ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mayor Dick Ashford City Manager Mike Fuson City Council Joe Costello Larry Barnett Ken Brown Doug McKesson City Staff Chief John Gurney, Police Department Al Bandur, Public Works Administrator John Bonnoitt, City Traffic Engineer David Goodison, City Planner Mike Cahill, Fire Chief Citizen s Advisory Committee Kathy Grant Patrick Wofford Joe Shea Roger Farrell Tom Rusert Consultants Fehr & Peers Parisi & Associates References Reid Ewing, Traffic Calming State of the Practice Dan Burden, Walkable Communities Alan Jacobs Great Streets City of Sacramento City of San Jose City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 1
Table of Contents Executive Summary...3 Chapter One: Traffic Calming Plan...6 1.1 Hazard Reporting Process... 7 Hazard Reporting Flow Chart... 9 1.2 Selecting the Right Measure... 10 1.3 Toolbox of Traffic Calming measures... 18 Non-Physical Measures... 19 Non-Physical Measures: Speeding... 20 Non-Physical Measures: Pedestrians... 24 Vertical Deflection Devices... 27 Pedestrian Enhancements... 31 Horizontal Deflection Devices... 39 Narrowing Devices... 45 Diversion Devices... 48 1.4 Concept Plans... 55 Chapter Two: Sidewalk Capital Improvement Plan...64 2.1 Sidewalk Capital Improvement Program... 66 Appendix A Public Input...69 Appendix B Hazard Reporting Form...80 Appendix C Hot Spot Prioritization...82 Appendix D Missing Sidewalk Segment Inventory...86 Table of Figures Figure 1.1 Hazard Reporting Flow Chart... 9 Table 1.1 Traffic Calming Measures and Problem Types... 12 Table 1.2 Traffic Calming Measures and Location Types... 13 Table 1.3 Traffic Calming Measures and Traffic Constraints... 15 Figure 2.1 Missing Sidewalk Segments... 65 Table 2.2 Short Term Sidewalk In-fill projects for Arterial Streets... 67 Table 2.3 Mid-Term Sidewalk In-fill Projects for Connector Streets... 68 City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 2
Executive Summary In January 2003, the City of Sonoma retained a consulting team in order to assist the City in the development of Traffic Calming Guidelines and a Sidewalk Capital Improvement Program. This document is the result of that effort. It includes: A toolbox of traffic calming and pedestrian safety improvement measures with guidelines for their selection and placement. A description of the process for citizens to request traffic calming measures. Concept plans for implementation of the measures in eight locations. An inventory of missing sidewalk segments, cost estimates for sidewalk construction, and a suggested prioritization. Purpose These guidelines provide a framework for the selection, application, and design of traffic calming and pedestrian safety improvement measures in the City of Sonoma. The document is primarily intended for use by City staff and neighborhood residents for developing traffic calming plans and by City staff and developers concerned with avoiding traffic problems in new neighborhoods. This document may also be helpful for members of the general public who are interested in finding out how the City of Sonoma implements traffic calming. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 3
Goals & Objectives The goals and objectives of this document are summarized below. The main goal is: To improve livability by reducing the impact of traffic, which promotes safe and pleasant conditions for all street users. The goal has four primary objectives: To reduce speeds and traffic volumes To enhance the neighborhood environment To improve driver behavior To improve pedestrian and bicyclist safety These objectives are met through a combination of parallel strategies, known collectively as the Three E s : Education Information-sharing and awareness raising, targeting drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists about the safest, best ways to share the road. Engineering Physical measures constructed to lower speeds, improve safety, or otherwise reduce the impacts of automobiles. Enforcement Targeted police enforcement supports neighborhood goals. HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT If you are a Resident, you should focus on the following chapters: Chapter 1, Section 1.1 Hazard Reporting Process, to find out how to approach your traffic calming problem and develop solutions. Chapter 1, Section 1.3 Toolbox of Traffic Calming Measures, to discover what particular devices are available. If you are a Developer, Planning for a New Neighborhood, you should focus on the following chapter: Chapter 1, Sections 1.2 and 1.3 Toolbox of Traffic Calming Measures, to discover what particular devices are available when street layout changes cannot fix the problem. If you are a City staff person, you should focus on Chapter 1 as well as: Chapter 2 Sidewalk CIP, to learn about missing sidewalk segments in the City; the estimated cost to construct them; and the recommended prioritization. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 4
How the Guidelines Were Developed The City Council identified a Citizen s Advisory Committee which met regularly throughout the project to provide feedback and guidance on the direction of the plan. The Committee was composed of five community members appointed by Council along with key City staff from Police, Fire, Public Works, and Planning. The Committee met a total of five times over the course of the project. Their input was supplemented by two well-attended public workshops. Meeting summaries for the Advisory Committee meetings as well as a summary of input received at the public workshops is included in Appendix A. ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS: Patrick Wofford Roger Farrell Kathy Grant Joe Shea Tom Rusert Chief John Gurney, City of Sonoma Police Department Al Bandur, City of Sonoma Public Works Administrator John Bonnoitt, City of Sonoma Traffic Engineer Mike Cahill, City of Sonoma Fire Chief David Goodison, City of Sonoma City Planner Major Recommendations The Advisory Committee had two major recommendations: To address pedestrian safety, access, and mobility in the City of Sonoma through policy documents such as the General Plan or a stand-alone Pedestrian Plan. To examine the formulation and operation of the Traffic Safety Committee in order to make it more effective. For More Information The guidelines draw from various earlier traffic calming studies and from two documents written by Reid Ewing: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice (Reid Ewing, FHWA, 1999) and Delaware Traffic Calming Design Manual (Reid Ewing, Delaware Department of Transportation, 2000). For more detailed information on the topics addressed in this document, please refer to these reports. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 5
Chapter One: Traffic Calming Plan This chapter illustrates the details of the City of Sonoma s Traffic Calming Plan. First, It identifies the process for citizens to report problems to City staff. Currently, community members bring issues before the Traffic Safety Committee, composed of City staff, which addresses them. This chapter formalizes the way requests are handled, building on the existing procedure. Second, the chapter explains the best way to identify and place traffic calming measures based on a given problem. It contains a datasheet on each type of traffic calming measure which includes a description of advantages and disadvantages; approximate cost; and a planlevel sketch of each measure. Finally, this chapter includes traffic calming concept plans for eight locations throughout the City. The process for choosing the locations and identifying traffic calming measures for each one is explained in detail. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 6
