The Potential for Open Ocean Aquaculture in Exclusive Economic Zones from Global and National Perspectives James McDaid Kapetsky José Aguilar-Manjarrez FIMA Retired - FAO consultant Fishery Resources Officers Consultants in Fisheries and Aquaculture FAO Aquaculture Management Sciences and Technologies (C-FAST, Inc.) and Conservation Service (FIMA) 4th Fishery GIS Symposium. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 25-29 August 2008
Overview 1. Open ocean aquaculture background 2. New perspectives: OOA potential in the USA eastern Exclusive Economic Zones 3 Global perspectives: OOA potential of 3. Global perspectives: OOA potential of cobia and Atlantic salmon
Introduction Aim Create an approach to enable developing countries to assess their own open ocean aquaculture potential Raise awareness of OOA possibilities and constraints from a spatial perspective Benefits of 4 th Symposium New approaches in GIS and RS Synergies between FAO and other organizations
Part 1. Open Ocean Aquaculture
Why investigate open ocean aquaculture potential? Great as yet unrealized potential due to: Technological l limits it Lack of enabling environments Promise not yet quantified spatially
Background Case Study First approximation of offshore aquaculture potential at national EEZ level http://www.fao.org/fishery/gisfish/id/2779
Summary of the OOA Reconnaissance Access to the Sea Growth (SST; Chlorophyll-a) Depth Requirements 25 to 100 m; >100 m Cobia Cages Blue Mussel Longlines
GIS
The study area including the US Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Puerto Rico Virgin Island EEZs
Areas with potential for cobia
Areas with potential for blue mussel
Access
Part 2. New Perspectives on OOA Potential in the Eastern USA EEZs Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) potential: blue mussel with Atlantic salmon EEZ frontage vs. area as potential for OOA Broader analysis of access as a limitation on potential Numbers of ports Travel time Port sizes and services
Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) potential: blue mussel with Atlantic salmon
EEZ frontage along areas with potential for good growth 4, 026 km (59%) Cobia 1, 651 km (24%) Atlantic salmon 1, 249 km (18%) Blue mussel 1,141 km (17%) At. salmon + Blue mussel
Numbers of ports adjacent to areas with potential for good growth 51 ports for Cobia 88 ports for Atlantic salmon 43 ports for Blue mussel 42 ports Atlantic salmon + Blue mussel (IMTA)
Travel time between ports and areas with potential for good growth (15 k/h) 14 orts P 12 10 8 6 4 Cobia Ports 25 20 15 10 Atlantic salmon 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Hours 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Hours 12 12 10 8 Blue mussel 10 8 Salmon-Mussel (IMTA) rts Por 6 rts Por 6 4 4 2 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Hours 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Hours
Relative sizes of ports adjacent to EEZ areas with potential for good growth in 25 to 100 m
Summary and Conclusions: OOA in USA Eastern EEZs Basic indicators provide useful reconnaissance estimates of OOA potential We overestimate actual potential Consider potential as: area, frontage and access Data are available to refine our estimates GIS could benefit aquaculture economics
Part 3. Global Perspectives: Potential for Cobia and Atlantic Salmon in EEZs
Atlantic Salmon The difference between Argentina and Chile is The difference between Argentina and Chile is that Chile has the shelter whereas Argentina is nearly all wide open and thus not yet developed.
Atlantic Salmon Potential Compared with Production Areas for good growth of Atlantic salmon in 25 to 100 m (km 2 ) and production (t) in 2006 among 10 countries 500,000 450,000000 400,000 350,000 Pot tential (km 2 ) 300,000 250,000 200,000 United Kingdom Canada 150,000 100,000000 50,000 Chile Norway 0 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 Production 2006 (t)
Verification of Atlantic Salmon
Cobia
OOA and Ecosystems: Cobia Potential ti in the WWF Global l 200
Part 4. Summary and Conclusions on OOA Potential in Global EEZs Potential for OOA among developed and developing countries is great Prerequisites An Ecosystems Approach to Aquaculture Sound plans An enabling environment Estimates of potential
Part 5. Practical next steps to expedite the use of GIS for OOA development FAO follow-up: Marine aquaculture zoning Phase I: Preparation of reviews and background information (Norwegian funds 2008). Build GIS capacities through OAA projects for smaller areas at higher resolutions. Technical follow-up: Incorporate economics Develop IMTA combinations aimed at developing countries Add currents as a key factor Enhance, develop and/or incorporate relevant models Strengthen cooperation between aquaculture and marine fisheries
Think the future, think OOA!! Muito Obrigado!