Activity, 1996...19 13 Averge Incomes of Nonresident Hunters in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97...19 14 Nonresident Hunting y Lnd Type, y Activity, North Dkot, 1976, 1983, 1990, nd 1996...20 15 Averge Dys Nonresidents Spent Hunting/fishing in North Dkot, y Activity, 1976, 1983, 1990, nd 1996...21 iii
List of Tles (Cont.) Tle Pge 16 Averge Miles Trveled to Hunt/fish y Nonresidents in North Dkot, y Activity, 1976, 1983, 1990, nd 1996...22 17 Averge Vlue of Dy Spent Hunting/fishing in North Dkot, Estimted y Nonresident Respondents, y Activity, 1996 Dollrs, 1983, 1990, nd 1996...22 18 Averge Seson nd Dily Expenditures, y Activity, Resident nd Nonresident Hunter/ngler Survey, 1996-97...24 19 Averge Seson nd Dily Expenditures, y Activity, Resident Hunters nd Anglers, 1996 Dollrs, 1982, 1986, 1990, nd 1996...25 20 Averge Seson Expenditures, y Activity, Nonresident Hunters nd Anglers, 1996 Dollrs, 1976, 1983, 1990, nd 1996...29 21 License Sles, Active Prticipnts, nd Prticiption Rtes, North Dkot Hunters nd Anglers, 1996-97...30 22 Totl Direct Resident nd Nonresident Hunter/ngler Expenditures in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97...31 23 Resident nd Nonresident Totl Direct Expenditures (Excluding License Fees) nd Percentge Chnge, 1996 Dollrs, Vrious Survey Yers...33 24 Averge Additionl Expenditures per Hunter/ngler nd Additionl Totl Direct Expenditures for All Hunters/nglers, 1996-97...34 25 Averge Additionl Expenditures per Hunter/ngler for ll Nonresident Hunters/nglers, y Activity, 1996 Dollrs, 1990 nd 1996...34 26 Retil Trde, Personl Income, Totl Business Activity, nd Employment Generted y Resident nd Nonresident Hunter/ngler Expenditures in North Dkot, 1996-97...35 27 Urn Resident Hunter nd Angler Expenditures in Rurl Ares in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97...36 28 Nonresident Hunter nd Angler Expenditures in Rurl Ares in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97...37 iv
List of Figures Figure Pge 1 Resident verge seson expenditures, ig gme ctivity, from 1982 to 1996...26 2 Resident verge seson expenditures, smll gme ctivity, from 1982 to 1996...26 3 Resident verge seson expenditures, fishing ctivity, from 1982 to 1996...27 4 Resident verge dily expenditures, ig gme ctivity, from 1982 to 1996...27 5 Resident verge dily expenditures, smll gme ctivity, from 1982 to 1996...28 6 Resident verge dily expenditures, fishing ctivity, from 1982 to 1996...28 7 Resident direct expenditures percentges, y ctivity for 1996-1997...32 8 Nonresident direct expenditures percentges, y ctivity for 1996-1997...32 9 Totl direct resident nd nonresident expenditures, y ctivity for 1996-1997...33 10 North Dkot Popultion, 1980-1996...39 11 Percentge of North Dkot popultion who re hunters/nglers, 1980-1996...39 12 North Dkot resident generl gme hunting/fishing license sles, 1980-1996...40 13 North Dkot nonresident generl gme hunting/fishing license sles, 1980-1996...40 v
Astrct Wildlife-relted recretion is n importnt source of economic ctivity in North Dkot. Using primry, survey-sed dt, the expenditures nd economic impcts of hunters nd nglers were summrized for the 1996 hunting/fishing sesons. Totl resident nd nonresident expenditures (including cost of licenses nd dditionl nonresident expenditures not relted to hunting/ngling) cme to $594 million. Almost $144 million of totl expenditures ws spent in rurl res y nonresidents nd urn residents. Resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers generted $1.6 illion in totl usiness ctivity, $250 million in retil trde sles, $393 million in personl income, nd supported over 21,000 jos. These results suggest tht North Dkot s resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers re vitl prt of the stte s economy. Key Words: hunter, ngler, expenditures, impct, North Dkot, nonresident
Highlights Fish nd wildlife-relted recretionl opportunities in North Dkot re provided y vriety of privte usinesses, stte nd federl gencies, nd privte lndowners. Mngers nd policymkers fce the chllenge of lncing the demnd for hunting nd ngling ctivities with the supply of wildlife-relted resources. The policies they re mking regrding hunting nd ngling hve n impct on the stte s economy nd rurl communities. Therefore, the impcts from mngement policies on resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers nd on wildlife-relted resources must e ssessed nd compred. Mil questionnires were distriuted to rndom smple of licensed hunters nd nglers provided y the North Dkot Gme nd Fish Deprtment (NDGF). Three license types were smpled which included: resident, nonresident, nd grtis. Grtis license holders re lndowners who re eligile for free licenses provided they own or lese minimum of qurter section of lnd (160 cres) nd gree to hunt only on their own lnd. The lnd must lso e owned or lesed for griculturl purposes nd ctively frmed or rnched. The smple groups included 1996-97 seson resident license holders for pronghorn ntelope rchery, pronghorn ntelope firerms, specil ig gme, deer rchery, deer firerms, deer muzzleloder, furerer, wterfowl, uplnd gme, wild turkey (includes spring nd erly nd lte fll sesons), nd open wter nd ice fishing. Smple groups lso included 1996-97 seson nonresident license holders for pronghorn rchery, deer rchery, deer firerms, smll gme, nd fishing. Resident open wter nglers hd the highest verge seson expenditures ($2,779) of ll resident hunting/ngling ctivities. Resident rchery ntelope hunters hd the highest verge dily expenditure ($450), while grtis fll wild turkey hunters hd the lowest verge dily ($17) nd seson expenditures ($50). The four ctivity groups of grtis hunters spent the lest, oth for the seson nd on dily sis. Excluding them leves fll turkey hunters spending the lest for the seson ($418) nd rchery deer hunters spending the lest on verge