1.1 HAZARD REPORTING PROCESS Step One: Staff Receives a Request Initially, a citizen with a complaint about pedestrian safety, speeding, or other traffic hazard would contact a city staff person, who would then direct them to complete a Hazard Reporting Form. A sample of the form is included in Appendix B. The form requires a few key pieces of information: A description of the nature of the problem, including location A contact name and number Signatures of other residents or business owners who agree that a problem exists Once the form is complete, the resident submits it to the City, where it is circulated to Public Works and Police. Step Two: Initial Evaluation The City Engineer makes a determination about the nature of the hazard. Staff may make follow-up calls to the citizen who submitted the form to get additional details. If the hazard poses an immediate safety risk (for example, sight lines are obstructed), then City staff takes action. If the hazard is appropriate for traffic calming, the request moves to the next step. Step Three: Data Collection Once staff receives and evaluates the initial form, the details of the problem are characterized: exactly where does it occur, and at what times of day and days of week? Is there a traffic control device (such as all-way stop control at an intersection) that does not seem to work? Knowing the exact nature of the problem, staff may then collect relevant information about the problem itself and about the environment of the problem. See the sidebar Types of Traffic and Environmental Data for some examples. TYPES OF TRAFFIC DATA: Roadway Geometry: Street widths, block lengths, roadway curvature, grades, and locations of stop signs and traffic signals. Roadway Users: Traffic volumes during peak hours, the entire day, and any particular periods when the problem occurs; pedestrian and bicycle volumes; truck volumes; existence of Regional Transit or other bus routes; designation as a primary emergency response route; and origin-destination studies. Vehicle Performance Data: travel speeds, stop sign violations, noise levels, rates of unsafe driving practices (e.g. cutting corners or crossing the centerline), and accident records. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 7
Step Four: Neighborhood Meeting Working with the neighborhood contact, staff arranges a meeting with affected residents in order to share the results of the initial data collection; to familiarize residents with the City s traffic calming toolbox; and to review appropriate solutions. Step Five: Action Plan At this point, the neighborhood and City staff determine if the problem may be addressed through education or enforcement alone. If so, staff assists the neighborhood in executing the plan. A typical plan might involve a combination of education and enforcement strategies to target the root of the problem. If the problem requires physical engineering measures (such as a raised crosswalk or speed bumps), the request moves to the next step. Additionally, if a neighborhood implements an education and enforcement plan and the problem persists, City staff may re-visit the issue and determine that engineering measures are warranted. Step Six: Traffic Safety Committee When education and enforcement alone either cannot address the problem or fail to solve it initially, the neighborhood, working cooperatively with City staff, may propose physical measures. Once a specific plan is complete, it comes before the Traffic Safety Committee for review and approval. All plans are subject to funding availability. If there are multiple plans competing for the same funds, the projects must be prioritized based on the severity of the problem (reflected through data collection) and the number of affected parties. This process is depicted through a flow chart on the following page. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 8
Figure 1.1 Hazard Reporting Flow Chart Step One City staff receives a complaint Step Two Resident fills out Form and has it signed by other affected parties No Request is tabled. Yes Staff collects data and schedules a community meeting Step Three Staff shares results of data collection and reviews possible solutions Solution: Engineering Solution: Education or Enforcement Staff develops and implements a plan with neighborhood assistance Neighborhood brings solution before the Traffic Safety Committee City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 9
1.2 SELECTING THE RIGHT MEASURE This section of the report details a range of possible solutions to traffic calming issues including education, enforcement, and engineering tools. This portion is intended to guide City staff in choosing the most appropriate tool for a given problem. It is intended as a flexible guide, and not a rigid set of standards so that the City s Traffic Engineer may work with neighborhoods to devise an effective, satisfactory solution. STEP ONE: Selecting Measures The first task in developing solutions to the traffic problems is to narrow the toolbox of traffic calming measures to those that will most closely target the key traffic issue; those that are appropriate for the type of location concerned; and those that are compatible with the traffic volumes, geometrics, and adjacent land uses at that location. When the list has been narrowed, devices should be considered in an order that balances effectiveness and likelihood of acceptance. Finally, the selected devices need to be placed in manner that will produce the desired results. Selecting Measures for the Problem Type The first task when selecting the most appropriate traffic calming device is to narrow the field of devices to those that address the primary traffic problem. The major types of traffic calming problems are: Speeding motor vehicle speeds are too high; Traffic Volumes motor vehicle usage levels (all trips or non-local trips only) are too high; Vehicle Safety motor vehicles have an inordinate level of risk; Pedestrian Safety motor vehicles cause an unnecessary risk to pedestrians; and Noise/Vibration/Air Pollution motor vehicles cause excessive levels of these environmental effects. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 10
Each device in the toolbox is appropriate to a different subset of the above problem types. The appropriateness of each device is summarized in Table 1. Selecting Measures for the Location Type Identification of appropriate traffic calming measures should start by determining which measures are applicable to the location of the problem. If the traffic problem is confined to a specific roadway segment, then only measures applicable to roadway segments can be considered. Some other measures can be considered at intersections. Furthermore, certain types of devices are appropriate in residential areas but not in non-residential areas. Table 1.1 indicates the locations where each traffic calming measure is applicable. Selecting Measures for the Street Environment The last step in narrowing the field of devices requires finding which devices are compatible with the traffic volumes, posted speeds, and special roadway users at the proposed location. For example, many devices have an upper boundary of traffic volumes beyond which any greater volume could result in traffic congestion that might be perceived as worse than the original traffic problem. Also, since most devices cause some delay for emergency vehicles and transit buses, only certain devices can be used on primary emergency response routes and transit routes. Some measures have additional restrictions, such as curves and bicycle routes, that must be considered. Table 3 summarizes the constraints on the use of traffic calming devices in these various environments. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 11
