Chapter 16: Ergogenic Substances & Techniques

Chapter 16 Part 1

Chapter 16: Ergogenic Substances & Techniques

CIS Doping Control Program CIS, in cooperation with the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES), coordinates a doping control program that incorporates both "in-competition" and "out-ofcompetition" testing, as well as "event" testing.

Who s eligible for testing? Every CIS student-athlete is eligible for testing, with approximately 1 in 25 CIS student-athletes being tested each year. When can I be tested? Testing occurs in all sports, both in and out of competition, throughout the calendar year.

Doping It Stinks

Doping It Stinks Elastic rubber tank, valve & catheter hidden in hair skin color Rubber tank in rectum catheter under penis In between valve functions as a regulator Cup in hand a slight pulling motion opens the valve and voila!!

The Complete Kit (Synthetic Urine) $59.95

Drug testing cost approximately $800 per athlete. The summer tests, which targeted 22 of the country s 27 university football programs, turned up three positive tests, including two for the presence of steroids and one for cannabis.

CIS Drug Scandal?

University of Waterloo The University of Waterloo suspended its football program for the 2010 11 season after tests revealed nine potential anti-doping violations. The university called for team-wide testing (62 players) A urine test from first-year player Jordan Meredith found Tamoxifen, which is commonly used by athletes to fight steroid side-effects. It is a banned substance and is included on the 2010 World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list. Meredith, a linebacker, waived his right to a hearing and admitted to using the substance. He is ineligible to play for two years. Another linebacker, second-year student Joe Surgenor, also admitted steroid use and was subjected to the same penalty. The Waterloo Regional Police have charged a former player, Nathan Zettler, with possession of steroids and human growth hormone (HGH) for the purpose of trafficking.

The Problem High level of supplement use 98% of CIS athletes Wide availability of products over the internet Health implications Doesn t matter if you knew or not Athlete is responsible for everything that they take and the consequences

Notable Doping Excuses Cyclist TYLER HAMILTON: American cycling champion Tyler Hamilton was a poster boy for clean competition. That is, until he was caught for blood doping in 2004 and slapped with a two-year suspension. But doping -- transfusing someone else's oxygen-rich blood -- isn't something he'd ever do, Hamilton maintained in his appeal. It must have been his "vanishing twin." Hamilton said the foreign blood cells anti-doping officials detected maybe came from a twin that died in utero, or maybe from some of his mother's blood that was mixed when he was a fetus. Maybe not, said an arbitration panel, which upheld his ban.

Sprinter DENNIS MITCHELL: a.k.a. Dr. Feelgood Mitchell, one of the best-known U.S. sprinters of the 1990s, was nailed for excessively high levels of testosterone in 1998, but said that was caused by a long night of intercourse with his wife, fuelled by the magic of five beers, on the eve of the test. Good enough for us, declared the U.S. Track and Field Association, which cleared Mitchell only to have that ruling overturned by track and field's international body.

Cross-country skier LARISSA LAZUTINA: What are little girls made of? In the wake of the Salt Lake City Olympics, Russian cross-country skier Larissa Lazutina lost her gold medal when high levels of EPO, which boosts endurance, were found in her system. Now, how would that get into her bloodstream? "For many years, I've been taking this blood test and I've never had problems," she said. "I put it down to female physiology..." The IOC wasn't convinced, and eventually awarded her gold to Canada's Beckie Scott.

Runner DIETER BAUMANN: Minty-fresh 'roids A top long-distance runner in the 1980s and '90s, Baumann lost his bid for gold at the Sydney Olympics because he cared too much about his pearly whites. The German track star tested positive for the steroid nandrolone in 1999 and was subsequently banned for two years, despite Baumann's claim it was his toothpaste's fault. Or rather, he was the victim of a conspiracy to oust him from the sport by spiking his toothpaste with huge amounts of steroids. Germany's athletics federation exonerated the runner, even though investigators found no evidence to back up his claim.

Tennis player PETR KORDA: Evil Veal Petr Korda has a message for athletes: fear the cows. Just months after winning the Australian Open in 1998, Korda tested positive for the banned substance nandrolone after a match at Wimbledon. The Czech tennis player claimed he failed the test because he had eaten too much nandrolone-fattened veal. Tennis officials said Korda's claim was a load of bull, pointing out that Korda would have to eat 40 calves a day for 20 years to achieve such high levels of nandrolone in his body. Korda isn't the only athlete to blame the bovines. Bobsledder Lenny Paul also fingered the steroid-fed beef in his spaghetti sauce when asked to explain a failed drug test.