per dy ($99). Nonresident nglers hd the highest seson ($1,122) expenditures nd rchery deer hunters the highest dily ($150) expenditures of ll nonresident hunters/nglers. Firerms deer hunters spent the lest, on verge over the nonresident seson ($466), nd rchery ntelope hunters spent the lest verge per dy ($118). Totl direct resident nd nonresident hunter/ngler expenditures, excluding the cost of licenses nd dditionl nonresident expenditures, cme to $578 million. Fifty-nine percent of the totl direct expenditures cme from the ngling ctivities. Resident hunters/nglers spent 94 percent ($543 million) of the totl direct expenditures. Totl direct resident expenditures (excluding the cost of licenses) hve incresed from $151 million in 1982 to $543 million in 1996. Nonresident expenditures hve incresed from $6 million in 1976 to $35 million in 1996. Resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers generted $1,668 million in totl usiness ctivity in North Dkot in 1996. Their expenditures ccounted for $250 million in retil trde sles, nd $393 million in personl income nd supported over 21,000 jos. vii
Totl resident nd nonresident expenditures (excluding cost of licenses nd dditionl nonresident expenditures) were $578 million in 1996. Over $117 million (22 percent) of totl resident expenditures were rurlized. Over $26 million (76 percent) of totl nonresident expenditures were spent in rurl res. Twenty-five percent of totl resident nd nonresident expenditures were spent in rurl res y nonresidents nd urn residents. viii
Chrcteristics, Expenditures, nd Economic Impct of Resident nd Nonresident Hunters nd Anglers in North Dkot, 1996-97, Seson nd Trends Tin D. Lewis, Jy A Leitch, nd Aron J. Meyer * Introduction Fish nd wildlife-relted recretionl opportunities in North Dkot re provided y vriety of privte usinesses, stte nd federl gencies, nd privte lndowners. Mngers nd policymkers fce the chllenge of lncing the demnd for hunting nd ngling ctivities with the supply of wildlife-relted resources. The policies they mke regrding hunting nd ngling hve n impct on the stte s economy nd on rurl communities. Therefore, the impcts from mngement policies on resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers nd on wildlife-relted resources must e ssessed nd compred. The purpose of this study ws to estimte chrcteristics, expenditures, nd economic impcts of resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers for the 1996-97 seson in North Dkot. Specific ojectives were to 1) identify socioeconomic chrcteristics of resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers; 2) estimte resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers seson nd dily vrile, fixed, nd totl expenditures; 3) estimte direct nd indirect economic ctivity resulting from resident nd nonresident hunter nd ngler expenditures; 4) estimte the extent of nonresident nd urn resident hunter nd ngler expenditures in rurl res; nd 5) identify chnges in resident nd nonresident chrcteristics, expenditures nd economic impcts using time-series dt. The time-series dt set for North Dkot s hunter nd ngler chrcteristics, expenditures, nd economic impcts goes ck to 1976, when nonresident expenditure dt were collected (Leitch nd Scott 1978). Nonresident expenditure dt were lso collected in 1983 (Anderson nd Leitch 1984). Resident expenditure dt were collected in 1981 (Leitch nd Kerestes 1982), 1982 (Kerestes nd Leitch 1983), nd 1986 (Bltezore et l. 1987). Expenditure dt for resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers were collected in 1991 (Bltezore nd Leitch 1992). Dt from this study will e dded to the time-series dt set nd compred with pst survey dt to identify chnges in resident nd nonresident chrcteristics, expenditures, nd economic impcts. * Reserch ssistnt, professor, nd reserch ssistnt, respectively, Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, North Dkot Stte University, Frgo.
Expenditures y nonresident hunters nd nglers represent new money to the stte. New money is essentil for economic growth, especilly for rurl communities which depend on this money for economic development. The new money provided y nonresident hunters nd nglers helps rurl res to diversify their economic ses nd strengthen their economies. Resident hunters expenditures re considered new money only when in-stte recretion opportunities reduce resident out-of-stte expenditures. This mens tht the vilility of hunting nd ngling ctivities in North Dkot keeps resident expenditures within the stte, rther thn leking it to nery sttes where there re similr or sustitute opportunities for recretion. Resident expenditures my e considered new money to communities, drwing hunters nd nglers from different prts of the stte. Direct economic ctivity is the ggregte of resident nd nonresident hunter nd ngler expenditures. Indirect economic ctivity is the secondry effect from the respending of initil expenditures. This respending is clled the multiplier effect. It estimtes how mny times dollr spent y hunters nd nglers circultes through the economy. Indirect economic ctivity is mesured y totl usiness ctivity, personl income, nd employment. Direct nd indirect economic ctivity mke up the gross economic impct on the stte. This shows the portion of stte economic ctivity tht is directly ttriutle to the hunting nd ngling industry. Rurlized expenditures re those purchses of goods nd services y nonresidents nd urn residents in rurl res (Bltezore nd Leitch 1992). Rurl res in North Dkot provide hitt for fish nd wildlife nd supply most of the nturl resource inputs necessry for hunting nd ngling ctivities. The level of rurlized expenditures helps to determine the role of hunting nd ngling s n economic development tool for rurl North Dkot. Recretionl ctivities re n importnt source of income nd revenue tht enefits ll citizens