Table 1.1 Traffic Calming Measures and Problem Types Types of Measures Speeding Traffic Volume Type of Problem Vehicle Accidents Pedestrian Safety Phase I Non-Restrictive Measures Targeted Speed Enforcement Radar Trailer Lane Striping Noise Speed Limit Signage Speed Legends Truck Restriction Signs "Cross Traffic Does Not Stop" Signage Botts Dots/Raised Reflectors High-Visibility Crosswalks Angled Parking Phase I Vertical Measures Speed Humps Speed Lumps Speed Tables Raised Crosswalks Raised Intersections Textured Pavement Phase I Horizontal Measures Traffic Circles Roundabouts (Single-Lane) Lateral Shifts Chicanes Realigned Intersections Phase I Narrowing Measures Neckdowns Two-Lane Chokers Center Island Narrowings/ Pedestrian Refuges One-Lane Chokers Phase II Measures Full Closures Half Closures Diagonal Diverters Median Barriers Forced Turn Islands Key: = Strongly Appropriate = Inappropriate/Counterproductive = Moderately Appropriate = Indifferent City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 12
Table 1.2 Traffic Calming Measures and Location Types Residential Non-Residential Types of Measures Boundary of Midblock Intersection Area Midblock Intersection Phase I Non-Restrictive Measures Targeted Speed Enforcement Radar Trailer Lane Striping Speed Limit Signage Speed Legends Truck Restriction Signs "Cross Traffic Does Not Stop" Signage Botts Dots/Raised Reflectors On Curves High-Visibility Crosswalks Unsignalized Unsignalized Unsignalized Intersections Intersections Intersections Angled Parking Phase I Vertical Measures Speed Humps Speed Lumps Speed Tables Raised Crosswalks Raised Intersections Textured Pavement Phase I Horizontal Measures Traffic Circles Especially 4-Ways Roundabouts (Single-Lane) Lateral Shifts Chicanes Realigned Intersections Phase I Narrowing Measures Neckdowns Two-Lane Chokers Center Island Narrowings/ Pedestrian Refuges One-Lane Chokers Phase II Measures Full Closures Half Closures Diagonal Diverters Median Barriers Forced Turn Islands Key: = Seldom or never applicable. = Generally applicable. = Not applicable except in some cases. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 13
STEP TWO: Prioritizing the Options When multiple traffic calming measures remain at this point, the options should be prioritized such that the measures most likely to be effective in reaching the objectives are given some preference over those less likely to succeed. Encompassed in the likelihood of success is both the quantitative effectiveness of a measure in reducing speeds or traffic volumes and the likelihood that a measure will be accepted by those that have a voice: the residents of the neighborhood and the City Council. Non-Physical Measures Of the Phase I measures (which include all but the Diversion Measures), the first solutions to consider should always be the Non-Physical Measures, such as education and enforcement. Other non-physical measures such as signs and markings can be most easily removed if unanticipated problems occur. Narrowing Devices The next type of traffic calming measure to consider should be Narrowing Measures, such as chokers, which are less obtrusive and more aesthetically appealing than some other devices since they can be combined with landscaping. Pedestrian Enhancements Pedestrian Enhancements contain elements, such as raised crosswalks, that qualify as horizontal deflection devices, as well as pedestrian refuge islands and curb extensions, which are also narrowing devices. Pedestrian enhancements should be utilized on a case-by-case basis, depending on the roadway conditions and pedestrian volumes. Horizontal Deflection Devices Narrowing Devices are followed by Horizontal Deflection Devices, such as chicanes and traffic circles, which are more intrusive but also more effective because they force vehicles to navigate horizontally around physical objects. These can also be combined with landscaping. Vertical Deflection Devices The last type of Phase I measure to consider is a Vertical Deflection device, such as a speed table or raised intersection. These are generally the most effective at reducing travel speeds, but they can also be controversial because of driver discomfort and because of their aesthetics. Diversion Devices These measures should be utilized with care, and they should not be used until other measures have been attempted and have failed to address the problem. Consequently, they will generally not be considered simultaneously with the other types of measures. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 14
Table 1.3 Traffic Calming Measures and Traffic Constraints Types of Measures Phase I Non-Restrictive Measures Edgeline/Centerline Striping Roadway Classification Arterials Collectors ADT < 10,000; Speed Limit 35 mph Local Streets Bus or Emergency Response Route OK Other Considerations (None) Angled Parking ADT < 4,000; Width 48 feet; Not used with bike No Speed Limit 30 mph lanes Phase I Vertical Measures Speed Humps No ADT < 4,000; No Speed Lumps No Speed Limit 30 mph OK Speed Tables OK Grade 8% ADT < 7,500; Raised Crosswalks OK Speed Limit 35 mph Raised Intersections OK Textured Pavement Yes OK (None) Phase I Horizontal Measures Traffic Circles No Daily Entering Volume < 7,500; Speed Limit 35 mph No Grade 10% Must design Grade 6%; On Daily Entering Volume < Roundabouts inscribed bike routes, design 18,000; Speed Limit 45 No (Single-Lane) radius to be with clear bike mph 100+ feet accommodations Lateral Shifts No ADT < 10,000; Speed Limit 35 mph OK Grade 10% Chicanes No ADT < 5,000; Speed Limit 35 mph OK Grade 8% Realigned Intersections No Daily Entering Volume < 5,000; OK Grade 8% Speed Limit 35 mph Phase I Narrowing Measures Neckdowns Two-Lane Chokers Center Island Narrowings/ Pedestrian Refuges One-Lane Chokers ADT < 20,000; Speed Limit 35 mph ADT < 20,000; Speed Limit 35 mph No ADT < 3,000; Speed 30 OK OK OK No On bike routes, design with clear bike accommodations Public Works must review sight distance, other physical constraints Phase II Restrictive Measures 1 Full Closures No No Yes No (None) Half Closures No Public Works & RT must (None) Diagonal Diverters No ADT < 5,000; > 25% Non-Local Traffic review No (None) Median Barriers No No (None) Forced Turn Islands No No (None) Combined Measures Subject to Constraints of Component Measures Note: 1 Only if other measures are deemed unsatisfactory. Not to be used on new streets. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 15
