TERRADAPTORTM MODULE 2 - PDF Free Download

PORTABLE ANCHOR SYSTEMS: TERRADAPTORTM MODULE 2 STUDENT MANUAL Version 1.0 When you work in a vertical world you need Vertical Rescue Solutions www.verticalrescuesolutions.com

Contents Course Description - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Prerequisites - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Learning Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Order of Instruction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Lesson 1: Introduction and Overview of Course - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Lesson 2: Safety Issues - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 Lesson 3: Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 Lesson 4: Friction Issues - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 Lesson 5: Resultant Forces Applied to Tripods and Quad-pods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Lesson 6: Swiss Anchors (AKA Anchors Kept in a Neutral State) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Lesson 7: Bi-pods: A-Frames - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 Lesson 8: Bi-pods: Angled A-Frames - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Lesson 9: Mono-pods/Gin Poles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35 Appendix TerrAdaptor Module 2 - Written Exam (25 points total) Release and Assumption of Risk Form 2

Course Description This is a two-day rope technician intermediate skills course that instructs participants in the use of portable anchor systems using the TerrAdaptor and supports sound and reliable manipulative mono-pod and bi-pod skills congruent with the requirements of NFPA 1670 and 1006 Technician Level training. Intermediate force multiplier theory that is applicable to portable anchors is a key component of Module 2. Prerequisites Successful completion of Portable Anchor Systems: Theoretical and Practical Application of the TerrAdaptor, Module 1 of this series. Learning Objectives Upon successful completion of Module 2, all participants will be able to safely and efficiently accomplish the following tasks and objectives: 1. Construct and operate individual and system belays congruent to the use of monopods and bi-pods 2. Construct and operate a mainline system congruent to the use of mono-pods and bipods 3. Understand basic principles of force multipliers as they apply to whiteboard analysis of critical angles, and the relation between compression and tension as they apply to portable anchor systems, with a focus on mono-pods and bi-pods 4. Rig and manage mono-pods and bi-pods congruent to the requirements of this course 5. Rig the TerrAdaptor as a mono-pod and bi-pod congruent to the requirements of the TerrAdatpor User s Manual and to the satisfaction of the lead instructor 6. Complete and pass the TerrAdaptor Module 2 written test 3 2008-2009 Pigeon Mountain Industries VRS by PMI TM and Pigeon Mountain Industries do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information in, or provided in connection with, this manual. VRS by PMI TM and Pigeon Mountain Industries are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for the results obtained from the use of such information. VRS by PMI TM and Pigeon Mountain Industries do not guarantee the safety of those participating in training using this manual.

Order of Instruction 1. Introduction and Overview of Course The purpose of VRS The instructor s expectations for the course as well as your classmate s and your own The flow of the course 2. Safety Issues Release and Assumption of Risk Form Two points of contact for anyone within six-feet of the edge (for flat surfaces, this may be more depending on the terrain) No one is allowed to approach the edge without full approval and inspection of the instructor Anyone can call STOP at any time if they have a safety question or issue about what is taking place Required Personal Gear and PPE Class 3 Harness (preferred) Helmet (rescue type with three-point chin strap) Gloves (leather rappel type) Appropriate Footwear (hiking boots or duty boots, no tennis or jogging shoes) Appropriate attire to meet climate requirements Personal snacks and water 3. Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants Vector Components and Angles Pulley Resultants Parallelogram/Resultant Analysis Vector Formulas 4. Friction Issues Friction Law Coefficient of Friction Dynamic Friction 5. System Safety Factors SSSF (Static System Safety Factor) DSSF (Dynamic System Safety Factor) 6. Back-ties and the Relationship Between Compression and Tension Back-ties Compression Tension 7. Bi-pods: A-Frames 8. Bi-pods: Angled A-Frames 9. Mono-pods/Gin Poles 4

Lesson 1: Introduction and Overview of Course At the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: The purpose of VRS TM The instructor s expectations for the course as well as your classmate s and your own The flow of the course This is a two-day rope technician s skills course for the purpose of learning the rigging theory that supports sound and reliable manipulative bi-pod and momo-pod skills congruent with the requirements of NFPA 1670 and 1006 Technician Level with a focus on the TerrAdaptor Intermediate force multiplier theory of portable anchors as a key component. 6

