Why The Dog Died (A Lesson in Fundamental Pool Water Chemistry) I told YOU we should have gotten another Pool Guy! Presented by A Passion for Healthy Water and Aquatic Education www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com
Calcium Saturation Index SI = ph + Temp_f + CH_f + TA_f - TDS_f ph as is Temp factor Calcium factor Total Alkalinity Factor Total Dissolved Solids factor Temperature Calcium Hardness Expressed as CaCO3 Total Carbonate Alkalinity o F Tf ppm Cf ppm Af 32 0.0 25 1.0 25 1.4 37 0.1 50 1.3 50 1.7 46 0.2 75 1.5 75 1.9 53 0.3 100 1.6 100 2.0 60 0.4 125 1.7 125 2.1 66 0.5 150 1.8 150 2.2 76 0.6 200 1.9 200 2.3 84 0.7 250 2.0 250 2.4 94 0.8 300 2.1 300 2.5 105 0.9 400 2.2 400 2.6 800 2.5 800 2.9 If an actual measurement is not found in the chart, use the next greatest value. TDS Factor Less than 1,000 ppm 1,000 ppm or Greater Subtract 12.1 Subtract 12.2 www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 2
Calcium Carbonate Temperature Hardness Alkalinity Temp (F) T_F ppm CH_f ppm TA_f 32 0.0 25 1.0 25 1.4 37 0.1 50 1.3 50 1.7 46 0.2 75 1.5 75 1.9 53 0.3 100 1.6 100 2.0 60 0.4 125 1.7 125 2.1 66 0.5 150 1.8 150 2.2 76 0.6 200 1.9 200 2.3 84 0.7 250 2.0 250 2.4 94 0.8 300 2.1 300 2.5 105 0.9 400 2.2 400 2.6 800 2.5 800 2.9 TDS subtract 12.1 if below 1000ppm 12.2 if 1000ppm or above CALCIUM SATURATION INDEX WORKSHEET Value Factor ph Temperature Calcium Hardness Carbonate Alkalinity Sub-Total Total Dissolved Solids Saturation Index Value Factor ph Temperature Calcium Hardness Carbonate Alkalinity Sub-Total Total Dissolved Solids Saturation Index www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 3
The Balance Water Chemistry Guidelines Parameter Min. Ideal Max. Pool Type ph 7.2 7.4-7.6 7.8 All Types Total Alkalinity (ppm) 60 80 100* 100 120** 180 All Types Calcium Hardness 150 200-400 1,000 Pools 100 150-250 800 Spas Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) NA NA 1,500 over start-up*** All Types Cyanuric Acid (ppm) 0 30 50 100**** All Types 0 0**** 0**** Indoor Venues Temperature 78º F 80.5º F 82º F Competition Pools - - 104º F Spas - Personal Preference 104º F Other Pools * For calcium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, or sodium hypochlorite ** For sodium dichlor, trichlor, chlorine gas, BCDMH *** Start-up includes the TDS contribution of salt found in chlorine generating systems **** Proposed by the CDC s Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) The Disinfectant Parameter Min. Ideal Max. Pool Type Free Chlorine (ppm) 1.0 2.0-4.0 5.0 Pools 2.0 3.0-5.0 10.0 Spas Total Bromine (ppm) 2.0 4.0-6.0 10.0 All Types The Contaminants Contaminant Min. Ideal Max. Pool Type Combined Chlorine (ppm) 0 0 0.2 Pools 0 0 0.5 Spas Heavy Metals None None None All Types Visible Algae None None None All Types Bacteria None None Local Code All Types www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 4
Element Atomic Weight Carbon 12.01 Nitrogen 14.01 Oxygen 16 Sodium 22.99 Chlorine 35.45 Atomic Weights Of Organic Chlorine Cyanuric Acid C 3 N 3 O 3 Carbon 36.03 Nitrogen 42.03 Oxygen 48 Total 126.06 TriChlor C 3 N 3 O 3 Cl 3 CYA 126.06 Chlorine (3) 106.35 Total 232.41 %Chlor 45.76% %CYA 54.24% DiChlor NaCl 2 C 3 N 3 O 3 CYA 126.06 Sodium (1) 22.99 Sub Total 149.05 Chlorine (2) 70.9 Total 219.95 %Chlor 32.23% %CYA 57.31% %Sodium 10.45% www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 5