of the stte. The positive economic impct on North Dkot s communities creted y these expenditures promotes economic growth, prticulrly for rurl communities. They re prt of n expnding recretion nd tourism industry in North Dkot. In 1989, the recretion nd tourism sector comprised 4 percent of the stte s economic se (Leistritz nd Coon 1990). It hs grown to 8 percent of the stte s economic se in 1995 (Coon et l. 1995). It ws the fifth lrgest industry, in terms of contriution to the stte s economy, on verge in North Dkot from 1985 to 1995. Procedures Vrious methods were used to dminister surveys, estimte expenditures, determine confidence intervls, conduct significnce tests, nd mesure economic impcts. Methods used in similr pst studies were followed whenever possile nd pplicle for comprisons. Survey A mil questionnire ws distriuted to rndom smple of licensed hunters nd nglers provided y the North Dkot Gme nd Fish Deprtment (NDGF). Three license types were 2
included: resident, nonresident, nd grtis. Lndowners who hunt re eligile for free (grtis) licenses for some species provided they own or lese minimum of qurter section of lnd (160 cres) nd gree to hunt only on their own lnd. The lnd must lso e owned or lesed for griculturl purposes nd ctively frmed or rnched. Smple Groups nd Smple Sizes Most hunting nd ngling opportunities ville in North Dkot during the 1996-97 seson for oth resident nd nonresident hunters nd nglers were represented y the smple groups (Tle 1). Smple groups included 1996-97 seson resident license holders for pronghorn ntelope rchery, pronghorn ntelope firerms, specil ig gme, deer rchery, deer firerms, deer muzzleloder, furerer, wterfowl, uplnd gme, wild turkey (includes spring, nd erly nd lte fll sesons), nd open wter nd ice fishing. Smple groups lso included 1996-97 seson nonresident license holders for pronghorn ntelope rchery, deer rchery, deer firerms, smll gme, nd fishing. Smple sizes were determined in mnner which ws consistent with the method presented in Kerestes nd Leitch (1983) (Tle 2). Since expenditure questionnires were included with the nnul NDGF post-seson hrvest survey, the smple sizes were sed on expected nonresponse nd on desired lrge smples for consistent hrvest informtion. Survey Instruments 1 Questionnires were designed for ech smple group. Questionnire formt ws similr to pst surveys to provide for time-series comprison. NDGF personnel reviewed the questionnires to confirm tht their ojectives would e met, to provide suggestions for improvement, nd to identify ny typogrphicl errors nd omissions. Milings nd Dt Collection Prolems North Dkot Stte University (NDSU) personnel dministered surveys for ll smple groups for oth questionnire milings. The NDGF provided envelopes for the first milings with return ddress indicted. Resident nd nonresident hunter nmes nd ddresses were given questionnire identifiction numer sorted y zip code nd printed directly on the questionnire. Questionnires were miled in window envelopes with postge-pid return envelopes. Initil milings were sent first clss, which re utomticlly forwrded y the post office. If the forwrding order hd expired, the post office returned the questionnire with the new ddress, if one ws ville. The new ddresses were entered into the dt se, nd the questionnire ws immeditely resent. All questionnires were scheduled for miling on the dy fter the pproprite hunting or fishing seson ended (Tle 1). 1 A representtive questionnire is included in Appendix A. Other questionnires re ville from Dr. Leitch, Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, NDSU, Frgo. 3
Tle 1. Smple Groups nd Milings, North Dkot Hunter nd Angler Survey, 1996-97, Activity First Miling Dte Second Miling Dte Spring Turkey My 27, 1996 June 25, 1996 Summer Fishing - Resident Octoer 11, 1996 Decemer 14, 1996 Bighorn Sheep Octoer 28, 1996 Novemer 27, 1996 Pronghorn Firerms Resident Novemer 4, 1996 Jnury 20, 1997 Grtis Novemer 4, 1996 Jnury 20, 1997 Elk Unit E2 Novemer 18, 1996 Jnury 12, 1997 Wild Turkey - Erly Novemer 22, 1996 Jnury 20, 1997 Deer Firerms Resident Novemer 27, 1996 Ferury 11, 1997 Grtis Novemer 27, 1996 Ferury 11, 1997 Nonresident Novemer 27, 1996 Ferury 11, 1997 Deer Muzzleloder Decemer 9, 1996 Jnury 21, 1997 Elk Unit E1 Decemer 18, 1996 Ferury 3, 1997 Wild Turkey Lte Decemer 20, 1996 Ferury 1, 1997 Grtis Decemer 20, 1996 Ferury 1, 1997 Moose Decemer 20, 1996 Ferury 7, 1997 Uplnd Gme - Resident Decemer 30, 1996 Ferury 25, 1997 Wterfowl - Resident Decemer 30, 1996 Ferury 30, 1997 Deer Archery - Resident Jnury 3, 1997 Mrch 10, 1997 Smll Gme - Nonresident Jnury 15, 1997 April 20, 1997 Furerers Mrch 24, 1997 My 6, 1997 Winter Fishing - Resident Mrch 24, 1997 My 6, 1997 Nonresident Fishing Mrch 24, 1997 My 6, 1997 Pronghorn Archery Resident April 15, 1997 My 20, 1997 Nonresident April 15, 1997 My 20, 1997 Deer Archery - Nonresident Mrch 15, 1997 April 20, 1997 Two milings were sent. Most miling dtes re pproximte. 4
Tle 2. Smple Sizes, Undeliverles, Returns nd Response Rtes y Activity, North Dkot Resident nd Nonresident Hunters nd Anglers, 1996-97 Resident Response Rte Activity Smple Size Undelivered Returned Percentges Antelope Archery 976 32 420 44 Antelope Firerms 1,607 5 1,084 68 Grtis Antelope Firerms 713 3 315 44 Deer Archery 2,211 72 971 45 Deer Firerms 1,310 3 566 43 Grtis Deer Firerms 87 0 35 40 Deer Muzzleloder 700 5 516 74 Specil Big Gme 256 0 123 48 Wterfowl 1,999 37 714 36 Uplnd Gme 1,999 45 776 40 Spring Turkey 1,345 7 991 74 Grtis Spring Turkey 87 1 70 81 Fll Turkey (Erly nd Lte) 3,007 18 1,911 64 Grtis Fll Turkey 212 1 96 45 Open Wter Fishing 6,999 152 2,611 38 Ice Fishing 6,998 531 2,563 40 Furerers 5,438 150 2,088 39 Nonresident Nonresident Fishing 2,845 292 1,083 42 Antelope Archery 36 3 19 58 Deer Archery 663 13 411 63 Deer Firerms 628 1 432 69 Smll Gme 2,000 18 1,275 64 Includes elk, moose, nd ighorn sheep. 5