Lesson 2: Safety Issues By the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: The importance of the overall safety briefing Edge safety protocols Required personal protective gear (PPE) Inattention to safety during a rescue and/or training becomes and emergency in its own right. It is the responsibility of each participant in this class to be on guard against non-safe situations. Catastrophic failures can always be traced back to the accumulative effect of several lesser mess-ups, over-sights, or in many cases, a simple lack of knowledge and training. Safety is a state of mind. This course will involve work that is in close proximity to dangerous edges; anyone within six-feet of an unprotected edge shall be connected to an appropriate fall arrest system and subject to the direction and interpretation of the lead instructor. Dependant on the conditions of the terrain, a great distance from the edge may require fall arrest. ANYONE MAY CALL FOR A STOP IF A SAFETY ISSUE OR QUESTION OF SAFETY ARISES! 1. Review Safety Issues, Including: Release and Assumption of Risk Form Two points of contact for anyone within six-feet of the edge (for flat surfaces, this may be more depending on the terrain) No one is allowed to approach the edge without full approval and inspection of the instructor Anyone can call STOP at any time if they have safety questions or issues about what is taking place 8

Lesson 2: Safety Issues (Cont.) 2. Required Personal Gear and PPE: Class 3 Harness (preferred) Helmet (rescue type with three-point chin strap) Gloves (leather rappel type) Appropriate Footwear (hiking boots or duty boots, no tennis or jogging shoes) Appropriate attire to meet climate requirements Personal snacks and water 9

Lesson 3: Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants By the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: How to calculate the resultant created by force factors on a pulley in a portable anchor system Why it is important to memorize the percentage a given load exerts on both the main pulley and directional pulley anchors based on vector formulas To understand rigging is to understand at least some aspects of trigonometry and vector physics. The knowledge of angles, components and resultants is synonymous to quality of rope rigging. To study vectors is to study the physical qualities of force that has both direction and magnitude. A force vector may be graphed or represented as a simple arrow, also more commonly referred to in math as a component. This component will always indicate the direction of the force. In addition to seeing the direction of force vectors, comparing the length of different vector components will reveal the magnitude relative to each other. The longer component will always have a greater magnitude. In the example above, the component on the right has approximately twice the magnitude as the one on the left. Two components that connect for an angle. The resultant is the net force of the angle these two components create. 10

Lesson 3: Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants (Cont.) Using a given angle, draw a parallelogram (below). Connect the original angle to the mirror opposite corner within the parallelogram with a new line (component). By using the magnitude rule, longer is greater, we may now determine which component of this angle is generating the greatest magnitude by comparing their length. Rope rigged through a pulley creates angles as well, relatively speaking; the pulley will equalize allowing the components of the rope to be equal. Resultants created by a pulley will always find the halfway point between the two rope components. This is extremely useful in determining the stability of an elevated anchor system. The center of any tensioned pulley will always point to the exact location and direction of the resultant force at work on the associated anchor. The resultant of a pulley is the absolute indicator of where the force of that pulley is directed. 11

Lesson 3: Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants (Cont.) Component 1 Component 2 Resultant One of the most misunderstood issues of rope rigging is the analysis of the angle of a multipoint anchor system versus the same angle of a directional pulley. Most rope rescue personnel have committed to rote memory that with a 90 o angle, each anchor of a 2 by 1 multipoint anchor system will receive 71% of the load, or with a 150 o angle each anchor will receive 200% of the load. Given the same angles of rope going in and coming out of a directional pulley, when asked to give the force on the directional pulley anchor, many rescuers will erroneously give the same answer. Study the two right angle rope systems below; both have two anchors and both support a 100kg load. What percentage of the load is each anchor receiving? If you said A1 and A2 receive 71kg, A3 receives 100kg, and A4 receives 141kg you would be correct. 12

Lesson 3: Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants (Cont.) Look at these right angles again and apply the parallelogram/resultant analysis: The 100kg load is our known value, whatever component the load is connected to represents 100; the remaining two components may now be assigned a value simply by comparing their length. C 3 = 100, therefore C 1 and C 2 are 71% of C 3 - C 5 = 100, therefore C 4 = 100% of C 5 and C 6 = 141% of C 5. Although using parallelograms as mentioned above to determine the resultant of any given angle is a good rule of thumb method, ultimately, for field application we must commit to rote memory the recognition of angles as they apply to either, 1) multipoint systems, or 2) directional pulley anchors. 13

