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ANIMALS Wildlife Biologist U. S. Department of the Interior Fish & Wildlife Service A wildlife biologist is someone who studies animals in their habitats. Vocabulary Part 1 invertebrate vertebrate mollusk gastropod arthropod exoskeleton crustacean arachnid centipede millepede insect metamorphosis larva cartilage cold-blooded warm-blooded fish anadromous amphibian reptile bird mammal Part 2 habitat niche producer primary consumer herbivore omnivore secondary consumer tertiary consumer decomposer food chain scavenger predator prey adaptation monocular vision binocular vision community ecosystem food web camouflage species Part 3 food pyramid resources limiting factor carrying capacity competition homeostasis biodiversity 125
Write your own animal vocabulary list with definitions on this page. 126
Write your own animal vocabulary list with definitions on this page. 127
Part 1 - Animals (Page 110 in textbook) What is an Animal? 1. List characteristics that you think all animals have in common. 2. Sponges, corals and sea anemones stay in one place and don t move. Why do you think they are still classified as animals? Vertebrates (Pages 114-116 in textbook) Cold-blooded Vertebrates 3. What do all fish have in common? 4. You can get warts from touching toads. True or false? 5. What do all amphibians have in common? 6. What do all reptiles have in common? 128
Warm-blooded Vertebrates (Page 117-118 in textbook) Birds 7. All birds fly. True or false? 8. Fill in the chart below. Name some birds and identify the habitat or environment where they live. Bird Habitat and Environment 9. What do all birds have in common? Mammals (Page 118 in textbook) 10. What do all mammals have in common? 129
Humans Depend On Animals (Page 119 in textbook) 11. Look at the foods listed in the chart below. List the animals that are part of the ingredients. Food Animals or Animal Products that are Part of the Ingredients Pepperoni, Sausage and Cheese Pizza Spaghetti and Meatballs Chicken Alfredo Clam Chowder Macaroni and Cheese Barbecue Pork Fried Rice Taco Salad Scrambled Eggs Ham Turkey Sandwich Fish Sticks 130
Part 2 - Animals (Page 120 in textbook) Habitat 12. Describe another example of a habitat. List some of features of the habitat, soil, climate, vegetation, and native animals. 13. Describe an aquatic habitat. Niches (Page 121-122 in textbook) 14. List several examples of animals that are herbivores. 15. List some of the plants and animals that a raccoon eats to make it an omnivore. 16. What are some other animals that are omnivores? 17. What are some other animals that are scavengers? 131
(Page 122-123 in textbook) 18. In the food chain illustrated below, which animals are predators and which are prey? Write your answers in the chart below. Food Chain Decomposer Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Predators Prey 19. Try to build a food chain for each of the organisms pictured below. Draw or label what should be in each box. 132
Animal Adaptations (Page 123-124 in textbook) 20. Can you think of another adaptation a beaver has for living in the water? 21. Can you think of another adaptation of a woodpecker? 22. What are some of the adaptations of a snail? 23. Why does the butterfly have a long probing tongue? 24. A butterfly larva is called a caterpillar. The caterpillar eats leaves until it is ready to undergo metamorphosis. Why is it an advantage for the caterpillar and butterfly to eat different food? Why are most caterpillars brown or green? 25. What are the adaptations a fish has for breathing and living in a watery environment? 26. What are the adaptations that make an alligator a predator and successful at living in a water environment? 133
(Page 124 in textbook) 27. Why does a duck have webbed feet? 28. What other animals have this adaptation? 29. How does the beak of the bald eagle help it eat? 30. What other adaptations does a bald eagle have which helps it survive in its habitat? 31. The beak of the mallard is different from the eagle. How does the mallard use its beak? 32. Why is monocular vision an advantage for animals that are prey? 33. List some other animals that are predators that have binocular vision. 34. What adaptations does a wolf have that make it a carnivore? 134
Frog Facts (Page 126 in textbook) FROGS CAN DO MANY THINGS 35. Now, write the adaptation that you think best helps the frog to do each of the behaviors listed in the chart below. Explain how each structure helps the frog. 1. Tongue 2. Eyes 3. Eardrum 4. Small Teeth 5. Big Hind Legs 6. Spotted Skin 7. Webbed Feet 8. Nostrils Things Frogs Can Do (Behaviors) Catch Insects See Jump Hear Swim Hide Breathe Adaptation (Structure) How the Adaptation Helps 135
Interactions and Food Webs in an Ecosystem (Pages 127-128 in textbook) 36. Use the following terms to describe the interaction between the organisms on the next page. producer consumer herbivore carnivore omnivore scavenger decomposer predator prey Owl predator Rabbit Robin Cat Beetle Dead Chipmunk 136
Interactions (Page 129 in textbook) All organisms interact with other living things and their environment. Below is a chart showing how a deer interacts with some parts of its environment. Cougar Elk Conifer Forest Other Deer Hides in Gets eaten by Reproduces with Competes for food with Gives birth to Gives food to Competes for food with Black- Tailed Deer Finds food in Uses for food Drinks from Alder Twigs Stream Fawn (baby deer) Field 37. Do a chart yourself: 137
(Page 130 in textbook) 38. Draw arrows between members of a food chain. Use a different color for each food chain to create a food web. 138
