Asia and the Pacific Regional Expert Workshop on Ocean Accounts Indonesia Scoping Report Alan F. Koropitan Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) alan@apps.ipb.ac.id UN Conference Centre, Bangkok, 1 3 August 2018
Physical and Geographical Features TOTAL AREA TERRITORIAL WATERS EEZ WATERS COASTLINE 5.8 M KM2 3.1 M KM2 2.7 M KM2 95,181 KM ISLANDS 17,508
Ocean Economic Feature Ocean contribution to GDP BAPPENAS (2014) BAPPENAS (2014)
Indonesia 2045 Contribution of fisheries, marine tourism and marine transportation will be 30% of GDP, through: Institutionalization of Fisheries Management Areas, fisheries industry, modern fishing fleet, world class marine tourism and water front city development Orasi Menteri PPN/Kepala BAPPENAS di UI, 26 September 2017 Visi Indonesia 2045
Social Feature of Fishermen Total workers in fisheries sector are 13 million people 51% active in production (capture and aquaculture) 38% active in trade 11% active in fish processing. In general, fishermen in Indonesia are still poor due to several problems, such as: low skill in technology and business management, not bankable, etc. Fishing boat owned by fisherman is mainly < 5 GT, with the number counted 90% of total national fishing boat. Almost 90% of fisherman can be categorized as peasant and post peasant fishermen. Traditional small scale business with limited capacity of human resources, labor intensive, seasonal and limited raw material supply, low value added, and unmatched with industrial standard product. Dependent to middle man (not bankable condition). BAPPENAS (2016)
Mangrove coverage : 3,321,288 Ha (in progress) One Map Policy for Mangrove Distribution SATU PETA MANGROVE
One Map Policy for Seagrass SATU PETA HABITAT LAMUN NASIONAL Seagrass coverage : 150,693.16 Ha (LIPI, 2017)
One Map Policy for Coral Reef Distribution SATU PETA TERUMBU KARANG NASIONAL Coral reef coverage : 2,517,858 Ha (LIPI, 2017)
Environmental Quality Index KLHK (2014) Human population and land-use change would be the main drivers for marine pollution (organic and sediment loads) Demographic feature
Concept of Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia (a) Coastal provinces up to 12 miles from the coastline, including small islands, (National Act No. 27/2007 jo Act No. 1/2014 on Coastal Zone and Smal Islands Management). (b) Ocean regions that cover more than 12 miles until economic exclusive zone (Ocean Act 32 of 2014). Courtesy of Dr. Subandono
Status of Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia End of 2017 a) Zonation Plan for Coastal Provinces, including Small Islands (RZWP3K) has established in 4 provinces (North Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara), while 9 provinces (West Sumatra, Lampung, Banten, JMA, Central Java, East Java, North Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi) will establish soon. There are 6 provinces (Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi, Riau, West Kalimantan and Gorontalo) in final processes for RZWP3K. The remains 15 provinces (North Maluku, Yogyakarta, North Sumatera, West Jawa, Maluku, Bengkulu, Bangka Belitung, Aceh, South Sumatera, West Papua, Riau Archipelago, Bali, Jambi, East Kalimantan, and Papua) are targeted to finish their RZWP3K by 2019. b) A National Marine Spatial Plan (RTRLN) is currently being formalized through a government regulation. RZWP3K and RTRLN are to ensure the sustainability of marine and coastal resources management, which is carried out through: (i) improvement of marine, coastal and small islands protection; (ii) preservation of maritime socio-culture, indigenous communities and artisanal fisheries; (iii) improvement of community welfare through development of maritime economic growth centers; and (iv) legal certainty for attracting investments.