Cyanuric Acid (Chlorine Stabilizer / Pool Water Conditioner) Cyanuric acid (CYA) is used in pool water to protect the chlorine from the sun s UV rays. It does this by forming a weak molecular bond with the chlorine, thus keeping it in the water. This bond, however, does slow down the killing rate of hypochlorous acid (HOCL). To ensure there is enough active chlorine (hypochlorous acid) to keep a healthy swimming pool and to prevent algae when using CYA, the measured FC level should be at least 7.5 percent of the amount of CYA. For example: if the CYA level is 50ppm then the measured residual FC should be at least 3.75 (4ppm). High levels of CYA -- i.e, 100, 200 and higher -- will require impractical high levels of chlorine to prevent algae and to ensure the inactivation of harmful bacteria and other pathogens that may be introduced into the swimming pool. When CYA levels are this high, then supplemental chemicals (algaecides, oxidizers, phosphate removers, etc.) can be used to help prevent algae and to help keep the pool safe. Table 5 is the guideline that shows the amount of chlorine needed to disinfect as the CYA levels go up, given an equivalent killing rate. These chlorine/cya ratios should be followed to maintain a healthy pool. Chlorine / CYA Chart Free available Chlorine (ppm) CYA Minimum Target Shock/Algae (ppm) ( 7.5% of CYA) ( 11.5% of CYA) ( 40% of CYA) 0.07 1.1 1.7 1 2 1 10 1 1 1.5 1 5 7 20 2 3 10 13 30 2 4 12 18 40 3 5 16 24 50 4 6 20 30 2 60 5 7 24 35 2 70 5 8 28 2 41 2 80 6 9 31 2 46 2 90 7 10 35 2 52 2 100 7 12 39 2 58 2 120 9 14 47 2 68 2 Table 5 Yellow Algae Kill ( 60% of CYA) 1 A minimum FC level is needed as a "reserve" for usage so in practice at least 2 ppm FC is required even at low CYA levels. The table above shows the amount needed for disinfecting chlorine for equivalent killing power (rates), but does not take into account the amount needed in reserve to prevent getting used up as this varies by pool. 2 The shock levels shown have equivalent disinfecting chlorine amounts (in a column) but at high CYA levels it may be impractical to use such high FC levels. A partial drain/refill to lower the CYA level is usually what is needed or one can shock at a lower level but will take longer to kill the algae. ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The chlorine/cya chart was developed by Ben Powell of The Pool Form and Richard Falk of Trouble Free Pool. www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 6
General Dosage Formula Chemical Divisor Weight in 1lb DE Scoop Alkalinity Down Muriatic Acid (Quarts) 1.04 N/A Sodium Bisulfate (Dry Acid).39 4.6 lbs. Alkalinity Up Pounds = Pool Gallons X PPM ( Divisor) (in thousands) 120 Sodium Bicarb (Baking Soda).59 3.9 lbs. Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash).94 4 lbs. Amount Needed Chlorine to Equal ACC of 1 lb. of Cl 2 gas Sodium Hypochlorite - Bleach (Liquid 12%, gallon) 1 1 gallon N/A TriChlor (90%).9 1.1 lbs ( 2 tabs) 3.5 lbs. Sodium DiChlor (56%).56 1.8 lbs 3.3 lbs. Calcium Hypochlorite (65%).65 1.5 lbs 2.9 lbs. Calcium - Calcium Chloride (77%).69 3 lbs. Stabilizer - Cyanuric Acid 1 2.4 lbs. Salt 1 3.8 lbs. Borax (5 mol, pentahydrate).15 (10 mol, decahydrate).11 PPM = Pounds X 120 Pool Gallons (X Divisor) (in thousands) Pool Gallons = Pounds X 120 (in thousands) PPM (X Divisor) www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 7
Equivalents of Common Pool Chemicals Chemical Name Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) Equivalent to 1 lb. of Cl 2 Gas 1 gallon 12% Trade Grade Weight in a 1 lb. DE Scoop N/A Price/Pound (June 2013) $2.86/Gallon Sodium DiChlor (56%) 1.8 lbs. 3.3 lbs. $2.15 TriChlor 3 Tabs (90%) TriChlor (Granular) (90%) Calcium Hypochlorite (65%) 1.1 lbs. ( 2 tabs) N/A $1.88 1.1 lbs. 3.5 lbs. $2.38 1.5 lbs. 2.9 lbs. $1.63 D.E. 1 lb. $0.33 Cyanuric Acid (Chlorine Stabilizer) 2.4 lbs. $0.85 Salt 3.8 lbs. $0.15 Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) 3.9 lbs. $0.45 Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) 4 lbs. $0.45 Potassium Monopersulfate 4.3 lbs. $3.34 Sodium Bromide 5.2 lbs. $3.96 Muriatic Acid (Liquid Acid) $4.18/Gallon Sodium Bisulfate (Dry Acid) Equivalent to 1 quart. Muriatic Acid (TA) 2.5 pounds 4.6 lbs. $1.40 www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 8
