Clara Hard Office of Environmental Health and Safety May 14, 2015 Public Health Always Working for a Safer and Healthier Washington
Produced by naturally-occurring algae Red tide is not an accurate name Biotoxin-producing algae usually do not turn the water red Red tides can occur without any toxins produced Shellfish retain toxins when they eat the algae Biotoxins do not harm shellfish, BUT Toxins accumulate in shellfish and can be deadly if we eat them It may take days, months, or years for shellfish to be safe to eat after a toxic bloom
Legislative mandate for Department of Health (DOH) Ensure that shellfish harvested for consumption are free of biotoxins Regulatory limits Saxitoxins (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) Alexandrium spp. (dinoflagellate) 80 µg/100g tissue Domoic Acid (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning) Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (diatom) 20 ppm in tissue Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins (Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning) Dinophysis spp. (dinoflagellate) 16 µg/100g tissue
Mission Provides an early-warning system for PSP/ASP/DSP toxin levels Scope of Program 72 sites Extensive coordination: DOH staff, tribes, DFW, DNR, local health, industry and volunteers Sampled biweekly (seasonally)
Port Ludlow Bywater Bay Tarboo Bay Broad Spit Port Gamble Boat Haven Marina Mussel Rafts Pt Whitney Shellfish Lab Lofall Seal Rock Zelatched Point Pleasant Harbor Fisherman Harbor Seabeck
PSP > 3000 samples/year ASP/Domoic Acid > 1200 samples/year DSP > 900 samples in 2012 >2000 samples per year now
ORHAB (Olympic Region Harmful Algal Blooms) partnership formed in 1999 coastal area monitoring mature program SoundToxins partnership formed in 2006 Puget Sound monitoring many unique areas
1793 - Cpt. Vancouver records PSP death in B.C. 1930 - Initial PSP testing in Washington 1942 - PSP deaths in Washington 1957 - PSP outbreak in British Columbia 1978 - Widespread PSP toxicity in Washington 1987 - First ASP outbreak at Prince Edward IS. 1988 - First PSP closure in South Puget Sound 1991 - Domoic Acid detected on West Coast of U.S. 2003 - First Domoic Acid closure in Puget Sound 2011 - First DSP illnesses in the United States
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Onset within ½ -15 hours Gastrointestinal Illness Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting Chills Abdominal cramps Complete recovery within 3-4 days Long-term concern DSP toxins have been shown to be tumor promoters 13
2011 Harvest Areas Causing Illnesses
Closed the bays July 2 nd August 8 th, 2012 Mussels picked up the DSP toxins to 33μg/100g shellfish tissue DSP has not caused closures there since then in the bays Additionally, Pleasant Harbor DSP closure July 24 th Sep 13 th, 2012
2014 is our third year of monitoring: 2112 samples analyzed 92 samples 16µg/100g tissue 180µg at Sequim Bay, 81µg at Bellingham Bay 10 Recreational Closures 2 Commercial Closures Dual HAB closures (DSP and PSP) 16
Whatcom June 11- Sep 4 (May 19- June 10, Sep 22-Nov 12) Jefferson June 18- Oct 27 (Sep 8 Feb 9, 15) San Juan June 26- Aug 25 (Sep 1-Nov 7) Clallam July 10- Dec 29 King Aug 6- Aug 22 (Sep 29- Nov 21) Grays Harbor Oct 9- Oct 24 (June 10-July 7) 17
180 180 DSP Toxin Level (micrograms/100 g tissue) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 25 1 23 31 Action Level (16) Clallam Jefferson Pacific Clallam, Island, Skagit and Whatcom Whatcom 41 5 5 Blue Butter California Geoduck Littleneck Manila Pacific Razor Varnish Mussel Clam Mussel Clam Clam Oyster Clam Clam 18
Photograph courtesy of Dr. Rita Horner U.W. School of Oceanography
Gastrointestinal symptoms (within 24 hours) Vomiting Abdominal cramps and Diarrhea Nausea Neurological Symptoms (within 48 hours) Headache Dizziness Confusion and Disorientation Short-term memory loss Motor weakness Seizures Coma Death 20
Amnesic Shellfish Poison (ASP or Domoic Acid Poisoning ) 2014 was a very quiet year 1362 shellfish samples analyzed No commercial/recreational closures *Last ASP closure in Jefferson County - Kilisut Harbor 2003 Action Level: >20 ppm
Maximum ASP Toxin By Year 1991-2014 ASP Toxin 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 66 27 63 30 8 3 295 255 35 188 108 52 49 68 38 15 3 8 5 2 7 6 6 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 ASP Toxin - ppm