STEP THREE: Placing the Traffic Calming Measures The last task in laying out a traffic calming plan is to identify the actual locations where devices should be placed. Strategies for layout devices differ depending on whether the major issue is speed-control, volume-control, or safety. Placing Speed-Control Measures If feasible, traffic calming measures should be spaced in such a way that the following two design speeds are achieved: Slow-Point 85 th Percentile Design Speed the speed that exactly 85% of vehicles are going less than, when they are crossing a traffic calming device; the target slow-point speed is defined as 5 mph below the posted speed limit; Midpoint 85 th Percentile Design Speed the speed that exactly 85% of vehicles are going less than, when they are halfway between two traffic calming devices; the target midpoint speed is defined as 5 mph above the posted speed limit. The spacing of traffic calming measures directly affects the Midpoint speeds: the farther apart they are, the higher the Midpoint speed. See the sidebar Estimating Midpoint Speeds for more information on setting spacing based on Midpoint speeds. In some cases, the Midpoint speed may not be achievable if resources are limited. If this is the case, devices may need to be constructed in stages. A limited number of fundable devices would be constructed first, followed by an evaluation of the results and, if necessary, a second round of construction when additional funding becomes available. ESTIMATING MIDPOINT SPEEDS In mathematical terms, the relationship between midpoint speed and spacing of slow points is given by an exponential function: 85 th midpoint = 85 th slow point + (85 th street 85 th slow point) * 0.56 * (1 e 0.004 * spacing ) where, 85 th midpoint = resulting 85 th percentile speed at midpoint after calming; 85 th slow point = estimated 85 th percentile speed at the slow point after treatment; 85 th street = 85 th percentile speed of street before treatment; spacing = distance in feet between two devices. When placing speed-control measures, the above formula should be used to test proposed spacings to determine whether the estimated midpoint speeds would be acceptable. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 16
Placing Volume-Control Measures Traffic calming devices intended to control traffic volumes can be placed either at entrances to a neighborhood or internally to the neighborhood. Gateway Measures Volume-control measures placed at entrances or gateways to the neighborhood can be more immediately effective in reducing volumes because non-local traffic is made aware even before entering the neighborhood that passing through is not a desirable option, causing them to choose to take other routes. However, these measures can also cause local traffic to take more circuitous paths than internal measures would. Internal Measures When placed internal to a neighborhood, internal measures have a less direct effect on non-local traffic. First-time attempts to cross the neighborhood will occur more frequently, especially soon after the devices are constructed. However, this type of placement can cause less of an inconvenience to local traffic. Placing Safety Measures The placement of safety-oriented traffic calming devices is dependent on the particulars of the problem and of the characteristics of the selected traffic calming device. For example, if the problem involves pedestrian safety, then the solution a raised crosswalk, for example should be placed at a location where it is likely to be heavily used by pedestrians. Or if a traffic circle is selected as a means of reducing vehicle collisions and the problem is not limited to a particular intersection, then preference should be given to four-way intersections, since T- intersections require special considerations. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 17
1.3 TOOLBOX OF TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES The following traffic calming measures constitute the standard toolbox of devices available to citizens and Public Works staff when addressing traffic issues. The devices are divided into the following types: Phase I Measures: Non-Physical Measures Vertical Deflection Measures Pedestrian Enhancements Horizontal Deflection Measures Narrowing Measures Phase II Measures: Diversion Measures. For each physical traffic calming measure in the toolbox, a data sheet is provided including a description, photograph, overhead schematic, and list of advantages and disadvantages of the measure. Descriptions of the non-physical measures are also included. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 18
Non-Physical Measures Description Non-physical measures include any measures that do not require the construction of physical modifications to the roadway. This category includes signing and striping modifications, education strategies, and temporary use of certain enforcement strategies. Speeding Radar Trailers Neighborhood Education Lane Striping Signage Speed Legends Centerline or Edgeline Botts Dots Angled Parking Red Light Camera Pedestrians High-Visibility Crosswalk Advance Limit Lines Portable Signs Other Crosswalk Enhancements Citywide Education Pedestrian Sting City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 19
Non-Physical Measures: Speeding RADAR TRAILER A radar trailer is a device that measures each approaching vehicle s speed and displays it next to the legal speed limit in clear view of the driver, reminding speeding drivers to slow to the speed limit. They can be easily placed on a street for a limited amount of time then relocated to another street, allowing a single device to be effective in many locations. Approximate Cost: varies Advantages Inexpensive if used temporarily; Does not require time for design; Does not slow emergency vehicles; and Effective in reducing speeds in the shortrun. Disadvantages Effectiveness may be temporary; Aesthetics; Only effective on one lane of traffic; and Subject to vandalism. NEIGHBORHOOD EDUCATION Neighborhood education programs may include several elements including a visit from law enforcement officers or Public Works staff to a neighborhood meeting to familiarize residents with the Traffic Calming Toolbox and procedures. Following the visit, a letter is sent to each homeowner describing the meeting and action items for the neighborhood. Action items could include a radar gun check-out program, whereby residents may utilize a radar gun on loan from the police department to measure speeds on the street and record the license plates of motorists exceeding the posted speeds. Similarly, residents may volunteer to serve as a neighborhood pace car by pledging to drive the speed limit and placing a bumper sticker on the car identifying them as such. These efforts may be coupled with brochures and other educational materials. Approximate Cost: In-kind staff time City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 20
LANE STRIPING Lane striping can be used to create formal bicycle lanes, parking lanes, or simple edge lines. As a traffic calming measure, they are used to narrow the travel lanes for vehicles, to encourage drivers to lower their speeds. The past evidence on speed reductions is, however, inconclusive. Approximate Cost: $2 per lineal foot Advantages Inexpensive; Does not require time for design; Turn restrictions can reduce cut-through traffic; and Does not significantly slow emergency vehicles. Disadvantages Speed limit signs are ineffective if unaccompanied by increased police enforcement; and If speed limit is set unreasonably low, drivers are more likely to exceed it. SIGNAGE Signage that can be used as a traffic calming measure include: Speed Limit Signs; Truck Restriction Signs; and Cross Traffic Does Not Stop Signs. Note that speed limit signs, to be eligible for radar enforcement, must be set using an appropriate engineering and speed study. Approximate Cost: $150 per sign. Advantages Inexpensive; Can be used to create bicycle lanes or delineate on-street parking; Does not require time for design; and Does not slow emergency vehicles. Disadvantages Has not been shown to significantly reduce travel speeds; and Increases regular City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 21