There ws one follow-up miling. As questionnires were returned, the questionnire identifiction numer ws entered into the dt se. After out 1 month, nmes in the smple who hd not responded were sent second questionnire. Second milings were sent ulk rte. Some milings were sent lter thn plnned. For some milings, lso, the time tht elpsed etween the first nd second milings ws greter thn originlly intended. Hving sent the first milings lte could hve ffected response y giving respondents time to forget certin expenditure informtion. Allowing too long to elpse etween milings my hve cused noticele differences in responses etween the two milings. Orgniztionl prolems encountered with the vendor led to d records of miling dtes, so estimtes were used. Response Rtes After most respondents hd returned their completed questionnires, finl count ws done, the numer of undelivered surveys ws counted, nd response rtes were clculted (Tle 2). Response rtes were clculted s: R=q /f -r r q q where R = response rte, q r = numer of questionnires returned, f q = numer of first miling questionnires, nd r q = numer of refusls nd undelivered questionnires. Resident response rtes rnged from 36 percent for wterfowl hunters to 81 percent for grtis spring turkey hunters. Nonresident response rtes rnged from 42 percent for nglers to 69 percent for deer firerms hunters. The overll verge response rte ws 53 percent. Expenditures Hunters nd nglers spend their money on two generl types of goods: durle (fixed) nd nondurle (vrile) (Tle 3). Nondurle goods re those tht either cn only e used once or re used up in reltively short time. Expenditures for nondurle goods cn e clled vrile expenditures since the mount spent depends on the mount of time spent hunting or ngling. Durle goods re those tht cn e used more thn once nd for reltively long time. Expenditures for durle goods re clled fixed expenditures. They re not relted to ctivity levels in the short term. Vrile nd fixed expenditures, s well s totl seson nd dily expenditures, were summrized for ech ctivity (Appendix B). Averge seson vrile nd fixed expenditures were determined y summing the individul expenditure ctegories for ech type of expenditure. Averge totl seson expenditures were determined y dding vrile nd fixed expenditures for those hunters nd nglers with oth vrile nd fixed expenditures. Dily expenditures were estimted y dividing seson vrile, fixed, nd totl expenditures y the numer of dys spent hunting or ngling. 6
Tle 3. Vrile nd Fixed Good Expenditure Ctegories Ctegory Description Vrile Expenditures Access Fees pid to gin ccess to lnd or to lunch ots Ammunition Crtridges, shot shells Bit Cost of live it Film Film nd film developing Food Food nd everges Lodging Hotel, motel... Met Met processing, pcking, fish clening Operting Bot gs nd oil, repirs nd mintennce of equipment Rentls Bot, motor, fish house, or equipment rentl Txidermy Professionl fees or mterils for mounting fish, irds, or nimls Trnsporttion Privte Gs, oil, repirs for vehicles on hunting/fishing trips Commercil Fres, vehicle rentls, chrters Veterinrin Dog helth cre Other Anything used for hunting/fishing not included in ove ctegories Fixed Expenditures Arrows Arrows ATV All terrin vehicles, snowmoiles, motorikes Binoculrs Binoculrs, spotting scope... Bot Bots, motors, nd trilers Cmping Tents, stoves, cmping equipment used while hunting/fishing Clothing Specil clothing used primrily for hunting/fishing Depth finder Depth or fish finders Dogs Hunting dogs Duck ot/decoys Duck ots, decoys... Fishing equipment Rods, reels, tckle oxes, tckle... Skinning Equipment Stretchers, knives... Trps Trps, snres, trpping supplies (lures, scents)... Vehicles Pickups, motor homes, or other vehicles ought primrily for hunting/fishing Winter Fishing Equipment Fish houses, heters, ice ugers... Wepons Rifles, shotguns, ows, nd ccessories Other Gme/predtor clls, snowshoes, gme gs, wders, nd other ccessories used for hunting/fishing 7
Confidence Intervls Confidence intervls were constructed for seson nd dily vrile, fixed, nd totl expenditures. A 90 percent confidence level (" = 0.05) ws chosen, nd the intervl ws clculted using the following eqution: where X ± 1.64 * (s/%n) X is the men vlue of the smple group, 1.64 is the t-vlue sed on two-tiled 90 percent confidence level, s is the stndrd devition of the smple men, nd n is the numer of oservtions in the smple. A 90 percent confidence level implies tht there is 90 percent proility tht the true popultion men flls within the confidence intervl. It ws ssumed to e sufficient for NDGF decision-mking purposes. Economic Impcts Resident nd nonresident hunting nd ngling economic impcts were ssessed. Economic impcts were divided into direct nd indirect impcts. The overll direct nd indirect economic impcts were lso determined y ggregting resident nd nonresident seson expenditures. Direct Impct The direct impct ws computed s the totl dollr vlue of resident nd nonresident hunter nd ngler expenditures. Averge seson expenditures were multiplied y the numer of hunters or nglers prticipting in ech ctivity to find the totl expenditure for tht ctivity. License sles were multiplied y the percentge of survey respondents prticipting to find the numer of ctive hunters nd nglers. The totl direct economic impct ws estimted y summing the totl seson expenditures for ech ctivity. Indirect Impct Indirect impcts were mesured s the increse in economic ctivity generted from the respending of direct hunter/ngler expenditures. They were mesured for resident, nonresident, nd ll hunters nd nglers. The North Dkot 18-Sector Input-Output Model ws used to estimte these impcts (Coon et l. 1990). The model ws updted with 1995 dt (Coon et l. 1995). Indirect impcts were mesured s chnges in totl usiness ctivity, retil trde sles, nd employment. 8