60 Domoic Acid in Razor Clams April-May 2015 ppm Domoic Acid in razor clam tissue 50 40 30 20 Long Beach Twin Harbors Willapa Spits Copalis Mocrocks Quinault Kalaloch FDA Action Level 10 0 7-Apr-15 8-Apr-15 9-Apr-15 10-Apr-15 11-Apr-15 12-Apr-15 13-Apr-15 14-Apr-15 15-Apr-15 16-Apr-15 17-Apr-15 18-Apr-15 19-Apr-15 20-Apr-15 21-Apr-15 22-Apr-15 23-Apr-15 24-Apr-15 25-Apr-15 26-Apr-15 27-Apr-15 28-Apr-15 29-Apr-15 30-Apr-15 1-May-15 2-May-15 3-May-15 4-May-15 5-May-15 6-May-15 7-May-15 8-May-15 9-May-15 10-May-15 11-May-15
Photograph courtesy of Dr. Rita Horner U.W. School of Oceanography
Symptoms (onset 5 min- 10 hrs) Neurological Tingling of lips and tongue Numbness of arms, legs, and neck Muscular paralysis or incoordination Dizziness, weakness, drowsiness, and incoherence Headache, rapid pulse, and respiratory distress Death (as quick as 15 minutes) Gastrointestinal Vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain 25
A few of the high levels of toxin in mussels: 10,304 floating buoy near Kingston 9/5/12** 7,187 NE Discovery Bay 8/27/12 7 illnesses Discovery Bay Condos 9/22/12 ** 1,621 Yukon Harbor 8/14/12** **9 confirmed illnesses in WA in 2012 26
Decade Toxin Events Illnesses* (Deaths) Highest toxin level of the illness events 1940s PSP 1 6 (3) 3,500 µg saxitoxins 1970s PSP 3 17 2,597 µg saxitoxins 1980s PSP 4 10 2,171 µg saxitoxins 1990s ASP 1 25 26 ppm Domoic Acid PSP 1 5 10,928 µg saxitoxins 2000s PSP 2 10 13,769 µg saxitoxins 2010s DSP 1 3 160 µg DTX PSP 3 9 10,304 µg saxitoxins
2014 Closures: 29 Commercial closures 24 geoduck, 5 general 17 Recreational closures First recreational and commercial closures ever due to PSP in Quilcene and Dabob Bays 3,255 samples run 255 samples 80µg PSP toxins 12,688µg in Quilcene Bay 9/23/14 2,196µg at Penrose Point Park 9/16/14 Highest level ever recorded in oysters from WA 3,243µg at Quilcene Bay 9/23/14 28
Whatcom May 19- June 10 Sep 22-Nov 12 Grays Harbor June 10-July 7 Kitsap July 7-Aug 28 Sep 9-Nov 18 Pierce July 24-Oct 24 San Juan Sep 1-Nov 7 Jefferson Sep 8 Feb 9, 15 King Sep 29- Nov 21 29
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Quilcene and Dabob Bay PSP in Mussels 14000 12000 μg PSP/100g mussel tissue 10000 8000 6000 4000 Quilcene Rafts Quilcene Marina Dabob Bay Action Level 2000 0 8/4/14 9/4/14 10/4/14 11/4/14 12/4/14 31
Quilcene Bay PSP in 2014 14000 12000 micrograms PSP/100g shellfish tissue 10000 8000 6000 4000 Rafts Fuel Dock Manila Clams Oysters 2000 0 FDA Action Level 32
Action Level (80) 33
2015 PSP in Quilcene Bay 600 500 micrograms PSP/100g mussel tissue 400 300 200 Marina Rafts Action Level 100 0 1/6/2015 2/6/2015 3/6/2015 4/6/2015 5/6/2015 34
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total samples 3135 2805 3206 3293 3255 # samples >80μg PST # samples >1000μg PST Highest PST of the year 316 169 453 281 255 45 0 50 5 13 10,932μg 954μg 10,304μg 8,040μg 12,688μg County Skagit Kitsap Kitsap Pierce Jefferson Species Blue Mussels Blue Mussels Blue Mussels Blue Mussels Blue Mussels 35
Washington State Maximum PSP Toxin By Year 1977-2014 Micrograms of PSP Toxin 32000 30000 28000 26000 24000 22000 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1375 30360, Holmes Harbor 1310 3880, Ship Bay 1751 2139 2014 11072036 23632376 2503, Birch Bay 2399 4822, Manchester 1462 3480 4012 Burley Lagoon, 10982 2612 Allyn, 6799 995 Horse Head Bay, 13769 5968 Mystery Bay, 4818 20751, Mystery Bay 1575 Port Ludlow, 16951 3414 3493 1658 Indianola E., 940 Bellingham, 7920 2602 March Point,10932 954 Quilcene 12688 10304 8040 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 PSP Toxin 36
In certain counties 1. Closures are appearing earlier in the year 2. Last closures of the year are opening later 3. PSP toxins are increasing, but very slightly Has affected all counties and 22 species 37
8000 7000 PSP Levels in Whatcom County Mussels Recoded PSP Action Level Linear (Recoded PSP) R² = 0.0043 6000 µg PSP toxin/100g shellfish tissue 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 11/23/1990 5/11/1993 10/28/1995 4/15/1998 10/1/2000 3/20/2003 9/5/2005 2/22/2008 8/10/2010 1/26/2013 38
Likely First Day Closure in Jefferson County Hood Canal 300 250 R² = 0.1022 200 Julian Day 150 100 50 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 39
Call our Marine Biotoxin Hotline: 1-800-562-5632 Visit our Shellfish Safety website: www.doh.wa.gov/shellfishsafety.htm Check the WDFW season and acquire proper licensing 40
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Call your health care provider Call your county health department Jefferson County Foodborne Illnesses 360-385-9444 Email sf.illness@doh.wa.gov 44
Jerry Borchert Clara Hard jerry.borchert@doh.wa.gov clara.hard@doh.wa.gov 360-236-3328 360-236-3314