TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes Foreword by Paolo Bolaffio Preface Introduction XI XIII XV 1 Part One THE MIDDLE EASTERN AND INDIAN FIGHTING ARTS I I THE MARTIAL ARTS OF ANCIENT TIMES Animals also use objects The need to combat Mesopotamia: the cradle of martial arts Ario-indian civilization The Warrior Kshatriya caste The main Indian martial arts Kalaripayat techniques Overview of Psychophysics discipline of Kalaripayat 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Part Two CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS II II HISTORY AND PEOPLE OF CHINA Ancient China from its origins to the late Shāng dynasty From Zhōu dynasty at the first unification From unifying Qín to ending of the Hàn dynasty From the three Kingdoms period to the end of the Táng dynasty From the end of the Táng to the Mongol invasion of Yuán The Míng dynasty (1368-1644) From Qīng dynasty to the birth of the Chinese Republic 17 17 18 19 20 22 23
III III FORMATION AND CATEGORIES OF CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS The origins of Chinese wrestling The formation of Chinese martial arts The errant Knights and the first spread of martial arts in China Chinese martial arts from the first unification to the end of the Táng dynasty Chinese martial arts from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period after the fall of Sòng Chinese martial arts from the advent of Yuán to the fall of Míng dynasty Chinese martial arts from the beginning of the Qīng dynasty to the creation of the Republic The transformation of the martial arts in the 20 th century The eight classifications Southern Fist and Northern Leg External school and Internal school Imitating styles The philosophical bases and the founders of Taoism and Confucianism 27 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 IV IV THE INFLUENCE OF THE GREAT RELIGIONS AND THE DIFFUSION OF THE CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS The Taoist doctrine Alchemy at its origins and Taoist Alchemy Taoism and Chinese martial arts The beginning of cultural exchanges between China and India The origins of Chinese Buddhism and the Shàolín monastery Birth of Chán Buddhism and legends of Bodhidharma Chán Buddhist doctrine The birth of the Shàolín monastery technical program Evolution and initial diffusion of the Shàolín technical programme Origin of the Five Ancestor System Religious persecution and disclosure of Chinese martial arts The legends of the Five Ancestors and the legends of Shàolín southern monastery The eleven Shàolín monasteries 41 42 44 47 48 49 50 52 53 55 55 57 58 Part Three KARATE AND ITS HISTORY V V HISTORY AND MYTHS OF OKINAWA The places and people of Okinawa Myths and legends of Ryūkyū From prehistory to the Sanzan period From the beginning of trade relations to the golden age of Okinawa Apogèo of the Ryūkyū Kingdom and developing relations with Satsuma Japanese conquest and impoverishment of Ryūkyū 65 66 67 68 69 71
From the end of the isolation to the Meiji Restoration From the construction of the Japanese Empire to date 72 74 VI VI THE ORIGINS OF OKINAWAN MARTIAL ARTS OF OKINAWA The old Ryūkyū martial arts The origins of Tōde The transmission of Satsuma clan martial arts Synthetic evolution of Tōde in Karate The origins of Japanese terms Te, Tōde and Karate The Chinese village of Kume 81 83 84 85 86 87 VII VII THE OKINAWAN MARTIAL ARTS IN THE CLASSIC PERIOD Karate of the village and academic Karate Diplomatic missions and Chinese experts of Quán-fǎ who visited Okinawa in the classical period The enigmatic castaway of Ānan Okinawa natives and experts of Tōde and the main traditions during the classical period Shuri-te, the court warriors martial art Tomari-te, the sailors and dockers martial art Naha-te, the craftsmen s and traders martial art Kojō-ryǔ, the ancient martial art of Kojō clan 91 92 94 96 97 99 101 105 VIII VIII THE KARATE IN OKINAWA AFTER THE MEIJI RESTORATION The transformation of Tōde during the Meiji Restoration The first public demonstrations and the inclusion of Tōde in public school The pedagogy applied to the new Tōde The birth of the first associations of Tōde and the beginning of public demonstrations in Japan s mainland The transcription of Shōrin and Shōrei characters The first Karate popularizers of Shuri school The first Karate popularizers of Naha school The contribution of Go Kenki and To Daiki 109 111 112 114 117 118 124 125 IX IX THE APPEARANCE OF KARATE IN JAPAN S MAINLAND The development of Shōrin-ryū Karate in Japan s mainland The development of Shōrei-ryū Karate in Japan s mainland The pioneers of the new Karate in Tōkyō and the beginning of standardization The Tōde meets Jūdō The DNBK history and aims Titles and ranks of DNBK The DNBK requests and responses of Karate s pioneers Events and awards of the DNBK granted to pioneers of Karate 131 141 147 154 155 158 159 161
