NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY INTRAMURAL SPORTS Volleyball Training Manual VOLLEYBALL TRAINING MANUAL SUMMER 2006
THE GAME OF VOLLEYBALL Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on a playing court divided by a net. The object of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to ground it on the opponent s court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent. The team has three hits for returning the ball. The ball is put in play with a service: hit by the server over the net to the opponents. The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes out or a team fails to return it properly. In Volleyball, the team winning a rally scores a point. When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains a point and the right to serve, and its players rotate one position clockwise. The first team to win two out of three games shall be declared the winner of the match.
THE COURT ANTENNAE An antenna is a flexible rod, 1.80 m long and 10 mm in diameter, made of fiberglass or similar material. An antenna is fastened at the outer edge of each side band. The antennae are placed on opposite sides of the net. The top 80 cm of each antenna extends above the net and is marked with 10 cm stripes of contrasting colour, preferably red and white. The antennae are considered as part of the net and laterally delimit the crossing space. POLE AND ANTENNA POSTS The posts supporting the net are placed at a distance of 0.50-1.00 m outside the sidelines. They should be 2.55m high and adjustable. The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to the ground without wires. There shall be no dangerous or obstructing devices. The posts should be padded to protect the players. OUT OF BOUNDS A ball is out of bounds and becomes dead when: it touches a wall or objects on a wall it touches the floor or objects on the floor completely outside the court s boundary lines it touches the net antennas, the net outside the antennas or does not pass over the net entirely between the antennas it touches a non-player or the referee it touches the ceiling over the opponent s playing area it enters a non-playable area (adjacent courts) Either referee will stop play for ball out of bounds and will award a point and side out to the opponent. IN-BOUNDS SIGNAL OUT OF BOUNDS SIGNAL
REFEREE (Up Ref) Positioning The referee will officiate from the stand located at one end of the net. Their view should be approximately 50 cm above the net and unobstructed. Authority: The referee directs the match from the start until the end. They have authority over all members of the two teams, the assistant referee, the score table personel and the may sanction fans or spectators. During the match the referee s decisions are final. They are authorized to overrule the decisions of other referees if it is noticed that a mistake has been made. The referee may even replace a member of the refereeing corps who is not performing his/her functions properly. The referee has the power to decide any matter involving the game including those not provided for in the Rules. The referee is responsible for determining before and during the match whether the playing area equipment and the conditions meet playing. The referee will give an explanation of a rule, its application or interpretation when requested to by a captain. Judgement calls cannot be questioned. The referee is responsible for determining before and during the match whether the playing area and the equipment are safe. RESPONSIBILITIES Prior to the match, the referee: inspects the conditions of the playing area, the balls and other equipment performs the captains meeting controls the teams warming-up prior to the first serve During the match, only the referee is authorized: to issue warnings to the teams and the players to sanction misconduct and delays The Referee will also call: the faults of the server and the serving team the faults on a screen the faults in playing the ball, the faults above the net and at its upper part, the ball crossing the lower space under the net. At the end of the match, the referee will check the scoresheet and confirm the outcome of the match. END OF THE MATCH SIGNAL
UMPIRE (Down Ref) Positioning The umpire performs his/her functions standing outside the playing court near the post, on the opposite side facing the first referee. Authority The umpire is the assistant of the Referee, but has also their own range of jurisdiction. The umpire may, without whistling, also signal faults outside their range of jurisdiction, but may not insist on them to the Referee. Other Duties: control the work of the scorer table supervises the team bench and reports their misconduct to the First Referee for sanctions controls the players on the sidelines if they practice in the warm-up areas controls the number of time-outs and allows substitutions Responsibilities During the match, the umpire decides, whistles and signals: penetration into the opponent s court, and the space under the net positional and other faults of the receiving team, the faulty contact of the player with the net at its lower part or with the antenna on their side of the court any completed block on the serve the contact of the ball with an outside object or the ceiling the contact of the ball with the floor when the first referee is not in position to see the contact the ball that crosses the net totally or partly outside of the crossing space to the opponent court or contacts the antenna on the closest side of the court
