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TO GO TO ANY OF THE PAGES LISTED BELOW, CLICK ON ITS TITLE CHAPTER 10 The Oceans 1 10-1 What is the world ocean? 2 10-2 How are the oceans explored? 3 Measuring Ocean Properties Enrichment Activity for Lessons 10-1 and 10-2 4 10-3 What are some properties of the ocean? 5 10-4 What are ocean currents? 6 10-5 What are ocean waves? 7 10-6 What are the tides? 8 10-7 What are ocean sediments? 9 10-8 What are some ocean landforms? 10 10-9 What are coral reefs? 11 Ocean Organisms Enrichment Activity for Lessons 10-8 and 10-9 12 THE BIG IDEA Integrating Life Science: Where is life found in the ocean? 13 Chapter 10 Key Term Review 14 Chapter 10 Test 15 Chapter 10 Answer Key 18 (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 1

10-1 What is the world ocean? Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true. 1. The study of Earth s oceans is called geography. 2. Water covers about 25 percent of Earth s surface. 3. The Atlantic Ocean contains more than half of the world s ocean water. 4. Scientists who study the oceans are oceanographers. 5. A small area of an ocean that is partly surrounded by land is a sea. Skills: reading maps, inferring Use the map to complete the following. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1. Name the three main oceans. 2. Name two other bodies of water that geographers often call oceans. 3. Name two continents that surround each of the following: Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean 4. Why do you think some oceanographers would want to study the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans separately from the other oceans? 5. a. Do the oceans have boundaries or do they run into one another? b. Given the idea of a world ocean, how many oceans does Earth have? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 2

10-2 How are the oceans explored? Complete each statement. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1. Scientists can take samples of rock from the ocean floor by. 2. A system that maps the ocean floor by bouncing sound waves off it is called. 3. Sound waves travel through water at a speed of. 4. A sound wave is sent out by a. 5. A returning sound wave is picked up by a. 6. Sonar can be used to calculate the of the ocean. 7. Sonar uses the travel time of to map the ocean floor. 8. Underwater research vessels used to study the oceans are called. 9. An underwater research vessel that remains attached to the ship is a. 10. An underwater research vessel that is not attached to anything is a. Skills: calculating, analyzing, making generalizations Complete the table below. The first column gives the amount of time it takes for a sound wave to make a complete round-trip using sonar. For each time shown, give the depth of the ocean floor in meters. Then, answer the questions that follow. CALCULATING OCEAN DEPTH USING SONAR Length of Time (s) Depth of Ocean Floor (m) 2 1. 6 2. 9 3. 10 4. 5. How long was the travel time for the greatest depth?. 6. What was the depth for the shortest travel time?. 7. Based on these results, what can you say about the relationship between the travel time of the sound waves and the depth of the ocean?. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 3

Measuring Ocean Properties Enrichment Activity for Lessons 10-1 and 10-2 Skills: identifying, inferring, researching PART A Using reference materials, identify each tool used to measure properties of the ocean or to explore the ocean. Choose from these tools: bathyscaph, scuba gear, sonar, and submersible. 1. 2. 3. 4. PART B On a separate sheet of paper, explain what each tool is used for. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 4

10-3 What are some properties of the ocean? PART A Decide whether each event listed causes the salinity of ocean water to increase or decrease. Complete the table by writing the term increases or decreases in the column on the right. CHANGING THE OCEAN S SALINITY Event Salinity 1. River water pours into the ocean. 2. Water evaporates from the ocean. 3. Heavy rain falls on the ocean. 4. A glacier melts in the ocean. PART B Match each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the correct letter in the space provided. Column A 1. contains dissolved salts and minerals 2. coldest layer of the ocean 3. most common salt in the ocean 4. layer of ocean in which temperatures drop sharply 5. warmest ocean layer 6. fit to drink 7. removing salt from ocean water Column B a. potable b. thermocline c. surface layer d. deep layer e. desalination f. salt water g. sodium chloride Skills: interpreting, sequencing, inferring Use the diagram of the ocean layers to answer the questions that follow. 1. What is the depth of the coldest ocean layer? 2. What is the depth of the warmest ocean layer? 3. a. What is the name of the layer that is from 400 m to 800 m deep? b. What is the relationship between depth and temperature in this layer? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 5