Part 3 - Animals (Pages 131-132 in textbook) Looking at the Big Picture: The Ecosystem Resources Needed for Survival 39. List some of the resources that a flower needs to survive in an ecosystem. 40. List some of the resources that a squirrel needs to survive in an ecosystem. 41. How is weather a limiting factor in a desert? Scavengers and Decomposers Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Algae Green plants Producers 139
The greatest number of organisms that a space can support with its resources is called the carrying capacity. Let s say that a cougar needs at least 10 acres of territory to survive. If we have a forest that is 100 acres, the forest (if all the necessary resources are available) can support 10 cougars. What happens if the number of cougars increases beyond the carrying capacity? If the population of cougar increases then the resources that are available are affected. Let s say there are now 15 cougars living in our 100 acre forest. There are more cougars hunting for food in our 100 acre forest. When the same organisms, or different organisms need the same resources in an ecosystem, competition occurs. (Pages 132-133 in textbook) 42. What do you think will happen to the population of deer and rabbits in our 100 acre forest if we now have 15 cougars looking for food? If there are now 15 cougars looking for food there is not enough space or territory for all of them to be hunting in the 100 acre forest. A few of the cougars may leave to find more food. Some of the cougars will not get enough food so they may become weak. If there is not enough food, the weaker cougars may die, they may not be able to escape from predators, or disease may kill them. 43. If the number of cougars goes down because they leave or die, what do you think will happen to the population of deer and rabbits in our 100 acre forest? 44. Let s say when the population of cougars increases to 15 cougars, a hunting season is 140
open so people can hunt cougar. What effects might hunting have on the homeostasis of cougar? 45. Can you think of other examples where humans have disrupted homeostasis for a population of animals? 46. What will happen to the cougar population if 25 acres of the trees are cut for lumber? How many cougars will the forest support? 47. How could hunting benefit the cougar population in this case? Biodiversity (Pages 133-134 in textbook) 48. How do you think we can get the people of the world involved in solving the threat to biodiversity? 141
Part 4 - Animals (Pages 136-137 in textbook) Fun Facts and Dilemmas The great blue heron is part of the Willamette River landscape, the likely source of PCB s and DDT found in the bird s eggs. Read the article that was printed in the Oregonian on December 20, 2000. Portland s beauty and its beast symbolized by heron 49. What animals do scientists and specialists want to see in the Willamette River area? 50. How do chemical levels such as PCB s and DDT change as you go up the food chain? 142
DILEMMAS (Pages 137-138 in textbook) 51. Scientists studying thousands of deformed frogs in the United States and long-toed salamanders in Oregon have found a link between dead embryos and embryos hatched with deformities to exposure to UV-B radiation from sunlight. The scientists believe that thinning of the Earth s protective ozone layer is allowing more UV- B radiation to reach the planet s surface. Depletion of the ozone layer is attributed to use of chlorofluorocarbons, compounds used in aerosols and refrigerants. Air conditioners, refrigerators, and insulating foam products emit chlorofluorocarbons. What do you think should be done to protect the Earth s ozone layer? 52. In a scientific study, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife discovered that coyotes are responsible for at least 75 percent of the pronghorn fawn mortality rate on the Hart Mountain National Refuge. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife service wants to allow a limited coyote hunt in attempt to increase survival of pronghorn antelope fawns. Members of the Predator Defense Institute believe the hunt will do more harm than good and plan to stop the hunt with a court injunction. What do you think should be done? 53. The population of the California sea lion has rocketed. Many of the sea lions have decided that floating docks in boat marinas make great places to catch some sun, sleep, and play. The sea lions are making a mess and are noisy tenants. Sometimes there are so many sea lions that the docks are in danger of sinking. The docks are unusable because of the sea lions, and marina owners are losing money. Sea lions are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Why do you think the population has increased so dramatically? What impact do you think the sea lions are having on the aquatic habitat of the area? What do you think should be done? 54. Salmon farming for food has become very profitable and salmon raised in salmon farms have become very popular with consumers. Many people buy farmed salmon because they think it is better than eating endangered or threatened wild salmon. However, to feed the farmed salmon, pollock, a bottom fish found in the north Pacific Ocean, is being overfished. Stellar sea lions rely on pollock for food, and their numbers are declining in western Alaska. Some scientists are concerned that if farmed fish escape their pens, they will breed with wild fish and contaminate the wild fish stocks. This could lead to more damage to the already threatened wild salmon population. What do you think should be done about salmon farms? 143