Rurlized Expenditures Urn resident nd nonresident hunter nd ngler expenditures in rurl res were defined s rurlized expenditures. All respondents were sked to indicte the percentge of their seson expenditure they spent in rurl res (communities under 2,500 popultion). The percentge of rurlized spending multiplied y the sesonl verge expenditure of ech ctivity ws summed for ll urn residents nd nonresidents to give ech group s mount of expenditure in rurl res. The numer of ctive hunters nd nglers ws multipled y the mount of expenditure in rurl res per person for ech ctivity to determine the totl rurlized expenditures. Additionl Expenditures Nonresident hunters nd nglers were sked to estimte ny dditionl expenditures they mde in North Dkot not directly relted to hunting or ngling ctivities. These might include expenditures on goods nd services such s clothing, pplinces, or furniture. These dditionl expenditures were not included in estimtes of direct or indirect expenditures. Resident nd Nonresident Hunter/Angler Chrcteristics Informtion on chrcteristics such s ge, residence, nd income were gthered from survey responses nd summrized. Other chrcteristics, like prticiption dys, distnce trveled to hunting/ngling res throughout the seson, nd the ownership type of lnd hunted were lso collected nd summrized. These were done for oth residents of North Dkot nd nonresidents for the 1996-97 seson. Some comprisons were mde to pst survey dt. Spring turkey hunters were not sked to indicte their ge, plce of residence, or income ctegories. Residents The verge resident hunter/ngler is not quite 40 yers old, lives in n urn re or slightly smller community, nd erns n nnul gross income of over $30,000. A summry of chrcteristics of resident hunters/nglers in North Dkot follows. Age In generl, the mjority of hunters nd nglers in ech ctivity fell into the 19 to 45 yers of ge ctegory (Tle 4). Archery hunters tend to e younger nd hunters using grtis licenses (ntelope, deer nd turkey) tend to e older. Seventy-four percent of rchery pronghorn ntelope hunters were in the 19 to 45 yers of ge ctegory, the most of ny group. Excluding grtis hunters, the smllest percentge in tht ctegory ws 50 percent, for ice nglers nd fll wild turkey hunters. 9
Tle 4. Averge Age nd Percentge of Resident Hunters/nglers in Ech Age Group in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97 Averge 18 Yers 19 to 45 46 to 65 Over 65 Activity Age or Less Yers Yers Yers ---------------------- percentge---------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery 34 9 74 16 1 Grtis 46 7 43 38 12 Firerms 40 7 60 29 4 Specil Big Gme 40 8 59 27 6 Deer Archery 36 11 67 20 2 Firerms 40 7 59 30 4 Grtis 48 6 42 33 18 Muzzleloder 43 4 61 31 3 Furerer 41 4 64 29 4 Smll Gme Wterfowl 42 6 55 32 7 Uplnd 41 6 57 30 7 Turkey Fll Turkey 40 14 50 30 6 Fll (Grtis) 48 7 37 38 18 Fishing Open Wter -- 2 52 30 15 Ice 2 50 30 18 Residence Fll wild turkey hunters hd the highest percentge of urn prticipnts t 61 percent (Tle 5). Excluding grtis hunters which re lmost entirely rurl, specil ig gme hunters hd the highest percentge of rurl prticipnts t 61 percent; however, this group is smll nd could lso include some lndowner-only licenses. The firerms nd muzzleloder deer hunters tended to e more rurl nd more thn hlf of resident nglers nd furerers respondents resided in rurl res. The dt re similr to the 1990 study (Bltezore nd Leitch 1992), ut the North Dkot popultions trend seems to e towrds more urn. The most noticele chnges occurred with pronghorns nd furerers. Furerers nd firerms pronghorns hunters tended to e more urn in 1996-97, except for rchery pronghorn hunters which tended to e more rurl. 10
Tle 5. Residence of Resident North Dkot Hunters/nglers, y Activity, 1996-97 Urn Rurl Activity City 2,500 Totl Community Frm or Rurl Totl City over 50,000 to 50,000 Urn under 2,500 Rnch Nonfrm Rurl 11 ------------------------------------------------------------------ percentge--------------------------------------------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery 17 42 58 19 14 8 42 Firerms 24 33 57 19 12 11 43 Grtis 3 5 8 13 74 5 92 Deer Archery 24 29 53 21 13 13 47 Firerms 17 31 47 22 17 13 53 Grtis 17 17 74 9 83 Muzzleloder 22 22 44 22 22 12 56 Specil Big Gme 8 31 39 31 20 9 61 Smll Gme Wterfowl 26 27 53 24 14 9 47 Uplnd 27 26 54 22 15 9 46 Wild Turkey Fll Turkey 26 35 61 17 12 10 39 Fll (Grtis) 3 5 8 6 85 2 92 Furerer 23 25 48 23 19 11 52 Fishing Open Wter 16 31 48 23 18 12 52 Ice 16 33 50 22 16 12 50
Income All 13 resident hunting ctivities showed lrge percentge of their prticipnts ($30 percent) erned $50,000 or more in gross nnul household income compred to the 8 lower income ctegories (Tle 6). In the $50,000 or more income ctegory, ll grtis hunters nd fll wild turkey hunters verged the highest percentge (out 40 percent), nd rchery nd firerms deer hunters verged the lowest percentge (out 30 percent). Anglers were not sked to indicte their income ctegory. The income questions ws not included on previous surveys so comprisons over time were not mde. Ownership of Lnd Hunted Overll, the hunting y residents in the stte ws on privte lnd. Excluding grtis hunters which re required to hunt on their own lnd, 83 percent of furerer ctivity occurred on privte lnd in the 1996-97 seson (Tle 7). Just over 50 percent of rchery pronghorn ntelope hunters hunted on privte lnd, the lowest percentge of ll resident hunting ctivities. Over 30 percent of rchery pronghorn ntelope hunting occurred on federl lnd, s ws the cse in 1990 (Bltezore nd Leitch 1992). Dys of Prticiption The verge summer ngler spent 17 dys fishing during the 1996-97 seson (Tle 8). Furerer hunters/trppers nd rchery deer hunters were the only two other prticipnts who verged more thn 10 dys. Fll wild turkey hunters (oth resident nd grtis) nd firerms ntelope hunters (oth