Cyclist FLOYD LANDIS Floyd Landis claims his only crime against sport is being too much man. Just days after his remarkable victory in the Tour de France, it was revealed that Landis had tested positive for elevated levels of the male hormone testosterone. In a misty-eyed media address, Landis claimed the positive test couldn't be helped; he was just built that way. The American cyclist argued that his freakishly high testosterone levels were natural and asked the media not to judge him.

Sprinter JUSTIN GATLIN: 100-metre champion tested positive for testosterone. When asked to explain the failed test, Trevor Graham, Gatlin's coach, insisted it was a setup. Graham told the Washington Post that a masseuse with a grudge rubbed a testosterone cream into Gatlin's legs. Gatlin, according to Graham, believed the "cream" was nothing but harmless lotion.

Snowboarder ROSS REBAGLIATI: In the winter of 1998 Canada's Ross Regabliati was stripped of his Olympic gold medal after a drug test found traces of THC - the chemical in marijuana that makes you feel good - in the snowboarder's urine. In a defence that would have made Bill Clinton proud, Regabliati claimed the drug traces came from second-hand smoke he consumed while partying with marijuana puffing buddies during a pre-olympic shindig in Whistler, B.C. After much kerfuffle, Regabliati did get his medal back. He also promised to "change his lifestyle" and wear "a gas mask" to future parties.

What Are Ergogenic Aids? Ergogenic aids are the various substances and techniques by means of which athletes attempt to improve their performance and recover y. Ergogenic aids fall into the following categories: 1. Nutritional aids and dietary supplements, e.g., vitamin and mineral supplements, energy drinks, protein supplements, caffeine 2. Pharmacological aids, e.g., anabolic steroids 3. Physiological aids, e.g., blood doping 4. Technological aids, e.g., performance-enhancing fabrics, materials, clothing, and equipment Chapter 16 examines the potential benefits and risks associated with the use of ergogenic aids. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 23

Dietary Supplements Dietary supplements are products ingested by athletes and other active people in hopes of enhancing performance and recover y. Manufacturers use slick marketing campaigns to promote performance-enhancing properties. Some products do not always meet Health Canada s Natural Health Product regulations. Some natural products have been found to contain steroids and other banned substances. The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport warns that the use of most supplements poses an unacceptable risk for athletes and their careers. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 24

Vitiamins, Minerals, & Other Supplements Many athletes take supplemental vitamins, minerals, herbals, botanicals, or other specialty products in hopes of gaining a winning edge. The more popular supplements are vitamins D and E, minerals such as calcium and iron, and herbs such as echinacea and garlic. Popular specialty items include glucosamine, probiotics, and fish oils. No solid scientific research supports the efficacy of supplemental vitamins, minerals, or other specialty products. Athletes and active individuals are strongly advised to increase their dietary intake of varied and healthy foods rather than ingest supplements. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 25

Risks of Taking Dietary Supplements Consuming larger quantities of vitamin and mineral supplements can harm one s health. Taking vitamins at high dosage levels can cause illness and serious organ and tissue damage. When taken in excess, fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic as they accumulate in the body. Water-soluble vitamins, e.g., B and C, can also have toxic effects if ingested in excess quantities. Generally, vitamin and mineral supplements are only beneficial when a clear deficiency is indicated and a qualified physician has prescribed them. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 26

Protein and Amino Acid Supplements Athletes who are concerned with increasing their muscle mass, strength, and endurance may frequently use protein and amino acid supplements. Protein powders, supplements, bars, and drinks make up the majority of the sport supplement market. Protein products are big sellers because they promise to build bulk, promote weight loss, and create lean muscle tissue. Amino acids are taken orally or intravenously. Research findings regarding the benefits of all these products are contradictory. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 27

Protein Powders Both protein powders and amino acid powders are taken by bodybuilders with the goal of enhancing muscle mass. The upper limit of protein usage by the body is below 2 g per kilogram of body weight. People who use these powders often ingest more than 4 g of protein per kilogram of body weight. The excess protein is burned as a fuel, stored as fat, or excreted in urine, but it cannot be used to build more muscle. Bodybuilders would benefit more by consuming 300 extra calories from carbohydrate than by protein powders. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 28