LINE JUDGE Positioning The two line judges perform their functions standing outside the playing court in opposite corners. Authority The line judges are assistants to the two other officials. They are primarily responsible for signaling out of bounds, touches, and foot faults on each rally. Responsibilities During the match, the line judge decides and signals: the contact of the ball with the floor outside the court the contact of the ball with with the floor inside the court the contact of the ball with a player and a resulting out of bounds (touch) the contact of the ball with an outside object or the ceiling the ball that crosses the net totally or partly outside of the crossing space to the opponent court or contacts the antenna on the closest side of the court the contact of the server s foot with the service line (foot fault)
GENERAL RULES Except where otherwise noted all play will be governed by USA Volleyball rules. Northeastern University 4 vs. 4: Maximum of 4 players on the court, 3 required to start the match. Northeastern University 6 vs. 6: Maximum of 6 players on the court, 4 required to start the match. Northeastern Co-Ed Rule: A team must have at least one member of the opposite sex on the court at all times. Substitutions: Subs may enter on any dead ball. The new player will take the position of the old, with no change in the service order. Scoring System: Rally scoring will be used. Winning a Game: A team which has scored twenty-five (25) points and is at least (2) two points ahead shall be declared the winner of the game. If the team does not have a two (2) point advantage, play will continue until one team has a two (2) point advantage. Winning the Match: The first team to won 2 out of the 3 gamees will be declared the winner. Time Length: Games may have to be shortened by the Supervisor due to time constraints. Time Outs: Each team will be granted one time out that can be used during any dead ball. Switching Sides: Teams will switch their side of the court after every game. If a tie-break is necessary, teams will change sides after 8 points (15 point game) or 13 points (25 point game). First Service: The winnner of the coin toss will choose to serve or receive in the first game. The serving team will switch for the second game. A second coin toss will be administered if a tie-break is necessary. Height of the Net: Men s and Co-Ed Leagues: 7 11 5/8 Women s Leagues: 7 4 18
TIME OUTS AND SUBS Teams get one time out per game Give about 30 seconds Substitutions may enter at any dead ball once they are waved on by an official CAPTAIN S MEETING Should be administered by Referee Before every game, the officials will have a pre-game conference with the captains Remind the captains of the basic rules and go over any problem areas, such as foot faults Administer the coin toss and report the results to the scorers table Ask if there are any questions and wish both teams good luck OUT OF BOUNDS The Ball is out of bounds and becomes dead when it: Touches the wall or ceiling Touches the floor Touches the net antennas, the net outside the antennas, or does not pass between the antennas when going over the net Touches a non-player or one of the referees
THE SERVE The ball must be hit with one hand, fist or arm while the ball is held or after it is released by the server. The server must serve from within the serving area, behind the end line and between the sidelines extended. The server must remain in this area until the ball is contacted. A team s term of service begins when a player assumes the right back position as the server and ends when a side out is awarded. A player may have one reserve during a team s term of service. A reserve will be called when the server releases the ball for service and catches it or drops it to the floor. (?) ILLEGAL SERVE A serve is illegal and the ball remains dead if the server: Hits the ball illegally Is touching the end line Is out of serving order. Does not contact the ball within 5 seconds. Releases the ball for service and catches it or drops it to the floor more than once during a term of service. (?) PENALTY FOR ILLEGAL SERVE: Point and side out awarded to opposing team. SERVICE FAULT A served ball is a service fault and becomes dead when the ball: Touches the net, one of the server s teammates or passes under the net. Touches the ceiling, does not cross the net between the antennas or lands out PENALTY FOR SERVICE FAULT: Point and side out awarded to opposing team. SCREENING Players on the serving team cannot attempt to prevent receivers from seeing the contact of the serve or the path of the served ball. A potential screen exists when players on the serving team wave arms, jumps, or stands close to the server and the ball is served over that player. A potential screen exists when a group of two or more teammates stand close together and the ball is served over them. PENALTY FOR SCREENING: Point and side out awarded to opponent.
TO SCORE A POINT A Team Scores 1 Point: by successfully grounding the ball on the opponent s court when the opponent team commits a fault when the opponent team receives a penalty Fault: A team commits a fault by violating the rules in some manner. The referees judge the faults and determine the consequences according to the Rules. If two or more faults are committed successively, only the first will be counted. Double Fault: two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, the rally will be replayed. POINT SCORED SIGNAL Consequences of winning a rally A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by the server until the ball is out of play. If the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve; If the receiving team wins a rally, it scores a point and it must serve next.
