Fig: (a) Radial symmetry (b) bilateral symmetry

1 CHAPTER 4 ANIMAL KINGDOM BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION a. Levels of Organisation 1. Cellular level cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates. Some division of labour (activities) occur among the cells. e.g., Sponges. 2. Tissue level the cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues. e.g., coelenterates. 3. Organ level tissues are grouped together to form organs, each specialized for a particular function. e.g., Platyhelminthes, ascheminthes. 4. Organ system level organs are associated to form functional systems, each system concerned with a specific physiological function. e.g., Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates. b. Symmetry 1. Asymmetrical any plane that passes through the centre does not divide body into equal halves. e.g., Sponges. 2. Radial symmetry When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the organism into two identical halves. e.g., Coelenterates, ctenophores and echinoderms (adults only). 3. bilateral symmetry the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane. e.g., Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms (larvae) and Chordates. Fig: (a) Radial symmetry (b) bilateral symmetry c. germ layers 1. Diploblastic Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. An undifferentiated layer, mesoglea, is present in between the ectoderm and the endoderm. e.g., Sponges, coelenterates. 2. Triploblastic Animals in which the cells are arranged in three embryonic layers, an external ectoderm, an internal endoderm and middle mesoderm. e.g., Platyhelminthes, ascheminthes, Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates. Fig : (a) Diploblastic (b) Triploblastic

2 d. Coelom The body cavity, which is lined by mesoderm on both sides is called coelom. 1. Acoelomates animals in which the body cavity is absent. e.g., Sponges, coelenterates, platyhelminthes. 2. Pseudocoelomates In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocoelom and the animals possessing them are called pseudocoelomates, e.g., aschelminthes 3. Coelomates Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g., annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates. Fig : Diagrammatic sectional view of : (a) Coelomate (b) Pseudocoelomate (c) Acoelomate e. Segmentation In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of at least some organs. The body shows this pattern called metameric segmentation and the phenomenon is known as metamerism. e.g., in earthworm. f. Notochord Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals. 1. Chordates - Animals with notochord in any stage of life. e.g., Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals etc. 2. Nonchordates - Those animals which do not form this structure are called non-chordates, e.g., Porifera to echinoderms. g. Digestive system 1. Incomplete digestive system digestive system has only a single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus. e.g., Coelenterates, Platyhelminthes 2. Complete digestive system digestive system has two openings, mouth and anus. e.g., aschelminthes to chordates. f. Circulatory system 1. open type Blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it or 2. closed type in which the blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying diameters (arteries, veins and capillaries).

3 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS Animals Cellular level of organisation Tissue/organ/organ-system level of organisation Porifera Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Coelenterata, Ctenophora Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates coelomates Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Habitat Aquatic - generally marine, some are fresh water. Symmetry mostly asymmetric. Organization level multicellular with cellular level of organisation. Canal system Sponges have a water transport or canal system. Water enters through minute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a central cavity, spongocoel, from where it goes out through the osculum. This pathway of water transport is helpful in food gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of waste. Special cells Choanocytes or collar cells line the spongocoel and the canals. These cells are flagellated. Digestion Intracellular. Skeleton Made up of spicules or sponging fibres. Reproduction Bisexual or hermaphrodite animals. Sponges reproduce asexually (fragmentation) and sexually. Fertilisation - Internal Development Indirect having a larval stage which is morphologically distinct from the adult. Examples: Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge) and Euspongia (Bath sponge). Fig : (a) Sycon (b) Euspongia (c) Spongilla

4 Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Habitat Aquatic, mostly marine, sessile or free-swimming, Symmetry Radially symmetrical. Special cells cnidoblasts or cnidocytes (which contain the stinging capsules or nematocytes) present on the tentacles and the body. Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and for the capture of prey. Level of organization tissue level of organisation and diploblastic. Body Cavity Absent, central gastro-vascular cavity present with a single opening, hypostome. Digestion both extracellular and intracellular. Skeleton Some of the cnidarians corals have a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. Basic body forms Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called polyp and medusa. Polyp It is a sessile and cylindrical form like Hydra, Adamsia, etc. Medusa it is umbrella-shaped and free-swimming like Aurelia or jelly fish. Alternation of generation (Metagenesis) some cniderians exist in both polyp and medusa forms and exhibit alternation of generation (Metagenesis), i.e., polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form the polyps sexually (e.g., Obelia). Polyp Phase sexually Alternation of generation Asexually Medusa Phase Examples: Hydra, Aurelia (Jelly fish), Obelia (Sea Fur), Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral). Fig: Examples of Coelenterata indicating outline of their body form : (a) Aurelia (Medusa) (b) Adamsia (Polyp) Phylum Ctenophora (Sea walnuts or Comb jellies) Habitat Exclusively marine. Symmetry radially symmetrical. Level of organization tissue level of organization and diploblastic. Special organ eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which help in locomotion.