10-4 What are ocean currents? Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true. 1. Most surface currents are caused by winds. 2. Winds near the equator blow mainly from east to north. 3. In the Southern Hemisphere, winds blow from the southwest. 4. Surface currents move counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. 5. Surface currents move clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. 6. Currents flowing from areas near the equator are cold. 7. Currents coming from areas near the poles are warm. 8. Ocean currents that move up and down are called surface currents. Skills: map reading, inferring Use the map to complete the following. 1. Is the Gulf Stream a warm current or a cold current? How do you know? 2. How do you think the Gulf Stream affects the weather in England? Explain your answer. 3. If you tossed a bottle into the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of North America, which two currents would carry it toward Japan? 4. How does the Benquela current affect the climate of western Africa? Explain your answer. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 6

10-5 What are ocean waves? Match each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the correct letter in the space provided. Column A 1. distance between two crests 2. causes waves to form 3. moves forward in a wave 4. highest point in a wave 5. slows down a wave 6. lowest point of a wave 7. forms when a crest falls over 8. up-and-down movement of water 9. distance between the crest and the trough Column B a. wave b. crest c. trough d. wave height e. wind f. wavelength g. energy h. white cap i. shallow waters near shore Skills: identifying, calculating, measuring Use the diagram to complete the following. 1. Label the crest and trough of the wave. 2. Label the wavelength of the wave. 3. If 1 cm represents 1 m, what is the wavelength of this wave? 4. If 1 cm represents 1 m, what is the wave height of this wave? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 7

10-6 What are the tides? PART A Match each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the correct letter in the space provided. Column A 1. force that causes tides 2. incoming, or rising, tide 3. outgoing, or falling, tide 4. regular change in the level of Earth s oceans 5. period of low water level 6. period of high water level Column B a. tide b. low tide c. high tide d. ebb tide e. flood tide f. gravity PART B Complete the following. 1. About how often do the tides change? 2. a. How many low tides occur each day? b. How many high tides occur each day? 3. How does the change in tides relate to the rotation of Earth? 4. a. How many times each day does a flood tide occur? b. An ebb tide? Skills: analyzing, calculating, applying concepts, predicting Use the tide table to answer the questions. TIDE TABLE 1. At what time on July 10 will the first low tide occur? July 10 High Low 12:15 A.M. 6:00 A.M. 2. Shellfishers usually fish during lower tide. At what July 11 High Low 12:45 A.M. 6:30 A.M times on July 10 will shellfishing be best? 3. What is the difference in time between one low tide and the next? 4. Fishing usually is best during times of high water level. When will fishing probably be best on July 10 and July 11? 5. What time will the second low tide occur on July 11? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 8

10-7 What are ocean sediments? Complete each statement with one of the terms below. waves copper ooze sediments canyons wind rivers nodules lead 1. Materials that fall and collect on the ocean floor are called ocean. 2. Rocks of all sizes are carried to the ocean by. 3. Rocks along the ocean shore are eroded by and. 4. Mineral lumps called are made up mostly of compounds of manganese, nickel, and iron. 5. Two minerals that are found on the ocean floor are and. 6. An ocean sediment made up of volcanic dust and the remains of ocean organisms is. 7. Underwater landslides form on the ocean floor. Skills: locating, hypothesizing Use the diagram below to answer the questions. 1. At which point are the sediment particles largest? 2. At which point are the sediment particles smallest? 3. Why would you be more likely to find gravel than sand at Point C? 4. Name one kind of rock particle that is likely to be found at Point A. Explain your choice. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 9

10-8 What are some ocean landforms? Match each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the correct letter in the space provided. Column A 1. flat part of the ocean floor 2. deepest part of the Pacific Ocean 3. underwater mountain ranges 4. flat-topped, underwater seamount 5. divides a continent from the ocean floor 6. part of a continent that slopes gently away from the shoreline 7. volcanic mountain on the ocean floor 8. part of a continent between the continental shelf and the ocean floor 9. deep canyon on the ocean floor Column B a. seamount b. continental slope c. Marianas Trench d. continental margin e. continental shelf f. guyot g. mid-ocean ridges h. plain i. trench Skills: modeling, identifying Draw a model of the ocean floor that shows each of the following: continental shelf, guyot, seamount, continental slope, trench, and plains. If necessary, use the diagram in your text as a model. Label each of the features on your diagram. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 10