Lesson 3: Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants (Cont.) Vector Formula for Directional Pulley Anchors High Directional Vector Force: Degree of Angle % of Weight of Load At High Directional 0......................... 200% 5......................... 199.9% 10........................ 199% 15........................ 198% 20........................ 197% 25........................ 195% 30........................ 193% 35........................ 191% 40........................ 188% 45........................ 185% 50........................ 181% 60........................ 173% 65........................ 169% 70........................ 164% 75........................ 159% 80........................ 153% 85........................ 147% 90........................ 141% 95........................ 135% 100....................... 129% 105....................... 122% 110....................... 115% 115....................... 107% 120....................... 100% 125....................... 92% 130....................... 85% 135....................... 77% 140....................... 68% 145....................... 60% 150....................... 52% 155....................... 43% 160....................... 35% 165....................... 26% 14

Lesson 3: Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants (Cont.) 170........................ 17% 175........................ 8% 180........................ 0% Vector Formula for Midpoint Anchors 15

Lesson 3: Whiteboard Analysis of Resultants (Cont.) 16

Lesson 4: Friction Issues By the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: How the coefficient of friction affects both the Dynamic System Safety Factor (DSSF) and the Static System Safety Factor (SSSF) How to roughly calculate the added amount of load that edge friction generates when hauling Rigging is the use of tension and compression to either move something or to keep something from moving. Whether we are moving or holding something, friction is always there, working for or against us. This section on friction is a basic treatment of friction coefficients with a specific focus on how it will multiply the weight of the actual load during a hauling. It is common practice in rope rescue to use a friction device such as a brake rack for the addition of friction during a lowering. When the mainline comes in contact with the edge during a lowering it is as if an additional brake rack has been added. Aside from any rope wear and tear of continual edge contact, this edge friction is working in our favor. Now let s convert our lowering to a raising system. The same edge contact that was working in our favor on the way down is now playing tug-of-war with the haul team! A matter of fact, a good rule of thumb measurement is about 3 times the weight of the load is really what the haul team has to overcome when the rope is being pulled over a rock ledge. This is arguable the single most important reason for the use of an elevated anchor system (i.e. the TerrAdaptor ) over difficult edges. At the beginning of this chapter, the DSSF was mentioned. Traditionally, the SSSF is calculated prior to the implementation of a rope rescue, analyzed and a judgement is made based on the system s weakest link. It is then decided if the system is rigged within the parameters of the previously established safety margin. This safety margin is often a 10:1 safety margin. The DSSF on the other hand, judges the rigging system during its operation and predicts the weakest link during the greatest moment of system stress. This moment of greatest stress will always be during the transitions between a static state to a state of hauling, or to put it into physical terms - the transition from static friction to dynamic friction (sliding fruition). 18

Lesson 4: Friction Issues (Cont.) Friction Law Friction is a force of resistance between two objects that opposes any motion. Friction may be further defined as being either static friction (force that tends to counter motion of an object that is in a state of rest), and kinetic friction (force wanting to slow an object in motion). Coefficient of Friction The coefficient of friction ( μ ) between an object and the surface on which it is at rest can be defined as the ratio of applied force ( f ) needed to move the object divided by the normal force between the object and the surface ( n ). f μ = -- n In rigging, what is the ratio of the amount of force (stress on the rope system) needed to initiate the hauling process divided by the loaded mainline at rest on a given surface prior to the start of the haul? Obviously the higher the coefficient of friction the more stress is added to the haul system and the entire anchor system. Dynamic Friction After the initial spike of needed force to move the object from a state of rest the dynamic friction (sliding friction) is the force needed to sustain movement over the surface. The only true way to establish the coefficient of friction of any given surface is through detailed analysis in a laboratory setting. Although we have performed multiple informal slow pull tests of a 50 pound load over a sandstone edge and steel hand rails at 90 o contact surface, we have found the best and simplest way to prove this point in the classroom is through the use of tabletop demonstrations by raising a five pound weight over brick or a metal pipe on the edge of the table. We usually use 6mm rope connected to a 50 pound rated dynamometer (fish scale). 19