Nutritional Aids Creatine For power athletes seeking to increase strength; short-term, high-intensity exercise (shot put, weight lifting) Creatine is an AA derivative found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, and other tissues Synthesized primarily by liver, kidneys, and pancreas Help enhance ATP production during exercise by increasing PC stores, accelerating PC resynthesis (maintain max. performance thru xcise bout), allowing decreased rest between activities and increased exercise

Creatine Con t Increased PC also buffers LA produced during xcise, delays muslce fatigue and soreness, increases motivation from perceived or expected benefits Oral creatine supplementation can increase muscle PC stores by 6-8% Does not increase maximum force

Creatine Con t Skeletal muscles have max creatine storage capacity (excess excreted by kidneys) Adverse facts: weight gain (increase water in muscle), muscle cramping, dehydration, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, seizures, improper kidney function, possible muscle and ligament tears

Creatine Supplementation Creatine monohydrate most common Powder, tabs, gels, liquids, chewing gum & candy Mixed with glucose, sodium or taurine (AAfound in energy drinks) Creatine + 90g CHO increase transport into muscle

Carnitine Carnitine is a substance widely advertised as a fat burner. Claims have been made that, besides inducing loss of body fat, it also: Decreases lactate production Increases VO2max Delays fatigue Spares glycogen Athletes have used this supplement in their diets to promote fat loss and to enhance aerobic and anaerobic capacity. However, foods such as liver, meat, poultry, fish, and milk products are excellent dietar y sources. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 34

Caffeine Found in such foods as coffee, tea, and chocolate, caffeine is potentially ergogenic but there are risks associated with its use as well: Study results of its ergogenic effects are mixed. It stimulates the central ner vous system, which can increase mental alertness and reduce fatigue. It may have a direct effect on calcium transport and muscle breakdown in muscle fibre. High doses of caffeine can cause dizziness, insomnia, headache, gastrointestinal distress, dehydration, and urinar y caffeine levels that exceed the IOC s acceptable levels for doping. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 10

Caffeine Supplementation Moderate doses of caffeine ingested 1 h prior to exercise enhance the performance of certain types of endurance exercise in the laboratory Many studies have found performance enhancing benefit of caffeine endurance as well as intermittent activity Doses of up to 6 mg/kg/day provide benefit - do not promote dehydration

Typical Caffeine Content Table 1 Caffeine content in various dietary and other sources Source Caffeine content (mg) volume or weight Coffee 40 180 150mL Tea 25 50 150mL Cocoa 5 10 150mL Chocolate bars 5 20 100 g Soft drinks 20 40 250mL Energy drinks 30 85 250mL Red Bull 80 can OTC medications 30 200 1 tablet

Caffeine Supplementation US Navy Seal Training Hell Week Cold, nearly total sleep deprivation, continuous, often intense physical activity, extensive psychological stressors 100, 200, 300 mg doses or placebo after 3 days sleep deprivation Dose related improvements in visual vigilance, choice reaction time, repeated acquisition (a test of memory and learning) Reduction in fatigue related injuries and deaths

Caffeine Supplementation The greatest effect was one hour after ingestion; however, significant effects persisted for 8 hours Caffeine, in doses of 100 to 600 mg, can maintain cognitive performance, especially in situations of sleep deprivation Even in the most adverse operational circumstances, moderate doses of caffeine had unequivocal, beneficial effects on cognitive performance

Caffeine An athlete would have to drink more than 3 cups of coffee prior to competition to exceed the upper urinary limit set by the IOC.

Nutritional Aids Ephedrine Ma huang, Chinese ephedra, ma huang extract, ephedra, ephedra sinica, ephedra extract, ephedra herb powder or epitonin Claims: Weight loss, energy boost, euphoria Serious side effects: increased Bp, cardiac arrhythmias, heart palpitations, heart attacks, psychosis, seizures, death Often not listed on label

Common Culprits Labeled or implied claims for: Appetite suppression Weight loss Metabolic enhancement Increased exercise tolerance Body building effects Euphoria Increased energy Shape-Fast Plus Ultimate Orange Ripped Force Ripped Fuel Lean And many more

ECA Stack All products with more than 8mg of ephedrine per does is banned. The ECA stack is a drug combination used in weight loss and as a stimulant. ECA is an acronym for ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin.