10-9 What are coral reefs? Complete each statement with one of the terms from the box below. atoll lagoon barrier reefs coral reef calcium carbonate ringing reefs calcium 1. Corals take out of the ocean water to make their hard skeletons. 2. A coral s skeleton is made up of. 3. An is a ring-shaped coral reef around a lagoon. 4. Large colonies of living coral and the skeletons of dead coral make up a. 5. Two kinds of coral reefs are and. 6. A is located in the center of an atoll. Skills: identifying, classifying For each of the following, write fringing reefs, barrier reefs, or atolls. Some items have more than one answer. 1. Coral colonies border the shoreline closely. 2. Coral colonies are separated from the shoreline by a lagoon. 3. These reefs are ring-shaped. 4. These reefs form around a sunken volcanic island. 5. These reefs are found along the Florida coast. 6. Most are located in the Pacific Ocean. 7. Ships may enter lagoons through channels in these. 8. These reefs have lagoons in their centers. 9. The coast of Australia has the world s largest of these. 10. Only the reef itself remains above water. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 11

Ocean Organisms Enrichment Activity for Lessons 10-8 and 10-9 Skills: researching, classifying Use reference materials to find the information for each ocean organism. Check the ocean zone in which the organism lives. Classify each organism by placing a check mark in the correct space. Then, describe one unique feature for each organism. 1. Blue whale a. Approximate size: b. Ocean zone: intertidal neritic open ocean c. Classification: plankton nekton benthos d. Unique feature: 2. Hermit crab a. Approximate size: b. Ocean zone: intertidal neritic open ocean c. Classification: plankton nekton benthos d. Unique feature: 3. Lantern fish a. Approximate size: b. Ocean zone: intertidal neritic open ocean c. Classification: plankton nekton benthos d. Unique feature: 4. Sea horse a. Approximate size: b. Ocean zone: intertidal neritic open ocean c. Classification: plankton nekton benthos d. Unique feature: 5. Portuguese man-of-war a. Approximate size: b. Ocean zone: intertidal neritic open ocean c. Classification: plankton nekton benthos d. Unique feature: 6. Barnacle a. Approximate size: b. Ocean zone: intertidal neritic open ocean c. Classification: plankton nekton benthos d. Unique feature: (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 12

THE Big IDEA Integrating Life Science Chapter 10 Where is life found in the ocean? Refer to the article, call outs, and pictures on pages 246 and 247 of your text to answer the following questions. 1. In which ocean zone would you find the glasslike shells of diatoms? 2. What adaptation does a laternfish possess that helps the animal live in the benthic zone? 3. What adaptation does a sea star possess that helps the animal live in the benthic zone? 4. What adaptation does a mackerel possess that helps the animal live in the pelagic zone? Skills: inferring, analyzing Complete the following. 1. Why are whales generally found in the pelagic zone? 2. Identify five organisms adapted to life in the pelagic zone. 3. Identify five organisms adapted to life in the benthic zone. Science Log Writing Activity Complete the Science Log on a separate sheet of paper. To complete the Big Idea Online, go to www.conceptsandchallenges.com. Follow the online instructions. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 13

Chapter 10 Key Term Review In the spaces provided, write the Key Term that best fits each description. Unscramble the letters in brackets [ ] to spell a topic that is discussed in this chapter. Write the topic in the spaces provided at the bottom of the page. Then, explain the topic in one or two sentences. 1. Ring-shaped coral reef [ ] 2. Stream of water that moves up and down in ocean depths [ ] 3. Mineral lump found on the ocean floor [ ] 4. Coral reef that grows in shallow water [ ] 5. Bending of Earth s winds and oceans currents by Earth s rotation [ ] 6. Stream of water flowing in the ocean [ ] 7. Coral reef that forms around a sunken volcanic island [ ] 8. Ocean layer in which water temperature drops sharply [ ] 9. Ocean sediment that contains the remains of ocean organisms 10. Large body of salt water [ ] 11. Body of water between a reef and the mainland [ ] 12. Amount of dissolved salts in ocean water [ ] 13. Part of a continent between the continental shelf and the ocean floor [ ] 14. Small animals found in warm, shallow ocean waters [ ] Topic: Explanation: (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 14

Chapter 10 Test Interpreting Diagrams Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. 1. What is the name of the ocean shown at A? 2. What is the name of the ocean shown at B? 3. Which ocean is shown at C? 4. What are scientists who study the oceans called? 5. Which of the three main oceans is largest? 6. Which of the three main oceans is smallest? 7. Which of the three main oceans is deepest? 8. About how much of Earth s surface is covered by water? Multiple Choice Write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement. 1. Another name for a sound navigation and ranging system is a. sonar. b. a submersible. c. Alvin. d. a bathyscaph. 2. Sound waves travel through water at a speed of a. 10 m/s. b. 100 m/s. c. 150/s. d. 1,500 m/s. 3. The deepest parts of the ocean floor are a. mid-ocean ridges. b. plains. c. trenches. d. guyots. 4. A bathyscaph is a a. diving vessel connected to a ship. b. diving vessel not connected to a ship. c. transmitter. d. deep-sea drilling vessel. 5. The most common salt in ocean water is a. calcium chloride. b. thermal chloride. c. sodium chloride. d. hydrogen peroxide. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 15