ph of Common Pool Water Chemicals Chemical Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) Sodium Hypochlorite ( Bleach) Calcium Hypochlorite (Cal Hypo) ph 12.3 or higher 9-13 8.5-11 Calcium Chloride 8-9 Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda, BiCarb) 8.3 Sodium Bromide 6.5-8 DiChlor 6.8-7.1 Cyanuric Acid (Chlorine Stabilizer, Conditioner) 3-4 TriChlor 2.7-2.9 Potassium Monopersulfate Sodium Bisulfate (Dry Acid) 2-2.3 1.4 Muriatic Acid < 1 www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 9
onbalance Strategies for Adjusting ph and Alkalinity Chemical ph TA Soda ash strong shift ( 11.4) 1 lb / 100% Sesqui medium shift ( 10.2) 1.43 lbs / 70% Bicarb mild shift ( 8.3) 1.6 lbs / 63% Muriatic acid strong drop ( 1.1) lowers Powdered acid strong drop ( 1.4) lowers CO 2 shifts ph ( 5ish) no effect on TA Aeration shifts ph ( 8.3) no effect on TA ph TA Remedies OK Low bicarb OK High frequent small amounts of acid Low OK aerate, let drift up, hydroxide High OK aerate, let drift down, lite acid Low Low soda ash, sesqui, (bicarb ) Low High aerate, when ph OK, adjust TA High High adjust ph (acid demand), repeat High (8.4+) Low bicarb Raising cyanuric acid or borax levels makes the ph tend to ride higher but also requires raising Total Alkalinity in terms of Saturation Chemistry onbalance www.poolhelp.com www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 10
Adding Chlorine Compounds to The Swimming Pool When chlorine compounds are added to a swimming pool to disinfect and oxidize the water, the active chlorine (HOCL) gets used up and the other elements of the compound will build up. When the active chlorine does its job and gets used/consumed, it converts to chloride, i.e. salt which also builds up in the pool water. The following chart shows the rate of build-up of salt and other chemicals per 10ppm of chlorine added to a swimming pool using the various chlorine compounds. Chlorine Compound (10 ppm) Sodium Hypochlorite (10 ppm) TiChlor (10ppm) DiChlor (10ppm) Calcium Hypochlorite (10ppm) Salt Build-Up (in ppm) 16.4 ppm 8.2 ppm 8.2 ppm 8.2 ppm Chemical Build-Up (in ppm) Cyanuric Acid 6.1 ppm Cyanuric Acid 9.1 ppm Calcium Hardness 7 ppm ACKNOWLEDGMENT: These ratios are published online at the form : TroubleFreePool.com. by Richard Falk, aka ChemGeek. He has also published them on various other forms and articles that he has written. www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 11
Incompatible Chemicals Incompatible Chemicals Calcium Chloride (Hardness Increaser) AND Sodium Bicarbonate (BiCarb) OR Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) TriChlor AND Cal Hypo Chlorine Any kind AND Iron Polymer water Clarifier AND Sequestering agent Phosphate Remover AND Sequestering Agent Phosphate Remover AND High level of calcium or magnesium Result Calcium Chloride and bicarb or soda ash should not be added at the same time or even within a few hours of each other. A white precipitate will form, clouding the water and may cause scaling Explosion and Fire (by themselves) Stain and discolored water. Iron above.5ppm will rapidly destroy the chlorine. Cloudiness that may not go away or filter out Cloudiness Cloudiness and a precipitate that may scale www.anotherperfectpoolnews.com 949-235-5888 12