SPEED LEGENDS Speed legends are numerals painted on the roadway indicating the current speed limit in miles per hour. They are usually placed near speed limit signposts. Speed legends can be useful in reinforcing a reduction in speed limit between one segment of a roadway and another segment. They may also be placed at major entry points into a residential area. Approximate Cost: $75 Advantages Inexpensive; Helps reinforce a change in speed limit; Does not require time for design; and Does not slow emergency vehicles. Disadvantages Has not been shown to significantly reduce travel speeds. BOTTS DOTS AND RAISED REFLECTORS Botts dots and raised reflectors, or raised pavement markers, are small bumps lining the centerline or edgeline of a roadway. They are often used on curves where vehicles have a tendency to deviate outside of the proper lane, risking collision. Raised reflectors improve the nighttime visibility of the roadway edges. Botts dots can be arranged into a rectangular array across the roadway, creating a rumble strip, which causes a rumbling sensation to drivers as they cross. These can reduce travel speeds but also increase roadway noise considerably. Consequently, rumble strips are only placed in very low density areas because of the noise factor. Approximate Cost: $4.50 per marker Advantages Inexpensive; Does not slow trucks, buses, and emergency vehicles; and Can help keep drivers in the appropriate travel lane on curves and under low-visibility conditions. Disadvantages Noise caused by rumble strips. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 22
ANGLED PARKING Angled parking reorients on-street parking spaces to a 45-degree angle, increasing the number of parking spaces and reducing the width of the roadway available for travel lanes. Angled parking is also easier for vehicles to maneuver into and out of than parallel parking. Consequently, it works well in locations with high parking demand, such as multi-family residences, and high turnover rates, such as commercial and mixeduse areas. Approximat e Cost: varies by length Advantages Reduces speeds by narrowing the travel lanes; Increases the number of parking spaces; Makes parking maneuvers easier and take less time than with parallel parking; and Favored by businesses and multi-family residences. Disadvantages Precludes the use of bike lanes (unless roadway is wider than 58 feet); Ineffective on streets with frequent driveways; and RED-LIGHT CAMERA Activated by loops in the pavement, red light cameras photograph the license plate and sometimes the driver of any vehicle entering an intersection after the light has turned red. Warnings or citations can be sent to offenders. Speeding and double-parking can be discouraged with similar measures. Approximate Cost: $20,000-$40,000 per intersection City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 23
Non-Physical Measures: Pedestrians HIGH-VISIBILITY CROSSWALK High-visibility crosswalks use special marking patterns and raised reflectors to increase the visibility of a crosswalk at night. The design shown at the right is called a triple-four marking pattern, in which two rows of four-foot wide rectangles, separated by four feet of unpainted space, are painted across the roadway. Raised reflectors are placed at the approach edges of these rectangles. The unpainted space along the center of the crosswalk allows Advantages Increase visibility under low-visibility conditions; Focus crossing pedestrians at a single location; Disadvantages May give pedestrians a false sense of security, causing them to pay less attention to traffic; Require more maintenance than normal crosswalks. wheelchairs and foot traffic to cross in the rain without sliding problems across the paint. Approximate Cost: $250 ADVANCE LIMIT LINES Advance Limit Lines are placed approximately seven to nine feet in advance of a marked crosswalk at a controlled location in order to prevent motorists from infringing on the pedestrian crossing. Advance Limit Lines clearly delineate the pedestrian space and prevent the narrowing of the crosswalk due to motorists passing the first line of the crosswalk. Approximate Cost: $50-$100 City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 24
PORTABLE SIGNS Portable signs are most effective on small streets with slower traffic. They require regular maintenance and are not designed for long-term use in a single location. While they can raise the visibility of a crosswalk, they should be combined with other measures in order to maximize their impact. Approximate Cost: $200 per sign OTHER CROSSWALK ENHANCEMENTS Other low-cost, non-physical crosswalk enhancements include pavement legends and special signs. There are two types of signs used at crosswalks: signs directed at motorists and those directed at pedestrians. Signs directed at motorists include the universal pedestrian crossing sign in yellow or orange, while signs directed at pedestrians give instructions about crossing the street safely. Pedestrian signs are not accessible for visually-impaired persons. Pedestrian pavement legends at crossing locations are designed to remind pedestrians to look both ways before crossing the street. They are especially useful at locations with high numbers of turning vehicles. Approximate Cost: $200 per sign, $150 per stencil City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 25
CITYWIDE EDUCATION A citywide education campaign is appropriate when initiating a program or event or when there is a focused message aimed at pedestrian safety, speed reduction, etc. A Citywide education campaign may include a roving banner program, where a banner is placed in various neighborhoods throughout town for a week at a time. It may also include Public Service Announcements, posters at community centers, or a citywide event such as Walk to School Day. Citywide education programs are most effective when they have a focused message and occur in a discreet period of time. Approximate Cost: Staff in-kind PEDESTRIAN STING Police Officers are stationed at crosswalks, usually at uncontrolled or mid-block locations, while a decoy attempts to cross the street. Motorists who violate the crosswalk are given a ticket or a warning. Cities can increase the effectiveness of pedestrian stings by publicizing them to local papers and news stations. Approximate Cost: Staff in-kind City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 26
Vertical Deflection Devices Description Vertical deflection devices use variations in pavement height and alternative paving materials to cause drivers discomfort at high travel speeds. The vertical deflection devices in the toolbox include: Speed Humps Speed Lumps Speed Tables City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 27
SPEED HUMP Speed Humps are rounded raised areas placed across the road. They are generally 12 feet long (in the direction of travel), 3 ¼ to 3 ¾ inches high, and parabolic in shape, and have a design speed of 15 to 20 mph. They are usually constructed with AC and have a taper on each side to allow unimpeded drainage between the hump and curb. When placed on a street with rolled curbs or no curbs, bollards are placed at the ends of the speed hump to discourage vehicles from veering outside of the travel lane to avoid the device. Approximate Cost: $1,500. Measured Impacts Speed Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow - Impacts Points 18% Safety Impacts Reduction in Average Annual Number of Collisions - 13% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Relatively inexpensive; Relatively easy for bicyclists to cross if taper is designed appropriately; and Very effective in slowing travel speeds. Disadvantages Causes a rough ride for all drivers, and can cause severe pain for people with certain skeletal disabilities; Slows emergency vehicles, such as large vehicles that have rigid suspensions; Increase noise and air pollution; and Aesthetics. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 28