Fisheries Management in Indonesia Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 18/2014
National Commission on Fish Stock Assessment Fisheries Management in Indonesia Ministry Marine Affairs and Fisheries National Fisheries Management Authority Task Force 115 for combating IUU Fishing Fisheries Act and Government Regulation No. 54/2002 on boat licenses: > 30 GT: ministry management Fisheries Management Area Fisheries Management Plan for all WPPs has been formalized through the series of marine and fisheries affairs ministerial decrees No authority Local Fisheries Provinces and Districts/Cities Small scale fisheries: National Act No. 7/2016 regarding Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish and Salt Farmers, provides support for fishermen, fish and salt farmers in the form of: means and infrastructures for doing sustainable business, capacity building, institutional arrangement, financing system, risks transfer, and legal assistance. 10-30 GT: province management 5-10 GT: district/city management < 5 GT do not need licenses In every fishing operation, all boats with SIPI have to report fisheries log book to the Fishing Port before landing the fish catch. (Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 18/2010)
Marine Protected Areas in 2016 Established and managed according to three legislations, National Act No. 5/1990 (Conservation Act) National Act No. 31/2004 jo 45/2009 (Fisheries Act) National Act No. 27/2007 jo 1/2014 (Coastal Zone and Small Islands Management Act) No MPA Type Number of MPA A Managed by Ministry of Environment and Forestry Area (Ha) coverage 32 4,694,947.55 1 Marine National Park 7 4,043,541.30 2 Natural Marine Tourism Park 14 491,248.00 3 Marine Wildlife Reserve 5 5,678.25 4 Natural Marine Preserve 6 154,480.00 B Managed by MMAF and Local Government 133 13,285,704.44 5 Waters National Park 1 3,355,352.82 6 Natural Waters Reserve 3 445,630.00 7 Waters Tourism Park 6 1,541,040.20 8 Local conservation Area 123 7,943,681.42 Total 165 17,980,651.99 Target: 20 million ha in 2020
Local Marine Protected Area All MPAs that established by local and indigenous communities and private sectors are regulated by a permit issuance. The issuance of permit will ensure the activities will not exceed the MPA s carrying capacity and in accordance to Indonesia s Guidelines of the Sustainable Fisheries Zoning Utilization in the Conservation Area (Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 47/2016 on Utilization of MPA). The extent of permits issued should not exceed 50% of the carrying capacity (e.g.: maximum fish catch is 50% of the potential fish stock in a sustainable fisheries zone, or number of aquaculture unit should not exceed the total area of a sustainable fisheries zone). Recognizing various local wisdom which in line with the sustainable use of natural resources Implementing the guidelines to improve the management effectiveness of MPA (E-KKP3K) The latest award was given to local government of Raja Ampat who sucessfully manage Raja Ampat MPA. At the moment, Raja Ampat MPA already reach gold level for tourism aspect, as the main drive of economy as proved by 18 thousand people visited Raja Ampat in 2016.
Governance Challenges Main challenge in ocean governance in Indonesia: spatial planning. Two regimes of spatial planning: terrestrial and marine. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is divided into coastal provinces (up to 12 miles from the coastline) and ocean regions that cover more than 12 miles until economic exclusive zone.
Future Plan National Commission on Fish Stock Assessment FMA Authority Minister of MAF DG on Fisheries Capture Fisheries Commission National Management Authority Panel of DGs feedback Advisory board Executive Committee Secretariat Scientific panel LC-EAFM evaluasi Statistics MPA Control Management Measures
Fisheries Distribusi Knowledge Spasial Centers FP2TPKI (Universities) LC-EAFM Courtesy of Dr. Luky Adrianto
Research Structure in FMAs WPP 571 WPP 572 WPP 573 WPP 711 WPP 712 WPP 713 WPP 714 WPP 715 WPP 716 WPP 717 WPP 718 LC-571 LC-572 LC- 573 LC-711 LC-712 LC- 713 LC-714 LC-715 LC-716 LC-717 LC-718 Marine data Fisheries data Socio-economic data Policy data Fisheries resources Habitat Social Economic Institution Long term Research and Observation FMA basis WPP Data Pool Fisheries Big Data Fisheries Management Courtesy of Dr. Luky Adrianto
One data policy
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