5 Digestion both extracellular and intracellular. Special property Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light). Reproduction Bisexual animals (Hermaphrodites). Only sexual reproduction. Fertilisation external. Development indirect development. Examples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana. Fig: Example of Ctenophora (Pleurobrachia) Phylum Platyhelminthes Body shape They have dorso-ventrally flattened body, hence are called flatworms. Habitat Mostly endoparasites found in animals. Symmetry bilaterally symmetrical. Body organization organ level of organisation and triploblastic. Body cavity Absent, acoelomates. Special structures Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms for support and absorption. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface. Excretory cells flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion. Reproduction Bisexual animals (Hermaphrodites). Fertilisation Internal. Development Indirect through many larval stages. Some members like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity. Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke), Planaria. Fig : Examples of Platyhelminthes : (a) Tape worm (b) Liver fluke Phylum Aschelminthes Body shape Circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms. Habitat They may be free living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.

6 Level of organization organ-system level of body organization and triploblastic. Symmetry bilaterally symmetrical. Body Cavity Pseudocoelomate animals. Digestive system Alimentary canal is complete with a well developed muscular pharynx. Excretion An excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the excretory pore. Reproduction unisexual or dioecious. Also show sexual dimorphism (females are longer than males) Fertilisation internal. Development direct (the young ones resemble the adult) or indirect (larvae is present). Examples: Ascaris (Round Worm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm). Fig: Aschelminthes Roundworm Phylum Annelida Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres (Latin, annulus : little ring) and, hence, the phylum name Annelida. Habitat aquatic (marine and fresh water) or terrestrial; free-living, and sometimes parasitic. Level of organization organ-system level and triploblastic animals. Symmetry bilateral symmetry. Body cavity present and coelomates. Locomotory organ Body wall which has longitudinal and circular muscles. Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages, parapodia (for swimming). Circulatory system closed circulatory system. Excretory organ Nephridia which help in osmoregulation and excretion. Nervous system consists of paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord. Reproduction some are unisexual or dioecious (Nereis) and some are bisexual or monoecious (earthworms and leeches). Reproduces sexually. Examples: Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm) and Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech). Fig: Examples of Annelida : (a) Nereis (b) Hirudinaria

7 Phylum Arthropoda This is the largest phylum of Animalia which includes insects. Level of organization organ-system level of organisation. Symmetry, body cavity bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate animals. Skeleton exoskeleton made up of chitin. Body division The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen. Locomotion by jointed appendages (arthros-joint, poda-appendages), hence name arthropoda. Respiration by gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system. Circulatory system open type. Sensory organs antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balance organs are present. Excretion through malpighian tubules. Reproduction mostly dioecious animals. Fertilisation usually internal. They are mostly oviparous. Development direct or indirect. Examples: Economically important insects Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac insect) Vectors Anopheles, Culex and Aedes (Mosquitoes) Gregarious pest Locusta (Locust) Living fossil Limulus (King crab). Phylum Mollusca This is the second largest animal phylum. Habitat terrestrial or aquatic (marine or fresh water). Symmetry, coelom bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. Body division Body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump. Special structure A soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump. Respiration and excretion The space between the hump and the mantle is called the mantle cavity in which feather like gills are present. They have respiratory and excretory functions. Sense organs The anterior head region has sensory tentacles. Feeding organ The mouth contains a file-like rasping organ for feeding, called radula. Reproduction and development usually dioecious and oviparous with indirect development. Examples: Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil fish), Aplysia (Seahare), Dentalium (Tusk shell) and Chaetopleura (Chiton). Phylum Echinodermata These animals have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles and, hence, the name Echinodermata (Spiny bodied). Habitat All are marine. Symmetry The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical. Digestive system complete with mouth on the lower (ventral) side and anus on the upper (dorsal) side. Water vascular system distinctive feature. Helps in locomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration. Excretory system absent. Reproduction Dioecious animals, Reproduction is sexual. Fertilisation usually external. Development indirect with free-swimming larva. Examples: Asterias (Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber) and Ophiura (Brittle star). Phylum Hemichordata Earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum Chordata, but now it is placed as a separate phylum under non-chordata. Habitat consists of a small group of worm-like marine animals.