SPEED LUMP The speed lump is a variation on the speed hump, adding two wheel cut-outs designed to allow large vehicles, such as buses and emergency vehicles, to pass without slowing. The spacing of the cut-outs is designed such that all wheels of a larger vehicle will pass through both cut-outs, but for a standard size vehicle to pass, at least one set of wheels will be affected by the hump. The speed lump was designed in the City of Sacramento and has been installed in a small number of locations. Approximate Cost: $2,000. Advantages Effective in reducing speeds; Maintains rapid emergency response times; Inexpensive; and Relatively easy for bicyclists to cross if taper is designed appropriately. Disadvantages Aesthetics; Private vehicles with large wheel widths can avoid the lump using the wheel cut-outs; and Increased noise to adjacent residences. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 29
SPEED TABLE Speed tables are flat-topped speed humps often constructed with a brick or other textured materials on the flat section. Speed tables are typically long enough for the entire wheelbase of a passenger car to rest on top. Their long flat fields, plus ramps that are sometimes more gently sloped than speed humps, give speed tables higher design speeds than humps. The brick or other textured materials improve the appearance of speed tables, draw attention to them, and may enhance safety and speed reduction. Approximate Cost: $4,000 with basic materials. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow - Points 18% Reduction in Vehicles per Day - 12% Volume Impacts Safety Impacts Reduction in Average Annual Number of Collisions - 45% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Smoother on large vehicles (such as fire trucks) than speed humps; and Effective in reducing speeds, though not to the extent of speed humps. Disadvantages Aesthetics, if no textured materials are used; Textured materials, if used, can be expensive; and Increased noise to adjacent residences. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 30
Pedestrian Enhancements The following are physical measures, usually applied at intersections, that may enhance pedestrian safety or access. Signal modifications such as the Countdown Signal or the Leading Pedestrian Interval, generally have a minimal effect on vehicle delay. Other measures, such as pedestrian-actuated signals and pedestrian over-crossings, should be designed and constructed carefully. At certain mid-block locations without stop signs or signals high-speed, multilane arterials such as Highway 12 the installation of a crosswalk alone may reduce instead of enhance pedestrian safety. At locations such as these, it is important to assess demand (the number of pedestrians who cross at a location) and choose a treatment appropriate for the street type. Certain enhancements, such as raised crosswalks and curb extensions, have a dual benefit. They improve pedestrian visibility while lowering speeds. Multi-Taskers Raised Crosswalk Raised Intersection Textured Pavement Neckdown/Bulb-Out Center Island Narrowing/Pedestrian Refuge Island Crossing Enhancements Overhead signs and flashing beacons Signal Enhancements Pedestrian-Actuated Signals Pedestrian Overcrossings City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 31
RAISED CROSSWALK Raised Crosswalks are speed tables outfitted with crosswalk markings and signage to channelize pedestrian crossings, providing pedestrians with a level street crossing. Also, by raising the level of the crossing, pedestrians are more visible to approaching motorists. Approximate Cost: $4,000 with basic materials. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow - Points 18% Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day - 12% Safety Impacts Reduction in Average Annual Number of Collisions - 45% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Improve safety for both vehicles and pedestrians; If designed well, can have positive aesthetic value; and Effective in reducing speeds, though not to the extent of speed humps. Disadvantages Textured materials, if used, can be expensive; Impact to drainage needs to be considered; and Increased noise to adjacent residences. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 32
RAISED INTERSECTION Raised intersections are flat raised areas covering entire intersections, with ramps on all approaches and often with brick or other textured materials on the flat section. They usually rise to sidewalk level, or slightly below to provide a lip for the visually impaired. By modifying the level of the intersection, the crosswalks are more readily perceived by motorists to be pedestrian territory. They are particularly useful in dense urban areas, where the loss of on-street parking associated with other traffic calming measures is considered unacceptable. Approximate Cost: $70,000 Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow Points -1% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Improves safety for both pedestrians and automobiles; If designed well, can have positive aesthetic value; and Can calm two streets at once. Disadvantages Less effective in reducing vehicle speeds than speed humps and speed tables; and Expensive, varying by materials used. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 33
TEXTURED PAVEMENT Textured colored pavement includes the use of stamped pavement (asphalt) or alternate paving materials to create an uneven surface for vehicles to traverse. They may be used to emphasize either an intersection or a pedestrian crossing. Approximate Cost: varies by area and materials. Advantages Can reduce vehicle speeds over an extended length; If designed well, can have positive aesthetic value; and Placed at an intersection, it can calm two streets at once. Disadvantages Expensive, varying by materials used; If used on a crosswalk, can make crossing difficult for wheelchair users or the visually impaired. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 34
NECKDOWN/BULBOUT Neckdowns and bulbouts are curb extensions at intersections that reduce roadway width curb to curb. Bulbouts are simple raised curbs at an intersection that narrow the travel lane but do not provide additional pedestrian space. Neckdowns actually pedestrianize intersections by shortening crossing distances for pedestrians and drawing attention to pedestrians via raised peninsulas. Both measures tighten curb radii at the corner, shortening the pedestrian crossing distance and reducing the speeds of turning vehicles. Both of these effects increase pedestrian comfort and safety at the intersection. Approximate Cost: $40,000-80,000 for four corners. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow -7% Points Volume Reduction in Vehicles per Day - Impacts 10% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Improves pedestrian circulation and space; Through and left-turn movements are easily negotiable by large vehicles; Creates protected on-street parking bays; and Reduces speeds (especially rightturning vehicles) and traffic volumes. Disadvantages Effectiveness is limited by the absence of vertical or horizontal deflection; May slow right-turning emergency vehicles; Potential loss of on-street parking; and May require bicyclists to briefly merge with vehicular traffic. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 35