resident nd grtis) hd the lowest verge dys of prticiption (2 dys). Between 1981 nd 1996, the verge numer of dys prticipted styed reltively stle for firerms ntelope, firerms deer, muzzleloders, specil ig gme, spring nd fll turkey hunting nd ice fishing. The mount of time rchery deer hunters spent hunting incresed from 1990 to 1996, while the verge prticiption dys of furerer hunters/trppers decresed from 1981 to 1982 nd from tht period on hs remined stle. Archery ntelope hunters incresed from the erly eighties to 1986 nd decresed from 1990 to 1996. Smll gme hunters verge dys incresed from the erly eighties to 1990, ut decresed in 1996. Open wter fishing dys decresed from the erly eighties to 1986, nd incresed from 1990 to 1996. Distnce Trveled Specil ig gme hunters trveled the most, on verge, of ny other resident hunter/ngler group in 1996 (970 miles) (Tle 9). In contrst, the verge grtis ntelope hunter trveled the shortest distnce (91 miles), nd muzzleloder hunters, turkey hunters, nd grtis hunters tended to trvel fewer miles in comprison to the other hunting groups. For most hunter/ngler groups, the verge miles trveled per seson incresed from 1981 to 1990. However, the verge miles trveled per seson leveled off or decresed from 1990 to 1996. An exception ws furerer respondents who still trveled less miles on verge in 1996 thn reported in 1981. 12
13 Tle 6. Incomes of Resident Hunters in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97 $50,000 $40,000- $30,000- $25,000- $20,000- $15,000- $10,000- $5,000- Under Activity or more $49,999 $39,999 $29,999 $24,999 $19,999 $14,999 $9,999 $5,000 ------------------------------------------------------------ percentge--------------------------------------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery 37 16 17 9 6 7 4 2 2 Firerms 34 17 19 9 10 5 2 2 3 Grtis 41 9 13 8 10 7 4 3 6 Deer Archery 30 16 19 10 9 5 4 3 4 Firerms 29 16 20 10 9 6 4 2 3 Grtis 41 14 10 17 7 7 3 Muzzleloder 34 16 21 9 9 5 3 1 3 Specil Big Gme 33 19 20 6 7 8 3 2 3 Smll Gme Wterfowl 37 16 17 9 7 4 5 2 3 Uplnd 36 16 15 9 8 5 5 3 4 Wild Turkey Fll Turkey 39 16 15 9 8 5 3 2 4 Fll (Grtis) 41 16 8 7 14 7 5 3 Furerer 36 17 20 8 7 5 3 2 2
Tle 7. Resident Hunting y Lnd Type, y Activity, North Dkot, 1996-97 Lnd Type Activity Federl Stte Privte Unknown ----------------------------- percentge-------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery 33 10 53 4 Firerms 22 9 65 4 Grtis 1 0 97 2 Specil Big Gme 11 20 67 1 Deer Archery 13 13 72 2 Firerms 9 7 81 4 Grtis 0 0 94 6 Muzzleloder 8 10 81 1 Furerer 6 6 83 4 Smll Gme Wterfowl 8 9 80 3 Uplnd 8 10 78 4 Wild Turkey Comined 9 7 82 2 Fll Grtis 1 0 99 0 Spring 11 14 64 11 Spring Grtis 0 2 73 24 Includes erly nd lte fll sesons. 14
Tle 8. Averge Dys Residents Spent Hunting/fishing in North Dkot, y Activity, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, nd 1996 Activity 1981 1982 1986 1990 1996 ------------------------------------- dys -------------------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery NA 4 7 8 6 Firerms NA 2 2 2 2 Grtis NA NA NA -- 2 Deer Archery 13 14 13 14 16 Firerms 4 4 5 4 4 Grtis NA NA NA -- 3 Muzzleloder NA NA NA 4 3 Specil Big Gme 4 5 4 5 5 Smll Gme Wterfowl 7 6 8 11 8 Uplnd 6 5 9 13 8 Wild Turkey Comined 2 2 2 2 2 Fll Grtis NA NA NA -- 2 Spring NA NA NA 3 3 Spring Grtis NA NA NA NA 4 Furerer 17 12 12 12 13 Fishing Open Wter 22 18 13 13 17 Ice NA NA 12 11 10 Includes grtis hunters. Includes erly nd lte fll sesons. 15
Tle 9. Averge Miles Trveled to Hunt/fish y North Dkot Residents, y Activity, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, nd 1996 Activity 1981 1982 1986 1990 1996 ------------------------------------- miles -------------------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery NA 467 688 777 737 Firerms NA 513 366 418 637 Grtis NA NA NA -- 91 Deer Archery 437 164 465 654 674 Firerms 270 205 338 335 375 Grtis NA NA NA -- 112 Muzzleloder NA NA NA 247 215 Specil Big Gme 397 567 583 1,131 970 Smll Gme Wterfowl 476 NA 480 904 779 Uplnd 415 NA 521 869 878 Wild Turkey c Comined 249 207 232 340 277 Fll Grtis NA NA NA -- 128 Spring NA NA NA 270 311 Spring Grtis NA NA NA NA 98 Furerer 796 612 636 625 694 Fishing Open Wter NA 103 649 860 815 Ice NA NA 651 672 495 Includes grtis hunters. Includes erly nd lte fll sesons. 16
Vlue of Dy of Hunting/Angling Specil ig gme hunters vlued their hunting dy higher thn ny other resident hunter/ngler ($148) (Tle 10). Ice fishing prticipnts vlued their fishing dy t $33 per dy, the lowest of ny resident hunter/ngler. Most vlues were under $100 for ech ctivity. There ppers to e lot of vriility in the verge vlue of dy reported y the vrious ctivity groups during the period 1981 to 1996. The generl trend hs een decresing verge vlue of dy, prticulrly for deer nd ntelope (oth rchery nd firerms), specil ig gme, furerers nd ice fishing. A second group including smll gme, turkey nd open wter fishing incresed from the erly eighties to 1986, then decresed in 1990 nd either stilized or incresed y 1996. Tle 10. Averge Vlue of Dy Spent Hunting/fishing in North Dkot, Estimted y Resident Respondents, y Activity, 1996 Dollrs, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, nd 1996 Activity 1981 1982 1986 1990 1996 ---------------------------------- 1996 dollrs ------------------------------ Pronghorn Antelope Archery NA NA 74 65 69 Firerms NA NA NA 110 96 Grtis NA NA NA -- 64 Deer Archery 768 NA 64 61 46 Firerms 186 NA 79 69 52 Grtis NA NA NA -- 36 Muzzleloder NA NA NA 384 55 Specil Big Gme 1308 523 388 144 148 Smll Gme Wterfowl 69 NA 99 67 52 Uplnd 69 NA 109 50 61 Wild Turkey Comined 178 NA 285 58 57 Fll Grtis NA NA NA -- 34 Spring NA NA NA 65 128 Spring Grtis NA NA NA NA 49 Furerer 183 148 67 66 41 Fishing Open Wter 79 NA 498 49 122 Ice NA NA 50 44 33 Includes grtis hunters. Includes erly nd lte fll sesons. 17