Lesson 4: Friction Issues (Cont.) Going down, the five pound weight will register around one and a half to two pounds on the scale. Coming up, the same five pound weight will register around 18 plus pounds on the scale. The results of these small scale classroom demonstrations are remarkably close to the test we performed with 50 pound loads over a sandstone edge; dynamic coefficient of friction about 0.35 or a magnification of the load by approximately three times during the hauling process. Round steel hand rails proved little relief with an increase of the true load of about twice as much. Key Points: Avoid excessive rope contact with any surface Use elevated anchor systems, especially when hauling is predicted Remember, the true load is the rescue package plus any added friction - even moderate rock contact can increase this as much as three times the load! 20

Lesson 5: System Safety Factors. By the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: How to calculate both a Static System Safety Factor (SSSF) and a Dynamic System Safety Factor (SSSD) based on the weakest link in each system SSSF (Static System Safety Factor) The SSSF is the ratio of the overall rope system divided by the load during a static state (no movement). This is based on the weakest component and/or equipment link from the anchor to the load Example: The anchor is Bombproof rigged with a Wrap 3, Pull 2 webbing system.. MBS 8500 lbs The connecting carabiner to the anchor is steel....................... MBS 9000 lbs The rigging plate is............................................ MBS 8000 lbs The brake rack is.............................................. MBS 5000 lbs The rope with 50% de-rating for knot is............................ MBS 4500 lbs The connecting carabiner to the load is steel........................ MBS 9000 lbs The weakest link is 4500 lbs Divided by the load of approximately 450 lbs Divided by the load of 450 lbs plus a coefficient of friction of 3 (90 o angle of contact with a sandstone edge) giving an actual load of 1350 lbs (450 x 3). SSSF = 10:1 DSSF (Dynamic System Safety Factor) The DSSF is the ratio of the overall rope system divided by the load plus all other physical factors during the predicted greatest moment of system stress - typically during the start of the hauling process of a rescue requiring a raising system. Example: The anchor is Bombproof rigged with a Wrap 3, Pull 2 webbing system.. MBS 8500 lbs The connecting carabiner to the anchor is steel....................... MBS 9000 lbs The rigging plate is............................................ MBS 8000 lbs The brake rack is.............................................. MBS 5000 lbs The rope with 50% de-rating for knot is............................ MBS 4500 lbs 22

Lesson 5: System Safety Factors (Cont.) The connecting carabiner to the load is steel......................... MBS 9000 lbs The weakest link is 4500 lbs Divided by the load of 450 lbs plus a coefficient of friction of 3 (90 o angle of contact with a sandstone edge) giving an actual load of 1350 lbs (450 x 3). DSSF = 3.3:1 23

Lesson 6: Back-ties and the Relationship Between Compression and Tension By the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: Why it is important to keep a portable high directional anchor in a Swiss, or neutral, state The complex relationship between compression force and tensile force when using back-ties on portable anchor systems How to calculate the amount of stress applied to a tensioned member in an elevated portable anchor system Back-ties, and the Relationship Between Compression and Tension Compression force is the opposite of tensile force. As with all forms of construction, rope rigging included, one cannot exist without the other. One of our best examples of the use of compression and tension in technical rescue can be found when we use a tripod as an elevated anchor point (high directional). The tripod does not become stable until the tensile force of the hanging load is applied, thereby allowing the compression of the three legs to oppose the tensile force of the load. Both must take place in harmony for us to have a workable rigging system. The goal for the rigging of all anchors should be to keep them in a Swiss, or neutral, state. Although typical 12.5mm rescue rope is strong enough to support a system load, a single leg used as a back-tie may stretch too much to keep the marginal anchor in a neutral state. Three legs of rope are commonly used to mitigate the stretching of the rope within the back-tie system once it has been fully loaded. 24