Chapter 10 Test (continued) 6. The amount of dissolved salts in ocean water is its a. thermocline. b. salinity. c. density. d. evaporation. 7. The layer of the ocean in which temperatures drop sharply is the a. thermocline. b. deep layer. c. surface layer. d. bathysphere. 8. Ooze and dissolved shells make up the ocean s a. sediments. b. surface layer. c. thermocline. d. landforms. 9. Tides are mainly caused by a. pressure. b. density. c. gravity. d. currents. 10. An incoming, or rising, tide is a. an ebb tide. b. a low tide. c. a high tide. d. a flood tide. 11. An up-and-down movement of water in ocean depths is a a. tide. b. surface current. c. density current. d. wave. 12. Currents that bring cold water into warmer regions begin near the a. poles. b. equator. c. ocean surface. d. ocean bottom. 13. The clockwise curving of winds in the Northern Hemisphere is caused by a. Earth s revolution around the Sun. b. atmospheric pressure. c. the Coriolis effect. d. ocean waves. 14. An up-and-down movement of water at the ocean s surface is a a. tide. b. surface current. c. density current. d. wave. 15. The wavelength is the distance between a. a wave s crest and trough. b. a wave s beginning and end. c. one crest and the next. d. a wave s breaker and white cap. 16. A tide that occurs during a full Moon or a new Moon is a. a flood tide. b. an ebb tide. c. a spring tide. d. a neap tide. 17. The length of time between one high tide and the next is about a. 12 hours and 30 minutes. b. 6 hours and 30 minutes. c. 12 hours and 15 minutes. d. 6 hours and 15 minutes. 18. Mineral lumps called nodules are made up mostly of manganese, iron, and a. lead. b. nickel. c. copper. d. ooze. 19. An atoll is a kind of a. coral reef. b. river. c. ocean sediment. d. submersible. 20. The continental shelf and continental slope are features of the a. low tide. b. ocean floor. c. thermocline. d. bathysphere (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 16

Chapter 10 Test (continued) Written Response Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 21. INFER: Countries in what areas of the world would be most likely to build desalination plants? Explain your answer. 22. ANALYZE: Why does a cork in the open ocean move up and down, but not forward, on the waves, while a cork near the shore is washed up on the beach by the waves? (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 17

Answer Key CHAPTER 10: THE OCEANS 10-1 What is the world ocean? 1. oceanography 2. 75 percent 3. Pacific 4. true 5. true 1. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean 2. Arctic Ocean, Antarctic Ocean 3. Accept any three of the following for each ocean: Atlantic Ocean North America, Europe, South America, Africa, Antarctica; Pacific Ocean Africa, South America, North America, Asia, Australia; Indian Ocean Africa, Asia. 4. These oceans are different because they are colder. 5. a. They run into one another. b. one 10-2 How are the oceans explored? 1. deep-sea drilling 2. sonar 3. 1,500 m/sec 4. transmitter 5. receiver 6. depth 7. sound waves 8. submersibles 9. bathysphere 10. bathyscaph 1. 1,500 m 2. 4,500 m 3. 6,750 m 4. 7,500 m 5. 10 seconds 6. 1,500 m 7. The longer it takes the sound waves to travel, the deeper is the ocean. 10-2 How are the oceans explored? Enrichment Activity: Measuring Ocean Properties PART A 1. submersible 2. sonar 3. scuba diver or gear 4. bathyscaphe PART B 1. submersible explore ocean depths and floor 2. sonar measure ocean depths; develop ocean floor profiles 3. scuba gear enables people to breathe underwater so they can explore the ocean 4. bathyscaphe deep-diving minisub 10-3 What are some properties of oceans? PART A 1. decreases 2. increases 3. decreases 4. decreases 10-3 What are some properties of oceans? (continued) PART B 1. f 2. d 3. g 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. e 1. 900 or more m 2. from 0 to 400 m 3. a. thermocline b. Temperature drops sharply with depth. 10-4 What are ocean currents? 1. true 2. west 3. southeast 4. clockwise 5. counterclockwise 6. warm 7. cold 8. density 1. The Gulf Stream is a warm current because it begins near the equator. 2. The Gulf Stream is a warm current, so it brings warm weather to England. 3. California and Kuroshio currents 4. The Benguela current is a cold current, so it cools the western coast of Africa. 10-5 What are ocean waves? 1. f 2. e 3. g 4. b 5. i 6. c 7. h 8. a 9. d 1. 2. Check students drawings. 3. 5 m 4. 3 m 10-6 What are the tides? PART A 1. f 2. e 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. c PART B 1. every 6 hours and 15 minutes 2. a. 2 b. 2 3. Each quarter rotation of Earth causes a major change in the tides. 4. a. 2 b. 2 1. 6:00 A.M. 2. shortly before and after 6:00 A.M. and shortly before and after 6:30 P.M. 3. 12 1/2 hours 4. shortly before and after 12:15 A.M. and shortly before and after 12:45 A.M. 5. 7:00 P.M. 10-7 What are ocean sediments? 1. sediments 2. rivers 3. wind, waves 4. nodules 5. Accept any two of the following: manganese, nickel, iron, copper, lead, zinc, and silver. 6. ooze 7. canyons (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 18