CENTER ISLAND NARROWING/PEDESTRIAN REFUGE Center island narrowings are raised islands located along the centerline of a street that narrow the travel lanes at that location. They are often landscaped to provide visual amenity. Placed at the entrance to a neighborhood, and often combined with textured pavement, they are often called gateways". Fitted with a gap to allow pedestrians to walk through at a crosswalk, they are often called pedestrian refuges. Split pedestrian crossovers are a variant of the pedestrian refuge island in which the island is lengthened and the two segments of the crossing are offset. Crossing pedestrians cross one half of the street, enter the island, turn right and walk toward the oncoming flow of traffic for the second half of the crossing, then turn left, exit the island, and cross that second half of the street. Approximate Cost: $6,000-9,000. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow -7% Points Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day - 10% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Increases pedestrian safety; If designed well, can have positive aesthetic value; and Reduces traffic volumes. Disadvantages Effect on vehicle speeds is limited by the absence of any vertical or horizontal deflection; and Potential loss of onstreet parking. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 36
OVERHEAD SIGNS AND FLASHING BEACONS Overhead signs and flashing beacons are additional methods of increasing the visibility of a crosswalk. Standard or fluorescent yellow signage or LED displays hang from a mast arm showing the universal pedestrian symbol. Flashing yellow beacons may be used to emphasize the overhead signs. Approximate Cost: $70,000 SIGNAL ENHANCEMENTS There are several enhancements to improve pedestrian safety and access at signalized crossing locations. The countdown signal clearly displays the time remaining for the pedestrian to get across the street. This signal reduces the number of pedestrians stranded in the crosswalk when the light changes. A Leading Pedestrian Interval (LPI) gives the pedestrian up to three seconds of all-red walk time before the releasing vehicles. This treatment is wellsuited for locations with significant numbers of left or right-turning vehicles, which create additional conflict points for pedestrians. Approximate Cost: $8,000-$10,000 City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 37
PEDESTRIAN-ACTUATED SIGNALS Pedestrian-actuated signals may be considered where other methods are infeasible or ineffective. Pedestrian-actuated signals explicitly allocate right-of-way between a roadway and a crosswalk using standard red/green/yellow signal heads for roadway traffic and pedestrian signal heads for the crosswalk. Approximate Cost: $100,000 GRADE-SEPARATED PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS A grade-separated pedestrian crossing is appropriate only in extraordinary circumstances where pedestrian connectivity is needed across a high-volume, highspeed arterial and none of the other approaches are deemed adequate. The designs of these crossings depend largely on the topographical and geometric constraints of the particular situation. They can either consist of pedestrian bridges over a roadway or short tunnels under a roadway. Long tunnels should be avoided due to security issues. Approximate Cost: High; Varies based on length and height City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 38
Horizontal Deflection Devices Description Horizontal deflection devices use raised islands and curb extensions to eliminate straight-line paths along roadways and through intersections. The horizontal deflection devices in the toolbox include: Traffic Circles Roundabouts Lateral Shifts Chicanes Realigned Intersections City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 39
TRAFFIC CIRCLE Traffic circles are raised islands, placed in intersections, around which traffic circulates. They are usually circular in shape and landscaped in their center islands, though not always. Traffic controls at the approaches vary by location. Circles prevent drivers from speeding through intersections by impeding the straight-through movement and forcing drivers to slow down to yield. Drivers must first turn to the right, then to the left as they pass the circle, and then back to the right again after clearing the circle. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow - Points 11% Volume Reduction in Vehicles per Day -5% Impacts Safety Impacts Reduction in Average Annual Number of Collisions - 71% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages If designed well, can have positive aesthetic value; and Very effective in moderating speeds and improving safety. Disadvantages Difficult for large vehicles (such as fire trucks) to circumnavigate; Must be designed so that the circulating lane does not encroach on crosswalks; Potential loss of onstreet parking; and Landscaping must be maintained, either by City or by residents City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 40
ROUNDABOUT Like traffic circles, roundabouts require traffic to circulate counterclockwise around a center island. But unlike circles, roundabouts are used on higher volume streets to allocate rights-of-way among competing movements. They are found primarily on arterial and collector streets, often substituting for traffic signals or all-way STOP signs. They are larger than neighborhood traffic circles and typically have raised splitter islands to channel approaching traffic to the right. Approximate Cost: varies by the dimensions of the roundabout. Advantages Moderates traffic speed on an arterial; Aesthetics; Enhanced safety compared to a traffic signal; Minimizes queuing at approaches to the intersection; and Less expensive to operate than traffic signals. Disadvantages May require major reconstruction of an existing intersection; Loss of on-street parking; Increases pedestrian distance from one crosswalk to the next; and Requires more rightof-way than a signalized intersection. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 41
LATERAL SHIFT Lateral shifts are curb extensions on otherwise straight streets that cause travel lanes to bend one way and then bend back the other way to the original direction of travel. Lateral shifts, with just the right degree of deflection, are one of the few measures that have been used on collectors or even arterials, where high traffic volumes and high posted speeds preclude more abrupt measures. Approximate Cost: varies by size of offset and length of transition. Advantages Can accommodate higher traffic volumes than many other traffic calming measures; and Easily negotiable by large vehicles (such as fire trucks). Disadvantages Not as effective reducing speeds as other traffic calming measures; Potential loss of onstreet parking; and Must be designed carefully to discourage drivers from deviating out of the appropriate lane. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 42
CHICANE Chicanes are curb extensions that alternate from one side of the street to the other, forming S-shaped curves. Chicanes can also be created by alternating on-street parking, either diagonal or parallel, between one side of the road and the other. Each parking bay can be created either by restriping the roadway or by installing raised, landscaping islands at each end, creating a protected parking area. Approximate Cost: $8,000-14,000. Advantages Discourages high speeds by forcing horizontal deflection; and Easily negotiable by large vehicles (such as fire trucks) except under heavy traffic conditions. Disadvantages Must be designed carefully to discourage drivers from deviating out of the appropriate lane; Curb realignment and landscaping can be costly, especially if there are drainage issues; and Potential loss of on-street parking. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 43