LIVE AND DEAD BALLS The ball becomes live the moment it is legally served The ball is dead when: It is grounded It lands or becomes out of bounds Ball or PLAYER breaks the plane of a non-playing area Player commits a foul CONTACTING THE BALL Contact is any touch of the ball by a player. Hit - contact that is counted as one of the teams 3 allowable plays before the ball is returned to the other side. The ball has crossed the net when it is: completely over the net, is partially over the net and is contacted by an opponent, or no part of the ball is over the net and it is legally blocked Legal contact - a touch of the ball by a player s body that does not allow the ball to visibly come to rest or involve prolonged contact. Joust - When two opposing players make contact with the ball simultaneously causing the ball to stop. Jousts are legal and play should continue. If a joust is lost and the ball goes out of bounds on the losing side, the point is given to the winner of the joust. Multiple Contact - More than one contact by a player during ONE ATTEMPT at the ball. Simultaneous Contact - Contact by teammates simultaneously. Any player may make the next hit. Successive Contacts - Two or more attempts at the ball by the same player without the ball being contacted by another player Illegal Penalty for Illegal Contact - Point and Side Out
NET PLAY The ball may contact the net and play will continue. Players may not contact a ball that is completely on the opponents side, except for a legal block. To call a foot fault at the centerline, the guilty player must have foot or hand COMPLETELY over the line. Players may not contact the net with their bodies while the ball is being played at the net. Contact by hair or loose clothing is allowed. If the ball pushes the net into a player, this is not a foul. BLOCKING Blocking a ball that is entirely on the opponent s side of the net is legal as long as the: Team has completed their attack Team directs the ball toward the opponents side (referee s judgment) Ball is falling near the net and no member of the attacking team could play the ball (referee s judgment) A serve cannot be blocked The ball may be attacked as soon as it is partially over the net (except on a serve) FOULS Double Fouls Occur when opposing players commit violations at the same time Double Hit Successive or multiple hits by one player Foot Fault Player crosses completely over the service or center line Penalties: Single Foul: Live Ball, Double Foul: Dead Ball, Double Foul: Point and Side Out Replay Both penalties assessed Teams receive points and rotate REPLAYS Replay is awarded when: An inadvertent official s whistle interrupts play Player unintentionally serves before signaled to Live Ball, Double Foul occurs Conflicting calls that cannot be resolved Ball becomes dead in the net inside the antennas or an overhead obstruction over playable area When a player is interfered with by any non-player in a playable area Foreign object enters the court (another ball or player from a different court) Ball hits a backboard or supports in a vertical position AND the official believes the ball would have been good
REGULATING UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT Participants must know the rules and abide by them. Participants must accept referees decisions with sportsmanlike conduct, without disputing them. In case of doubt, clarification may be requested only through the game captain. Participants must refrain from actions or attitudes aimed at influencing the decisions of the referees or covering up faults committed by their team. Participants must behave respectfully and courteously in the spirit of fair play. Minor Misconduct: Minor misconduct offences are not subject to sanctions. It is referee s duty to prevent the teams from approaching the sanctioning level by issuing a warning to a team member or to the captain. This warning is not a sanction and has no immediate consequences. Sanctioned Misconduct: Rude Conduct: action contrary to good manners or moral principles, or expressing contempt. (Loss of Rally) Offensive Conduct: defamatory or insulting words or gestures. (Ejection) Aggression: physical attack or intended aggression. (Ejection) Penalty The first rude conduct in the match by any team member is penalized with the loss of rally. The second rude conduct in the same match, by the same team member is sanctioned by ejection. Ejected players must leave the playing area and will be ejected from the facility. Three unsportsmanlike penalties called on the same team in one match will result in their forfieture of the match regardless of teh score. APPLICATION OF MISCONDUCT SANCTIONS All misconduct sanctions are individual sanctions, remain in force for the entire match and are recorded on the scoresheet. Expulsion or disqualification due to offensive conduct or aggression does not require a previous sanction. SANCTION CARDS: Warning: verbal or hand signal, no card Penalty: yellow card Expulsion: red card Disqualification: yellow + red card (jointly)