Lesson 6: Back-ties and the Relationship Between Compression and Tension (Cont.) The anchor system, including the rigging of the back-tie anchor system, must be adequate enough to support the resultant force applied to the anchor with at least a DSSF of 7:1. Back-Ties Marginal Anchor Ratchet Prusik On The Last Leg Of The 3:1cd 3:1cd MA, extending the full distance between to two anchors. (carabiners, no pulleys) Back-Tie Anchor Tie off the cd with two ½ hitches. Tensile Force can be defined as a pulling or stretching force that is applied equally between two points acting in opposite directions. Reducing tension and compression to their simplest state, at least in our world rigging, we are talking about two possibilities: load pulling against an anchor and/or an anchor pulling against an anchor. Anchor Back-tie Anchor Equal force is applied to the rope in both directions. Equal force is applied to both anchors in both directions. 25 Load Mainline Anchor

Lesson 6: Back-ties and the Relationship Between Compression and Tension (Cont.) Compression Force can be defined as two forces of equal magnitude pushing on both ends of a solid object. Force is applied to the top of the bar. Equal opposing force is applied to the bar from the ground. System failure will usually occur when tension exceeds compression. Anchor failure may occur when tension exceeds compression. Either the rope will break or the compression member of the anchor system will skid, bend or break. Manufacturer standards such as NFPA 1983 give an additional layer of protection for the user in guaranteeing the quality of modern rigging gear. Most seasoned rope rescue technicians don t need a detailed mathematical foundation. Having said this, the higher the technician climbs up the ladder of his/her s rigging career - assistant instructor, lead instructor, research and development - the more these issues of physics and math come to the surface. Note: The 9mm rope employed in the tensioned back-ties connected to the TerrAdaptor Lashing Ring; even though these back-tie ropes are only rated for Light use per NFPA 1983, they are well above a 20:1 safety margin in this 2 person rescue load application. This is based on accurate tension and compression analysis performed by informed rope rescue veterans. 26

Lesson 6: Back-ties and the Relationship Between Compression and Tension (Cont.) Look at the relationship between a vertical compression member and a tensioned member of an elevated anchor system, more specifically, what is the stress on the tension member and how does this effect the anchor and equipment selection? Keep in mind this is a single dimension analysis. With additional tension members back-tie/guys and/or additional compression members typical to A frames, the distribution of tensile and compressive stress would be based on the respective angles of each member hence becoming a two dimensional analysis. We must first calculate the resultant force placed on the apex of the high directional by the components of the loaded mainline. Secondly, we will calculate the leverage ratio of the compression member over the tension member. Lastly, we will calculate the ratio of the resultant force over the leverage ratio. M Stress on a single tensioned member of an elevated anchor system = --------------------- SinC SinT C = the angle created by the resultant component of the high directional pulley or the vector force that is attached to the top of the compression member of the elevated anchor system. T = the angle at the top of the high directional where the compression and tension members join. M = the magnitude of the resultant component. Example 1: M = 200kg Angle C = 90 o to the compression member (maximum leverage) Angle T = 30 o 27

Lesson 6: Back-ties and the Relationship Between Compression and Tension (Cont.) M ----------------------- SinC SinT 200 --------------- 1 200 = = -------- = 400kg 0.5 0.5 Example 2: M = 200kg Angle C = 20 o Angle T = 30 o M ----------------------- SinC -------------------------- 200 0.342 68.4 = = --------- = 136kg SinT 0.5 0.5 28

Lesson 6: Back-ties and the Relationship Between Compression and Tension (Cont.) Example 3: The angle of the mainline going in and out of the high directional pulley is 40 o. M = 376kg (188% of the 200kg load) Angle C = 5 o (typical leverage from a high directional pulley resultant acting on a single compression member) Angle T = 30 o M ----------------------- SinC 376 ---------------------------- 0.087 32.7 = = --------- = 65kg SinT 0.5 0.5 29

Lesson 7: Bi-pods: A-Frames By the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: When to use a bi-pod or A-Frame portable anchor system The basic mechanics and physics involved in setting up bi-pods and A-Frames A-Frames 30

Lesson 8: Bi-pods: Angled A-Frames By the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: What rescue scenarios lend themselves to the use of an Angled A-Frame portable high directional anchor Rigging tips and techniques (such as using Mechanical Advantage systems for tensioning back-ties) that ensure a safe and solid set-up of the Angled A- Frame portable high directional anchor Angled A-Frames 32