REALIGNED INTERSECTION Realigned intersections are changes in alignment that convert T-intersections with straight approaches into curving streets that meet at right angles. A former straight-through movement along the top of the T becomes a turning movement. While not commonly used, they are one of the few traffic calming measures for T-intersections, because the straight top of the T makes deflection difficult to achieve, as needed for traffic circles. Approximate Cost: varies by curve radii and size of right-of-way acquisition, if required. Advantages Can be effective reducing speeds and improving safety at T- intersection that is commonly ignored by motorists. Disadvantages Curb realignment can be costly; May require some additional right-ofway on the cut corner. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 44
Narrowing Devices Description Narrowing devices use raised islands and curb extensions to narrow the travel lane for motorists. The narrowing devices in the toolbox include: Two-Lane Chokers One-Lane Chokers City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 45
TWO-LANE CHOKER Chokers are curb extensions at midblock that narrow a street by widening the sidewalk or planting strip. If marked as crosswalks, they are also called safe crosses. Chokers leave the street cross section with two lanes that are narrower than the normal cross section. Approximate Cost: $7,000-10,000. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow -7% Points Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day - 10% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Easily negotiable by large vehicles (such as fire trucks); If designed well, can have positive aesthetic value; and Reduces both speeds and volumes. Disadvantages Effect on vehicle speeds is limited by the absence of any vertical or horizontal deflection; May require bicyclists to briefly merge with vehicular traffic; and Potential loss of onstreet parking. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 46
ONE-LANE CHOKER One-lane chokers narrow the roadway width such that there is only enough width to allow travel in one direction at a time. They operate similarly to one-lane bridges, where cars approaching on one side must wait until all traffic in the other direction has cleared, then they proceed through the choker. Approximate Cost: $7,000-10,000. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow - Points 14% Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day - 20% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Maintains two-way vehicle access; and Very effective in reducing speeds and traffic volumes. Disadvantages Perceived by many as unsafe because opposing traffic is vying for space in a single lane; Can only be used on low-volume roads without causing substantial congestion; Must be designed so that it is clear to drivers that the gap is wide enough for only one direction of travel; and Loss of on-street parking. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 47
Diversion Devices Description Diversion devices use raised islands and curb extensions to preclude particular vehicle movements, such as left-turn or through movements, usually at an intersection. These devices can only be considered after other devices have been attempted and failed to resolve the traffic problem. The diversion devices in the toolbox include: Full Closures Half Closures Diagonal Diverters Median Barriers Forced Turn Islands City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 48
FULL CLOSURE Full street closures are barriers placed across a street to close the street completely to through traffic, usually leaving only sidewalks or bicycle paths open. The barriers may consist of landscaped islands, walls, gates, side-by-side bollards, or any other obstructions that leave an opening smaller than the width of a passenger car. Approximate Cost: $30,000-100,000. Measured Impacts Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day -44% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Able to maintain pedestrian and bicycle access; and Very effective in reducing traffic volumes. Disadvantages Requires legal procedures for public street closures; Causes circuitous routes for local residents and emergency services; May be expensive; and May limit access to businesses. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 49
HALF CLOSURE Half street closures are barriers that block travel in one direction for a short distance on otherwise two-way streets. Half closures are the most common volume control measure after full street closures. Half closures are often used in sets to make travel through neighborhoods with gridded streets circuitous rather than direct. That is, half closures are not lined up along a border, which would preclude through movement, but instead are staggered, which leaves through movement possible but less attractive than alternative routes. Approximate Cost: $6,500. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow - Points 19% Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day - 42% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Able to maintain two-way bicycle access; and Effective in reducing traffic volumes. Disadvantages Causes circuitous routes for local residents and emergency services; May limit access to businesses; Drivers can circumvent the barrier. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 50
DIAGONAL DIVERTER Diagonal diverters are barriers placed diagonally across an intersection, blocking through movement. Like half closures, diagonal diverters are usually staggered to create circuitous routes through neighborhoods. Measured Impacts Speed Impacts Reduction in 85 th Percentile Speeds between Slow -4% Points Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day - 35% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Does not require a closure per se, only a redirection of existing streets; Able to maintain full pedestrian and bicycle access; and Reduces traffic volumes. Disadvantages Causes circuitous routes for local residents and emergency services; May be expensive; and May require reconstruction of corner curbs. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 51
MEDIAN BARRIER Median barriers are raised islands that are located along the centerline of a street and continue through an intersection so as to block through movement at a cross street. Approximate Cost: $15,000-20,000 per 100 feet. Measured Impacts Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day -31% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Can improve safety at an intersection of a local street and a major street by prohibiting dangerous turning movements; and Can reduce traffic volumes on a cutthrough route that crosses a major street. Disadvantages Requires available street width on the major street; Limits turns to and from the side street for local residents and emergency services. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 52
FORCED-TURN ISLAND Forced turn islands are raised islands that block certain movements on approaches to an intersection. Approximate Cost: $3,000-5,000 Measured Impacts Volume Impacts Reduction in Vehicles per Day -31% Source: Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 2000. Advantages Can improve safety at an intersection of a local street and a major street by prohibiting dangerous turning movements; and Reduces traffic volumes. Disadvantages If designed improperly, drivers can maneuver around the island to make an illegal movement; May simply divert a traffic problem to a different street. City of Sonoma Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Improvement Program 53