Nonresidents The verge nonresident hunter/ngler in North Dkot is in his mid-40s, lives in n urn community, nd hs n nnul gross income of over $40,000. Age The mjority of nonresident hunters nd nglers fell into the ge ctegory of 19 to 45 yers (Tle 11). The lrgest percentge in tht ctegory ws rchery pronghorn ntelope hunters (78 percent), nd the smllest percentge ws for nonresident nglers (41 percent). Tle 11. Averge Age nd Percentge of Nonresident Hunters/nglers in Ech Age Group in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97 Averge 18 Yers 19 to 45 46 to 65 Over 65 Activity Age or Less Yers Yers Yers ------------------------ percentge------------------ Pronghorn Antelope Archery 38 0 78 22 0 Deer Archery 41 2 69 28 1 Firerms 44 2 55 38 5 Smll Gme 46 2 50 41 8 Fishing -- 1 41 40 18 Residence Firerms deer hunters hd the highest percentge of urn prticipnts (79 percent) (Tle 12). At 47 percent, rchery deer hunters hd the highest percentge of rurl prticipnts. All nonresident hunting/ngling groups indicted mjority of prticipnts coming from urn res. Income A mjority of hunters in ech nonresident hunting ctivity, except rchery ntelope hunting, reported hving n nnul gross household income of more thn $50,000 (Tle 13). In the $50,000 or more income ctegory, smll gme hunters verged the highest percentge of hunters t 62 percent. Archery pronghorn ntelope hunters verged the lowest percentge of hunters in the ctegory t 42 percent. 18
Tle 12. Residence of Nonresident North Dkot Hunters/nglers, y Activity, 1996 Urn Rurl Activity City over City 2,500 Totl Community Frm or Rurl Totl 50,000 to 50,000 Urn under 2,500 Rnch Nonfrm Rurl 19 --------------------------------------------------------- percentge------------------------------------------------ Pronghorn Antelope Archery 21 37 58 5 16 21 42 Deer Archery 19 34 53 15 9 24 47 Firerms 42 36 79 7 3 12 21 Smll Gme 36 32 68 13 4 15 32 Fishing 31 32 62 14 8 15 38 Tle 13. Averge Incomes of Nonresident Hunters in North Dkot, y Activity, 1996-97 $50,000 $40,000- $30,000- $25,000- $20,000- $15,000- $10,000- $5,000- Under Activity or more $49,999 $39,999 $29,999 $24,999 $19,999 $14,999 $9,999 $5,000 -------------------------------------------------------------------- percentge ----------------------------------------------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery 42 26 16 5 11 0 0 0 0 Deer Archery 53 20 14 7 3 1 1 0 0 Firerms 59 15 13 6 4 1 1 0 0 Smll Gme 62 14 10 7 3 2 1 0 0
Ownership of Lnd Hunted Over 80 percent of nonresident deer firerms hunting occurred on privte lnd in the 1996-97 seson (Tle 14). Archery pronghorn ntelope hunters nd rchery deer hunters hd the lowest percentges of hunting on privte lnd for ll nonresident hunters t 71 percent. Overll, the mjority of nonresident hunters hunted on privte lnd. Twentyone percent of rchery deer hunters hunted on federl lnd. The proportion of smll gme hunting tht occurred on the lnd ownership ctegories mesured chnged little from 1976 to 1996 (Tle 14). During tht sme time period firerms nd rchery deer hunters tended to use privte lnd slightly more in 1976 nd 1996, however, the 1990 dt showed drstic increse in pulic lnd use, prticulrly federlly-owned. Tle 14. Nonresident Hunting y Lnd Type, y Activity, North Dkot, 1976, 1983, 1990, nd 1996 Activity 1976 1983 1990 1996 ----------------------------- percentge------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery Federl 14 NA 40 12 Stte 21 NA 10 17 Privte 61 NA 47 71 Unknown 4 NA 3 1 Deer Archery Federl 18 19 25 21 Stte 25 19 14 7 Privte 56 59 60 71 Unknown 1 3 1 1 Firerms Federl 11 12 8 6 Stte 9 7 9 7 Privte 78 78 81 84 Unknown 2 3 2 3 Smll Gme Federl 12 12 10 10 Stte 12 9 11 13 Privte 72 75 76 75 Unknown 4 4 3 3 20
Dys of Prticiption Nonresident nglers spent more dys prticipting in their sport thn ny other nonresident hunting/ngling group (9 dys) (Tle 15). Firerms deer hunters spent only 3 dys, the lest time of ny nonresident group. Between 1976 nd 1996, prticiption dys for most nonresident hunters/nglers did not chnge. Archery pronghorn ntelope hunters experienced decline in prticiption dys over tht time, from 9 dys in 1976 to 6 dys in 1996, while nonresident nglers showed slight increse from 1990 (6 dys) to 1996 (9 dys). Tle 15. Averge Dys Nonresidents Spent Hunting/fishing in North Dkot, y Activity, 1976, 1983, 1990, nd 1996 Activity 1976 1983 1990 1996 ------------------------- dys ------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery 9 NA 7 6 Deer Archery 7 8 8 7 Firerms 4 4 4 3 Smll Gme 5 4 5 6 Fishing NA 8 6 9 Distnce Trveled Nonresident rchery pronghorn ntelope hunters trveled the frthest distnce for ll trips, more thn ny other nonresident group (1,897 miles) (Tle 16). At 993 miles, firerms deer hunters trveled the shortest distnce. It is difficult to compre the miles trveled for the 1996-97 seson with miles trveled dt from pst sesons in which one-wy distnce from respondents homes to where they hunted or fished ws requested. However, in 1990, rchery pronghorn ntelope nd rchery deer hunters were sked for miles trveled for ll trips. In oth these groups, totl miles trveled incresed from 1990 to 1996. 21
Tle 16. Averge Miles Trveled to Hunt/fish y Nonresidents in North Dkot, y Activity, 1976, 1983, 1990, nd 1996 Activity 1976 1983 1990 1996 --------------------------- miles ------------------------------ Pronghorn Antelope Archery 535 NA 1,529 1897 Deer Archery 373 502 1,169 1357 Firerms 588 639 567 993 Smll Gme 482 701 610 1369 Fishing NA 696 489 1047 Miles trveled for ll trips rther thn just the one-wy distnce from the respondents homes to where they hunted. Vlue of Dy Hunting/Angling The most ny nonresidents vlued single hunting or ngling dy ws, on verge, $101 y oth firerms nd rchery deer hunters (Tle 17). The lest n verge dy ws vlued ws $64 y rchery pronghorn ntelope hunters. In generl, etween 1983 nd 1996, nonresident hunters nd nglers estimtes of hunting/fishing dy s vlue decresed. The four groups surveyed in ll three yers showed mrked decrese from 1983 to 1990 with increses in 1996. Tle 17. Averge Vlue of Dy Spent Hunting/fishing in North Dkot, Estimted y Nonresident Respondents, y Activity, 1996 Dollrs, 1983, 1990, nd 1996 Activity 1983 1990 1996 -------------- 1996 dollrs ------------ Pronghorn Antelope Archery NA 86 64 Deer Archery 150 72 101 Firerms 178 97 101 Smll Gme 151 84 91 Fishing 145 59 83 22