Sport Foods Sport foods are widely available in convenience stores, gas stations, and grocer y stores and are usually marketed as performance boosters. Sport drinks containing water, sugar, and electrolytes are ingested after prolonged exercise. Sport gels and bars are basically concentrated sugar syrup, sometimes with added caffeine. Liquid meal supplements are high-carbohydrate, moderate protein, low-fat powders or liquids. Due to their concentrated form, gels, bars, and liquid meal products can cause gastrointestinal disturbance. Most nutrition bars contain hidden sugars, lowquality protein, and other ingredients detrimental to health if consumed regularly. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 46

Energy Drinks Not to be confused with sport drinks, energy drinks and highly caffeinated energy shots are marketed to supply mental and physical stimulation. Health Canada now regulates the energy drink industry by placing limits on the amount of caffeine these beverages contain. Most healthy adults can safely consume up to 400 mg of caffeine per day. Children under 12 should have less than 85 mg of caffeine per day. Just one energy drink can put children over their daily caffeine limit. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 47

Guidelines for Energy Drink Consumption Exercise care when consuming energy drinks: Children, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women should not consume energy drinks. Never drink excessive amounts of energy drinks and never mix them with alcohol. Avoid energy drinks when exercising. Always drink enough water to stay well hydrated. Talk to your doctor before using energy drinks if you are taking medication or other supplements. Report any adverse reactions to your doctor or to the Canada Vigilance Program operated by Health Canada. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 48

What s the Bottom Line? Health Canada and the Dietitians of Canada report that research fails to show that the majority of sport-related food supplements have any significant impact on physical performance. Scientists simply do not know the long-term health effects of long-term consumption of energy drinks. The high sugar content of energy drinks can impair fluid absorption and cause cramping and bloating. One study showed that sport drinks have an even stronger relationship to weight gain than pop. During most activities, water is often the best choice to stay hydrated. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 49

Pharmacological Aids Pharmacological aids are drugs, both legal and illegal, that are used to enhance an athlete s performance. Reliance on drugs, or doping, is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as: The use of an artifice, whether substance or method, potentially dangerous to athletes health and/or capable of enhancing their performances. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 50

Pain-masking Drugs Pharmacological aids to enhance performance include pain-masking drugs. These drugs include morphine, heroin, pethidine, and dextropropoxyphene. They work by interfering with the brain s ability to sense pain, blocking the nerve impulses that normally travel to the brain. Side effects include addiction and possible serious injury because the body s natural response to pain is blocked. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 20

Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids are also classified as pharmacological aids. They are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone. Non-medical use of anabolic steroids is illegal and banned by most major sports organizations. No enhancement of athletic performance has been truly demonstrated as a result of steroid use, other than an increase in lean body mass. Harmful side effects include liver damage and increased aggressive 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 52 behaviour.

Pharmacological Aids Anabolic Steroids Synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone Anabolic=tissue building Androgenic=masculizing effects

Mechanism of Action The effect of anabolic steroids on muscle mass is caused in at least two ways: first, they increase the production of proteins; second, they reduce recovery time by blocking the effects of stress hormone cortisol on muscle tissue, so that catabolism (break down) of muscle is greatly reduced.

Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids Increased/decreased libido Decrease sperm production Scrotal pain Clitoral hypertrophy Deepening of voice Premature closure of growth plates Gynecomastia Acne Hirsutism Edema Euphoria Nervousness Aggression Personality disorders

Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids Paranoia Jealousy Delusions Feelings of invincibility Nausea Increased urination Hypertension Changes in collagen fibrils (tendon ruptures) Liver tumors Psychosis ( roid rage ) Baldness

Synthol It is composed of 85% medium-chain triglyceride oils, 7.5% lidocaine and 7.5% benzyl alcohol. It is generated from Italian popular steroid known as Esisclene but its not considered fully as a steroid, its a type of oil. It is injected in muscle part enclosed between muscle fibers. With its regular use, a large volume of oil builds up inside the muscle, with increase in size. This lasts for 4-5 years.

Synthol Continued temporary implant which is injected deeply into the muscle. enlargement effects are immediate. used in small groups of muscles to enlarge their volume (for example triceps, biceps, deltoids, muscles of the calf). Some serious drawbacks can be visible while using synthol. The muscles deform and become unnaturally shaped.

