Syllabus Critical Question 3 Heading: Critical Question 3: What Ethical issues are related to improving performance Heading: Use of Drugs Doping is the practice of using artificial substances or methods to enhance athletic performance. Reasons for deeming drug use as unethical: > Threat to health of performance enhancing drugs > Unfair advantage > Equality of opportunity of the athletes > Exemplary effect of clean sports in the public > Illegal use in the general community 1
Sub: Why Performance Enhancing Drugs are used Drugs can be used for: Enhancing performance Relax, cope with stress Boost confidence Build muscle mass and strength of muscles/bones Increase delivery of oxygen to exercising tissues Dulling pain Reduce weight Hide the use of other drugs 2
Questions 1. Argue reasons why drug use SHOULD be allowed? 2. Argue reasons why drugs use SHOULD NOT be allowed? 3. At what level should of competition should drug testing be introduced? Sub: Reasons for Drug use Athletes choose to use drugs for a variety of reasons: Physical dependence Easily accessible Pressure to win from coach, parents, media Financial reward, sponsorship deals, income Fear of failure Unrealistic qualifying standards or performance expectations http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/3790603.htm ben_johnson the_race_that_shocked_the_world on_nuffinlong_tv.webloc 3
Sub: Dangers of Performance Enhancing Drugs The risks involved in the use of performance enhancing drugs far outweigh any perceived benefits to the athlete. The physical effects of performance enhancing drugs include: cancer liver and kidney tumours viral infections heart problems high cholesterol sexual dysfunction high blood pressure Cont... Performance enhancing drugs (particularly anabolic steroids ) are linked with many psychological and emotional health problems that can include: depression anxiety aggression rage violence. Socially, athletes who test positive lose their reputations and destroy both sponsorship and financial opportunities (income), and ultimately even their careers. 4
Improving Performance Critical Question 3.notebook Article: Lance Armstrong loses $200 Heading: Drug use for Strength The two most common strength drugs are Anabolic Steroids and Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Usually associated with sports requiring strength and power such as weightlifting, bodybuilding and sprinting. HGH used to build lean muscle mass, decrease body fat and accelerate recovery. Steroids used to increase weight, strength, power and increase testosterone levels 5
Sub: Side effects Side effects and harms include: HGH > Overgrowth of face, hands and feet (Gigantism) > Diabetes > Heart disease > Osteoporosis and arthritis > Impotence Steroids "Paste in image" Sub: Peptide Hormones Until recently, peptide hormones were undetectable, and had not been included in the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) list of banned substances. Peptides work by stimulating protein synthesis within the body, promoting muscle growth and recovery. 6
Heading: Drug use of Aerobic Performance The two most common methods to improve Aerobic performance are Erythropoietin (EPO) and Blood Doping. Erythropoietin (EPO ) is a protein hormone produced in the kidneys, which is responsible for the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) within the bone marrow, where it is released into the bloodstream Leads to an increased absorption of oxygen Leads to improved aerobic capacity and intensity Used by competitors in triathlons, marathons and distance cycling Cont.. The side effects of EPO include: severe headaches nausea high fevers fits anxiety heart attacks and strokes due to the fact that the blood becomes too thick to be pumped by the heart around the body. 7
Cont.. The original form of blood doping involved athletes removing some of their own blood, before injecting it back into the bloodstream just before competition. Known as a blood transfusion, the increased amount of red blood cells and the oxygen carrying capacity to the working muscles helps to increase aerobic performance. Due to the increased risk of disease and infection associated with blood transfusions, and the lengthy process of their administration, EPO has become the blood doping drug of choice Heading: Drug use to make other Drugs Diuretics and alcohol are both examples of drugs that can be used to mask other drugs. These types of drugs work by diluting urine or increasing excretion of the drug. Diuretics > Rapid weight loss > Stimulates urination > Can clear evidence of other drug use in the body > Can cause dehydration, dizziness, headache, loss of coordination and even heart and kidney failure > Used in racing, boxing and weightlifting 8
Cont... Alcohol > is prohibited during competition only. > It slows down bodily functions and is contained in many cough syrups. > Some athletes have been known to take cough elixirs to mask drug abuse. > Causes poor concentration, altered coordination, dehydration, aggression. Heading: Benefits and Limitations of Drug Testing The government agency responsible for sample collection is the Australian Sports Anti Doping Authority (ASADA). The standard and procedures of sample collection must comply with the standards and regulations set down by the World Anti Doping Code (WADA). Testing may be conducted both in competition or outside of it, and may be performed at the competition venue, training venue or at home with no prior notice required. Testing can involve the collection of blood, urine or both. 9
Sub: Benefits of Drug testing Protects the rights of the athletes to compete in a fair competition Reward for natural ability and training outcomes Random testing is a deterrent for others Allows athletes to prove they are clean Ensures equal opportunity for all athletes Protects athletes from harmful side effects Strict sanctions against athletes found to be cheating Sub: Limitations of Drug testing List of banned drugs changes every year. Athletes need to keep up to date Confronting and invasive method of collecting a urine sample Testing is costly New drugs will not be detected New testing methods always need to be developed and will only happen once the drug has been used for a period of time. 10
Penalties Questions: 1. Which drugs should be tested for? 2. What should the consequences be for drug use? 3. Should athletes be allowed to used drugs to recover from injuries? 11
Heading: Use of Technology The information and technology age has brought with it a substantial increase in the number and variety of new and innovative technological advancements aimed at assisting both coaches and athletes to gain a greater understanding of the human body and to improve athletic performance. Sub: Training Innovations Sports technology assists the coach to become more aware of the athlete s physiological responses to training: testing procedures wind tunnels, sprint gates, climatic chambers simulated competition environments stationary cycling with computerised video simulation of competition terrain or altitude tents team and individual performance analysis sheets for objective data equipment heart rate monitors, GPS systems, treadmills, tacklesuits and lactate testing devices computerised video analysis and photographic equipment for biomechanical analysis. Technology in Sport Is it Cheating? 12
Advances in training protocols Sub: Lactate Threshold Testing Lactate threshold testing is designed to determine the maximum steady state intensity an athlete is able to maintain without the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood. Blood samples are recorded periodically during the staged progressive test, which rises in intensity until the lactate threshold is achieved. Portable lactate analysers can also be used (Not as accurate). 13
Sub: Biomechanics Analysis Biomechanists are able to measure movement and, in collaboration with the coach,assist in the design of programs to help correct any technical flaws, minimise the risk of injury and help the athlete to move in a more efficient and energy conserving manner in order to improve performance. Sub: Equipment Advances Modern advances in science and technology have enabled athletes to improve their performance and make sport safer for all participants. Speedo LZR Pulse swimsuit Made from elastane and nylon Water repellent coating prevent water absorption Compression provides core stability and muscular support Seams designed to reduce drag Increased speed Reduces fatigue 2008 Olympics 23 out of 25 records broken wearing suit Banned in 2009 by FINA 14
Cont.. Golf Balls Subject to standards and regulations regarding diameter and weight Manufacturers vary materials, patterns and combinations on surface of the ball. Why does a golf ball have dimples? > Reduces drag > Increases distance > Computer simulation used. Science of Golf: Why Golf Balls Have Dimples Computer Activity Complete the following table on Technological Advancements in sport Sport Technology Enhancement Benefit Tennis Carbon Fibre Racquets Lighter and produce more power Rowing Adistar Rowing Shoes Increased traction Assists transfer of power 15
Questions 1. Discuss a scenario win which 3D simulations or video analysis would results in improved performance? 2. Has access to technology created unfair competition? Improving Performance Option Complete! 16
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