X X KARATE FROM THE POST-WAR PERIOD TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CREATION OF A SPORT The revival of Japanese martial arts and the start of the spread in the West The twofold evolution of DNBK and Japanese martial arts The birth of the first Karate federations The development of the main stylistic systems of Karate from Shōrin-ryū The development of the main stylistic systems of Karate from Shōrei-ryū Korean Karate towards a new identity 167 168 169 174 175 177 Part Four THE SCHOOL AND KATA OF SHŌTŌKAN DŌJŌ XI XI FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE SHŌTŌKAN STYLISTIC SYSTEM Bibliography and nomenclature of Gichin and Gigō Funakoshi kata The concept of style and stylistic system Technical evolution in the Shōtōkan dōjō Formation and evolution of the Shōtōkan stylistic system 183 187 188 189 XII XII XIII XIII XIV XIV FUKYŪGATA TAIKYOKU, The kata for creating fundamental techniques The origins of Taikyoku kata The meaning of the name Taikyoku The main technical features of the Taikyoku kata Versions of the Taikyoku kata PINAN HEIAN, the White Bear technique of Jiāng-nán Modern documents and Okinawan origins of Pinan-Heian kata Chinese origins of Channan tàolù and meaning of the name The meaning of the name Pinan-Heian The main technical features of the Pinan-Heian kata Versions of the Pinan-Heian kata NAIHANCHI-TEKKI, the technique of White Crane on the small dam The Okinawan origins of Naihanchi kata Modern documents, Chinese sources and meaning of names Naihanchi and Tekki A synoptic view of the old Masters on the position of the Naihanchi kata The main technical features of the Naihanchi-Tekki kata Versions of the Naihanchi-Tekki kata 197 198 200 200 202 205 209 212 215 220 222 227 230 235 237 242 244
XV XV XVI XVI XVII XVIII XIX XIX PASSAI BASSAI, the technique of the Leopard and Lion The Okinawan origins of Passai kata Modern documents on the Passai-Bassai kata Chinese origins of Bàoshī-Baassai tàolù The meaning of Bassai by Gichin Funakoshi The main technical features of Passai-Bassai kata Versions of the Passai-Bassai kata Etymology, General description and symbolism of the lion Lion Boxing KŌSŌKŪN KANKŪ, the Dragon technique of Jiāng-nán The Okinawan origins of Kōsōkūn-Kankū kata Modern documents on the Kōsōkūn-Kankū kata The Chinese origins of the tàolù related to Kōsōkūn-Kūsankū The meaning of names Kōsōkūn-Kūsankū and Kwankū-Kankū The main technical features of Kōsōkūn-Kankū kata Versions of the Kōsōkūn-Kūsankū-Kankū kata JION, the merciful Lúohàn technique The Okinawan origins of Jion kata Modern documents on the Jion kata The meaning of Jion according to Gichin Funakoshi The Chinese origins of the Jion temple The main technical features of the Jion kata Versions of the Jion kata The greeting in monastic kata JUTTE, JITTE the technique of Lúohàn and Bear The origins and modern documents on Jitte kata The meaning of Jitte in the Shōtōkan school The main technical features of the Jitte kata Versions of the Jitte kata Etymology, General description and symbolism of the bear Bear Boxing JI IN SHŌKYŌ, the technique of Lúohàn and Crane The origins and modern documents on Ji in kata 249 250 252 253 254 255 259 262 263 267 271 272 273 274 278 281 285 287 288 289 290 292 294 295 299 300 301 303 304 307 308 311
XX XX XXI XXI XXII XXIII The meaning of Ji in in the JKA Shōtōkan school The main technical features of the Ji in kata Versions of the Ji in kata The hateful evil Introduction to monasticism Monk Boxing WANSHŪ ENPI, the technique of the Crane and Leopard Modern documents and Okinawan origins of Wanshū kata Chinese sources related to Wanshū tàolù The main technical features of the Enpi-Wanshū kata Versions of the Wanshū-Enpi kata Etymology, General description and symbolism of the leopard Leopard Boxing SĒSAN HANGETSU, the technique of Lúohàn and Supreme ultimate The Okinawan origins of Sēsan-Hangetsu kata Modern documents and the meaning of names Sēsan-Hangetsu Chinese origins of Shísān tàolù The main technical features of Sēsan-Hangetsu kata Versions of the Sēsan-Hangetsu kata The thirteen techniques CHINTŌ GANKAKU, the technique of the Jiāng-nán Crane The Okinawan origins of Chintō-Gankaku kata Modern documents and the meaning of the name Chintō-Gankaku The Chinese origins of the Chintō kata The main technical features of the Chintō-Gankaku kata Versions of the Chintō-Gankaku kata Etymology, General description and symbolism of the crane Crane Boxing Aikoku: sharpening weapons HAKKŌ SŌCHIN, the techniques of Lúohàn and Black tiger The Okinawan origins of Sōchin-Hakkō kata Modern documents and the meaning of names related to Sōchin-Hakkō kata Sōchin version of the Shōtōkan school Chinese origins of Sōchin kata 312 312 313 314 314 315 318 321 326 327 328 331 333 335 339 343 344 346 348 350 352 357 360 361 362 364 366 368 371 373 377 379 381 382
XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII The main technical features of Sōchin kata Versions of the Sōchin-Hakkō kata The Niō deities Etymology, General description and symbolism of the tiger Tiger Boxing NĪSĒSHĪ NIJŪSHIHO, the 24 techniques of White Monkey and Lúohàn The Okinawan origins of Nīsēshī-Nijūshiho kata Modern documents and the meaning of names Nīsēshī-Nijūshiho Chinese origins of Nīsēshī kata The main technical features of the Nīsēshī-Nijūshiho kata Versions of the Nīsēshī-Nijūshiho kata Etymology, general description and symbolism of the monkey Monkey Boxing UNSŪ-KIUN, the technique of White Crane and Cloud hands The origins of Unchū-Unsū kata Modern documents and the meaning of names Unsū-Kiun The main technical features of the Unsū-Kiun kata Versions of the Unsū-Kiun kata The symbolism of tomoe CHINTE SHŌIN, the technique of Snake and Bamboo spear The Okinawan origins and modern documents on Chinte-Shōin kata The meaning of names Chinte-Shōin inside the Shōtōkan school Chinese origins of Chinte kata The main technical features of Chinte kata Versions of Chinte-Chintei kata Etymology, General description and symbolism of the snake Snake Boxing RŌHAI MEIKYŌ, the technique of Mei flower and Heron The Okinawan origins of Rōhai kata Modern documents on the Rōhai kata and meaning of Meikyō The Chinese origins and the meaning of the name referring to the Rōhai kata The main technical features of the Rōhai-Meikyō kata Versions of the Rōhai-Meikyō kata The solar deity Amaterasu and the three treasures of the Emperor 383 386 387 389 390 393 397 398 398 399 401 402 404 405 409 411 412 415 416 417 421 422 423 424 426 427 431 433 437 441 443 445 446 449
The legend of Ng Mui and the creation of Wing Chun Kuen The historical character of Ng Mui and the creation of the Yǒngchūn White Crane Boxing The symbolism of the Plum Flower and general description of Mei-huā quán 450 451 454 456 XXVIII X ŪSĒSHĪ GOJŪSHIHO, the 54 techniques of Black tiger and Celestial dragon The Okinawan origins of Ūsēshī-Gojūshiho kata Modern documents on Gojūshiho-Hōtaku kata The meaning of the name Hōtaku Chinese origins and meaning of the name related to the Ūsēshī-Gojūshiho kata The main technical features of the Gojūshiho kata Versions of the Gojūshiho kata Etymology and symbology of the Dragon in the West The symbolism of the Dragon in the East Dragon Boxing in external styles The origins and the main technical features of Bā-guà zhǎng Drunken Boxing 461 463 464 465 466 468 470 472 474 474 476 478 XXIX WANKAN SHŌTŌ, the 18 techniques to capture the King and Eagle claw Okinawan roots, modern documents and meaning of the name Wankan Chinese origins of Wankan kata The main technical features of the Wankan kata Versions of the Wankan kata Etymology, General description and symbolism of the Eagle The Eagle claw and the epic of Yuè Fēi The principles of Qín-ná 483 485 486 488 489 491 493 495 XXX TEN NO KATA, fighting kata and the Three treasures The origins of Ten no kata The meaning of the name of fighting kata The technical features of Ten no kata The technical features of Chi no kata The technical features of Jin no kata 499 500 501 503 503 506 XXXI SŪPĀRINPĒ HYAKUHACHIHO, technique of Lúohàn, White crane and Praying Mantis The Okinawan origins of Sūpārinpē-Pecchūrin kata The Hyakuhachiho version in the Shōtōkan school Modern documents and the meaning of names related to Pecchūrin-Sūpārinpē-Hyakureihachi kata 509 510 511
XXXIIX XXXIII X Chinese origins of Sūpārinpē-Pecchūrin kata The main technical features of the Sūpārinpē-Pecchūrin kata Versions of the Pecchūrin-Sūpārinpē-Hyakureihachi kata The guardian deity of art Buzāganashī The meaning and symbolism of the number 108 Etymology, General description and symbolism of the praying mantis The Praying Mantis Boxing and the 18 techniques of Wáng Láng MATSUKAZE NO KON, the marriage of Karate and Kobudō The Chinese origins of long stick technique The Okinawan origins of Bō-jutsu The origins of Bō-jutsu in the Shōtōkan stylistic system The Shōtōkan stylistic system of Bō-jutsu THE LOST KATA Jiyūmu Kokan Wandau Wandou Conclusion 512 513 514 515 516 518 520 523 527 528 529 530 534 538 538 539 539 541 APPENDICES A B C D E F G H I A B C D E F G H I Chronology of the Chinese Imperial Dynasties and Kingdoms Chronology of the Ryūkyū s Kings Ryūkyū Kingdom caste system Chinese Investiture missions to Ryūkyū Shōtō Nijū Kun The Twenty Guiding Principles of Funakoshi Synoptic table of kata cited and/or taught by Gichin and Gigō Funakoshi Synoptic table of Shitō-ryū kata Glossary of kata and tàolù. General glossary 545 547 549 551 552 554 556 559 573 Acknowledgements 595