Resident nd Nonresident Hunter/Angler Expenditures Averge dily nd seson totl expenditures nd projected totl expenditures for the popultion were estimted for ech resident nd nonresident ctivity. Resident nd nonresident projected totl expenditures in the 1996 seson were compred to those from previous survey yers to identify chnges in expenditure ptterns over time. Nonresident dditionl expenditures not relted to hunting nd ngling expenditures were lso summrized. Dily nd Seson Expenditures Resident verge dily expenditures rnged from $17 for grtis fll wild turkey hunters to $450 for rchery ntelope hunters (Tle 18). Resident verge seson expenditures rnged from $50 for grtis fll wild turkey hunters to $2,779 for summer nglers (Appendix B). The four ctivity groups of grtis hunters spent the lest, oth for the seson nd on dily sis. Excluding them leves fll turkey hunters spending the lest for the seson ($418) nd rchery deer hunters spending the lest for verge dily expenditures ($99). Nonresident verge dily expenditures rnged from $118 for rchery ntelope hunters to $150 for rchery deer. Anglers hd the highest sesonl expenditures of $1,122 compred to the rest of the nonresident ctivities. Firerms deer hunters spent the lest of ll the nonresidents over the seson ($466). From 1982 to 1986, resident verge seson expenditures incresed for ll ctivities, except furerer hunters/trppers (Tle 19). From 1986 to 1990, resident verge seson expenditures went down, in generl, except for wterfowl, grtis wild turkey, furerer, nd open wter nd ice fishing ctegories (Figures 2 nd 3). Between 1990 nd 1996, the verge seson expenditures for residents incresed for hlf of the ctivities nd decresed for the other hlf. Those tht incresed include rchery pronghorn ntelope, rchery deer, grtis deer, muzzleloder deer, uplnd gme, fll wild turkey, nd spring turkey. Those tht decresed include firerms pronghorn ntelope, grtis ntelope, firerms deer, specil ig gme, wterfowl, grtis turkey, furerer, nd open wter nd ice fishing ctegories (Figures 1, 2, nd 3). Resident verge dily expenditures were generlly lower in 1990 compred to 1996 (Tle 19). Grtis wild turkey, furerer, nd open wter nd ice fishing ctivities were exceptions (Figures 5 nd 6). Hlf of the ctivities showed n increse in verge dily expenditures from 1990 to 1996, nd hlf showed decrese. Those tht incresed include rchery pronghorn ntelope, grtis deer, muzzleloder deer, wterfowl, uplnd gme, fll wild turkey, nd spring wild turkey. Those tht decresed include firerms pronghorn ntelope, grtis ntelope, rchery deer, firerms deer, specil ig gme, grtis wild turkey, furerer, nd open wter nd ice fishing (Figures 4, 5, nd 6). Nonresident verge seson expenditures were higher in 1976 thn in 1983 for rchery deer nd firerms deer hunters nd lower for smll gme hunters (Tle 20). Between 1983 nd 1990, verge seson expenditures went up for rchery deer nd smll gme hunters nd for nglers. Over tht sme period, firerms deer hunters spent less per seson, on verge. Most ctivity groups verged higher seson expenditure in 1996 thn in 1990, with the exception of firerms deer hunters, whose verge seson expenditures continued to decrese. 23
Tle 18. Averge Seson nd Dily Expenditures, y Activity, Resident nd Nonresident Hunter/ngler Survey, 1996-97 Expenditure Activity Averge Dys Seson Dily Men C.I. Men C.I. ------------------------------------dollrs------------------------ Residents Pronghorn Antelope Archery 6 1,777 ±457 450 ±195 Firerms 2 623 ±137 387 ±103 Grtis 2 117 ±38 70 ±24 Specil Big Gme 5 976 ±261 325 ±72 Deer Archery 16 1,270 ±288 99 ±24 Firerms 4 632 ±187 174 ±52 Muzzleloder 3 1,168 ±454 442 ±205 Grtis 3 201 ±73 82 ±35 Furerer 13 1,215 ±232 220 ±69 Smll Gme Wterfowl 8 1,226 ±417 193 ±71 Uplnd 8 1,289 ±277 246 ±82 Wild Turkey Comined 2 418 ±116 263 ±84 Fll Grtis 2 50 ±22 17 ±6 Spring 3 705 ±304 359 ±201 Spring Grtis 4 200 ±117 48 ±25 Fishing Open Wter 17 2,779 ±352 230 ±35 Ice 10 1,011 ±253 121 ±39 Nonresidents Pronghorn Antelope Archery 6 685 ±166 118 ±32 Deer Archery 7 957 ±262 150 ±43 Firerms 3 466 ±49 145 ±14 Smll Gme 6 705 ±55 131 ±9 Fishing 9 1,122 ±252 145 ±35 Indictes 90 percent confidence intervl (" = 0.05). Includes erly nd lte fll sesons. 24
Tle 19. Averge Seson nd Dily Expenditures, y Activity, Resident Hunters nd Anglers, 1996 Dollrs, 1982, 1986, 1990, nd 1996 Seson Dily Activity 1982 1986 1990 1996 1982 1986 1990 1996 ------------------------------- 1996 dollrs -------------------------------- Pronghorn Antelope Archery 819 1,606 1,316 1,777 260 343 187 450 Firerms 651 864 672 623 431 683 390 387 Grtis NA 769 334 117 NA 709 145 70 Deer Archery 326 1,035 848 1,270 35 97 100 99 Firerms 431 822 720 632 150 290 208 174 Muzzleloder NA NA 601 1,168 NA NA 209 442 Grtis NA NA 166 201 NA NA 50 82 Specil Big Gme 1,274 2,083 1,750 976 546 1,170 516 325 Smll Gme Wterfowl 281 827 1,345 1,226 47 120 116 193 Uplnd 247 1,168 852 1,289 46 248 76 246 Wild Turkey Comined 84 651 187 418 46 489 101 263 Fll Grtis NA 46 76 50 NA 22 31 17 Spring NA NA 320 705 NA NA 218 359 Spring Grtis NA NA NA 200 NA NA NA 48 Furerer 898 894 1,251 1,215 NA NA 250 220 Fishing Open Wter 990 1,756 2,837 2,779 76 175 256 230 Ice NA 378 1,047 1,011 NA 46 155 121 Adjusted to 1996 dollrs, using the Consumer Price Index. Includes erly nd lte fll, nd winter sesons. 25