Answer Key 10-7 What are ocean sediments? (continued) 1. Point C 2. Point A 3. Sand contains smaller particles than gravel and would be carried farther from the shoreline. 4. Possible answer: Dust or clay; The particles in these substances are smaller than gravel and sand. 10-8 What are some ocean landforms? 1. h 2. c 3. g 4. f 5. d 6. e 7. a 8. b 9. i Check students diagrams. 10-9 What are coral reefs? 1. calcium 2. calcium carbonate 3. atoll 4. coral reef 5. fringing reefs, barrier reefs 6. lagoon 1. fringing reefs 2. barrier reefs, atolls 3. atolls 4. barrier reefs, atolls 5. fringing reefs 6. atolls 7. atolls 8. atolls 9. barrier reefs 10. atolls 10-9 What are coral reefs? Enrichment Activity: Ocean Organisms 1. a. 30 m b. open ocean c. nekton d. largest animal on Earth 2. a. 30 cm b. intertidal c. benthos d. lives in shells discarded by other organisms 3. a. 10 cm b. open ocean c. nekton d. has organs on body that give off light 4. a. 13 cm b. neritic c. nekton d. Males take care of babies. 5. a. 25 cm b. neritic c. plankton d. Colony of single animals floats from an air bladder. 6. a. 1.2 cm b. intertidal c. nekton d. Colonies of barnacles on a ship s hull can cause drag that reduces the ship s speed. The Big Idea 1. benthic zone 2. Special organs located on the body of a laternfish give off light. This adaptation helps the fish navigate the dark waters of the benthic zone. 3. Sea stars have tiny tube feet on their arms that help the animals move along the ocean floor. 4. The streamlined body of a mackerel helps the animal move through the waters of the pelagic zone. The Big Idea (continued) 1. Whales have lungs and must take in air at the water s surface. 2. Accept any five of the following: whales, dolphins, mackerel, plankton, seals, and squid. 3. Accept any five of the following: lanternfish, angler fish, sea stars, mussels, barnacles, crabs, and some seaweeds. CHAPTER 10: THE OCEANS Key Term Review 1. atoll 2. density current 3. nodule 4. fringing reef 5. Coriolis effect 6. current 7. barrier reef 8. thermocline 9. ooze 10. world ocean 11. lagoon 12. salinity 13. continental slope 14. coral Topic: oceanographer Explanation: An oceanographer is a person who studies Earth s oceans. An oceanographer might specialize in the study of the oceans depths, coral reefs, or the geography of the ocean floor. CHAPTER 10: THE OCEANS Chapter Test Interpreting Diagrams 1. Pacific Ocean 2. Atlantic Ocean 3. Indian Ocean 4. oceanographers 5. Pacific Ocean 6. Indian Ocean 7. Pacific Ocean 8. about 75 percent Multiple Choice 1. a 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. a 9. c 10. d 11. c 12. a 13. c 14. d 15. c 16. c 17. a 18. b 19. a 20. b Written Response 21. Countries in dry areas of the world that are located near oceans would be most likely to build desalination plants because they would likely have shortages of fresh water and abundant ocean water. 22. In the open ocean, energy in waves does not move forward, only up and down, so the cork in the water also moves only up and down. Near the shore, the wave s energy changes form and begins to move forward, carrying the water and the cork with it onto the beach. (c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. The Oceans: CHAPTER 10, page 19