Prohormones Prohormones, a type of androgenic steroid, are pharmacological aids that are banned by most sport-governing bodies. They either convert to testosterone or simulate it. Androstenedione is touted to increase physical power and decrease body fat. There is little support for this claim and harmful side effects include stunted growth and increased aggressive behaviour. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 63

Prohormones Pharmacological Aids type of androgenic steroid that either converts to testosterone or stimulate it by forming derivatives similar to androgen Can also be found in food Side effects are similar to those of anabolic steroids

Human Growth Hormone (HGH) HGH is produced by our bodies naturally, yet some athletes seek to raise its level in their bodies by injecting synthetic preparations. Extra amounts of HGH are believed to increase muscle mass, strengthen bones, limit weight gain, and improve aerobic endurance. The effectiveness of HGH remains unproven, however. High use of HGH can lead to heart, kidney, and liver problems as well as skeletal abnormalities. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 65

Pharmacological Aids Human Growth Hormone Pituitary gland produces HGH Difficult to detect Claims: increase muscle mass, strengthen bones, limit weight gain, improve aerobic endurance Side effects: heart problems, excessive growth of hands and feet, dangerous enlargement of key internal organs (heart, kidneys, liver), skeletal abnormalities

GH Gigantism: refers to the rare condition of pituitary gigantism due to prepubertal growth hormone excess Andre the Giant 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) 470 lb (210 kg) to 540 lb (240 kg) May 19, 1946)-January 27, 1993 (aged 46) due to heart failure

Erythropoietin (EPO) EPO, a natural protein hormone produced by the kidneys, stimulates the production of red blood cells. It can also be manufactured and injected. Synthetic EPO has been shown to increase hemoglobin levels, which increases the oxygen- carrying capacity of red blood cells. EPO has been linked to the professional cycling world, especially in the high-profile case of Lance Armstrong. EPO is on the banned substance list. Because EPO increases red blood cell count, it causes the heart to work harder, which in turn increases the risk of cardiac failure. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 70

Pharmacological Aids Erythopoietin Natural protein hormone that is produced primarily in kidneys Help endurance athletes Synthetic EPO-increase levels of hemoglobin (more O2 to tissues) Side effects: blood becomes more viscous, heart works harder (heart failure) Difficult to detect-measure density of cells in blood Easily injected under the skin, pharmaceutical EPO can boost blood volume for six weeks or longer.

Physiological Aids A physiological aid is any substance or technique used by an athlete that directly influences the physiological capacity of a particular body system, thereby improving performance. Physiological aids include blood doping and drug masking. Both practices are banned by sportgoverning bodies, including the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 72

Blood Doping Blood doping involves the intravenous administration of blood, red blood cells, and related blood products to raise the blood s oxygen-carrying capacity, thus enhancing aerobic athletic performance. Athletes may use their own blood or someone else s. Blood is removed from an athlete, stored for six to eight weeks, and then reinfused into the athlete from one to seven days before competition. Following the infusion, cardiorespiratory endurance performance is improved. The practice was popular in the 1970s and 1980s and has been widely replaced by EPO. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 73

Drug Masking Drug masking is the practice of using certain drugs to mask or reduce the presence of banned substances. Drug masking includes the use of agents to dilute the concentration of banned drugs in the bloodstream, and diuretics, which increase the amount of urine produced and therefore can dilute the concentration of banned substances in the urine tested. Any technique used by an athlete to escape detection of the use of banned substances, including substitution of urine samples, is prohibited. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 74

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is a sport-governing body that promotes and coordinates at the international level the fight against doping in all its forms. Through this agency, the Olympic Movement and the world s public authorities have intensified their efforts to keep drugs out of sport. Because new methods of drug testing are continually being developed and current ones improved, athletes who use banned substances and methods run a high risk of detection. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 75

Drug-Testing in Competitive Sports Drug testing in some form occurs in all sports, both in and out of competition, throughout the year. The kinds of drugs that are tested for and the rigour with which they are tested vary by sport. National and international level athletes can be tested anytime, anywhere. In the case of Olympic-level and major international competitions, testing positive for a prohibited substance means automatic disqualification and often more severe penalties, such as being banned from future competition. 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 76

The Prohibited List Illegal ergogenic substances and techniques are on the Prohibited List. The Prohibited List is the international standard identifying substances and methods prohibited in sport. The International Olympic Committee first began publishing the Prohibited List in 1968. Since 2004, the World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA) has been responsible for updating the list every year.