Lesson 8: Bi-pods: Angled A-Frames (Cont.) The Angled A-Frame can fit in extremely tight locations, such as industrial catwalks. The same rules still apply when choosing the back-tie anchors for the tension back-ties. When eyeing one back-tie anchor in relation to the other, this visual straight-edge should bisect the middle of the plane created by the front and back legs of the Angled A-Frame. Many times when the back-tie anchors don t quite line up, the Angled A-Frame may simply be rotated to make the plane of the legs accommodate the back-tie anchors. 33

Lesson 8: Bi-pods: Angled A-Frames (Cont.) The photo above is a view looking up at the head of the TerrAdaptor configured to an Angled A-Frame. This is a good example showing the tensioned back-tie system pulling opposite direction. Note that they are connected to the same location/plane on the Lashing Ring. Unwanted torque will arise if one back-tie is forward on the head and the opposite back-tie is rigged to the back end of the head. When more radical high directional pulley resultants are predicted, the high directional pulley should be rigged as close as possible to the same location on the head as the back-tie system. 34

Lesson 8: Bi-pods: Angled A-Frames (Cont.) Top View of the Angled A-Frame (Typical) Top View of the Angled A-Frame (Adjusting the Back-tie by Vectoring With a Small Mechanical Advantage) 35

Lesson 9: Mono-pods/Gin Poles By the end of this lesson, you should expect to understand: When the use of a Gin Pole (or Mono-pod) would be the best high directional portable anchor option Rigging tips and techniques that are unique to the use of a Gin Pole Benefits of the Gin Pole Configuration The Gin Pole is the lightest and arguable the least complex high directional portable anchor system. When constructed properly, the Gin Pole is a remarkably strong anchor option. Compression and tensile forces must be finely tuned to keep the Gin Pole high directional anchor system in a swiss state. Gin Poles 36

Appendix

TerrAdaptor Module 2 - Written Exam (25 points total) Please circle the correct answer 1. To study vectors is to study the physical qualities of force that has both direction and magnitude. (1pt) a. True b. False 2. A force vector may be graphed or represented as a simple arrow, also more commonly referred to in math as component. This component will always indicated the direction of the force. (1pt) a. True b. False 3. The shorter component will always have a greater magnitude. In the example below, the component on the left has approximately twice the magnitude as the one on the right. (1pt) a. True b. False 4. The resultant is the net force of an angle two components create. (1pt) a. True b. False 5. The center of any tensioned pulley should point to the exact location and direction of the resultant force at work on the associated anchor. (1pt) a. True b. False For questions 6 through 12: Give a field approximation of the percentage of the load that the stated pulley resultant angle applies to the anchor. (7pts) 6. 0 o % 7. 30 o % 8. 60 o % 9. 90 o % 10. 120 o % 11. 150 o % 12. 175 o %

TerrAdaptor Module 2 - Written Exam (25 points total) (Cont.) For questions 13 through 19: Give a field approximation of the percentage of the load that the stated angle of a 2x1 multipoint anchor system applies to each anchor. (7pts) 13. 0 o % 14. 30 o % 15. 60 o % 16. 90 o % 17. 120 o % 18. 150 o % 19. 175 o % 20. Friction is a force of resistance between two objects that tends to oppose any motion. (1pt) a. True b. False 21. Static friction may be defined as: (1pt) a. The force that tends to stop an object that is moving. b. The force wanting to slow an object in motion. c. The force that tends to counter the motion of an object that is in a state of rest. d. All of the above. e. Only a and b. 22. Kinetic friction may be defined as: (1pt) a. The force that tends to stop an object that is moving. b. The force wanting to slow an object in motion. c. The force that tends to counter the motion of an object that is in a state of rest. d. All of the above. e. Only a and b. 23. The coefficient of friction may be defined as: (1pt) a. The ratio of the applied force needed to move the object divided by the normal force between the object and the surface. b. The force that slows an object in motion. a. The force that tends to counter the motion of an object that is in a state of rest. b. All of the above.

TerrAdaptor Module 2 - Written Exam (25 points total) (Cont.) 24. The SSSF is the ratio of the overall rope system divided by the load during a static state (no movement). This is based on the weakest component and/or equipment link from the anchor to the load. (1pt) a. True b. False 25. The DSSF is the ratio of the overall rope system divided by the load plus all other physical factors during the predicted greatest moment of system stress, typically during the start of the hauling process of a rescue requiring a raising system. (1pt) a. True b. False

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