8 Level of organization, symmetry, body cavity organ-system level of organization, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. Body shape and division The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk. Circulatory system Open type. Respiration through gills. Excretory organ proboscis gland. Reproduction, fertilisation, development Diocious animals, external Fertilisation, indirect Development. Examples: Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus. Figure : Balanoglossus Phylum Chordata Characteristic features a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord paired pharyngeal gill slits post anal tail closed circulatory system Symmetry, body cavity, level of organization These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, Fig: Chordata characteristics coelomate with organ-system level of organisation. Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla : Urochordata or Tunicata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata. Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates. Subphylum Urochordata Exclusively marine. notochord is present only in larval tail, Examples: Ascidia, Salpa,Doliolum. Subphylum Cephalochordata Notochord extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life. Example: Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet). Subphylum Vertebrata Possess notochord during the embryonic period. Fig: Ascidia The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult. Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates. Vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with two, three or four chambers, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation and paired appendages which may be fins or limbs. TABLE: Comparison of Chordates and Non- chordates Chordates Non-chordates Notochord present Notochord absent Central nervous system is dorsal Central nervous system is ventral, solid, hollow and single. and double Pharynx perforated by gill slits Gill slits are absent Heart is ventral Heart is dorsal (if present). A post-anal part (tail) is present. Post-anal tail is absent. Classification of Vertebrata

9 Vertebrata Division Agnatha (lacks jaw) class 1. Cyclostomata Pisces (bear fins) class 1. chondrichthyes 2. osteichthyes Gnathostomata (bears jaw) Super class Tetrapoda (bear limbs) class 1. ambhibia 2. reptilian 3. aves 4. mammals Class Cyclostomata Habitat ectoparasites on some fishes. Body shape elongated body Respiration 6-15 pairs of gill slits. Mouth Cyclostomes have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws. Scales and paired fins are absent. Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous. Circulation is of closed type. Marine but migrate to fresh water for spawning. After spawning, Fig: A jawless vertebrate - Petromyzon within a few days, they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean. Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish). Class Chondricthyes marine animals. Their body is streamlined and they have cartilaginous endoskeleton. Mouth is located ventrally. Notochord is persistent throughout life. Gill slits are separate and without operculum (gill cover). The skin is tough, containing minute placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales which are backwardly directed. Their jaws are very powerful. These animals are predaceous. Due to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking. Heart is two-chambered (one auricle and one ventricle). Some of them have electric organs (e.g., Torpedo) and some possess poison sting (e.g., Trygon).

10 They are cold-blooded (poikilothermous) animals, i.e., they lack the capacity to regulate their body temperature. Sexes are separate. In males pelvic fins bear claspers. They have internal fertilisation and many of them are viviparous. Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray), Torpedo (electric ray). Class Osteichtyes Both marine and fresh water fishes Their body is streamlined and they have bony endoskeleton skeleton. Mouth is mostly terminal. They have four pairs of gills which are covered by an operculum on each side. Skin is covered with cycloid/ctenoid scales. Air bladder is present which regulates buoyancy. Heart is two chambered (one auricle and one ventricle). They are cold-blooded animals. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is usually external. They are mostly oviparous and development is direct. Examples: Marine Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse); Freshwater Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur); Aquarium Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish). Class Amphibia amphibians can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats. Most of them have two pairs of limbs. Body is divisible into head and trunk. Tail may be present in some. The amphibian skin is moist (without scales). The eyes have eyelids. A tympanum represents the ear. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca which opens to the exterior. Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin. The heart is three chambered (two auricles and one ventricle). These are cold-blooded animals. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is external. They are oviparous and development is direct or indirect. Examples: Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia). Class Reptilia Locomotion is creeping or crawling. mostly terrestrial animals. body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes They do not have external ear openings. Tympanum represents ear. Limbs, when present, are two pairs. Heart is usually three-chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles. Reptiles are poikilotherms. Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct. Examples: Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator). Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous snakes Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper).

11 Class Aves The characteristic features are the presence of feathers and most of them can fly except flightless birds (e.g., Ostrich). They possess beak. The forelimbs are modified into wings. The hind limbs generally have scales and are modified for walking, swimming or clasping the tree branches. Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of the tail. Endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic). The digestive tract of birds has additional chambers, the crop and gizzard. Heart is completely four chambered. They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals, i.e., they are able to maintain a constant body temperature. Respiration is by lungs. Air sacs connected to lungs supplement respiration. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct. Examples : Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture). Class Mammalia They are found in a variety of habitats polarice caps, deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands and dark caves. Some of them have adapted to fly or live in water. The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk producing glands (mammary glands) by which the young ones are nourished. They have two pairs of limbs, adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming or flying. The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair. External ears or pinnae are present. Different types of teeth are present in the jaw. Heart is four chambered. They are homoiothermous. Respiration is by lungs. Sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal. They are viviparous with few exceptions and development is direct. Examples: Oviparous - Ornithorhynchus (Platypus); Viviparous - Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).

12 Table : Salient features of different phyla of Animal kingdom Phylum Level of Organisation Symmetry Coelom Segmen tation Digestive System Circulat ory System Porifera Cellular Many Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Respir atory Distinctive Features System Body with pores and Canals In walls. Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Cnidoblasts present Ctenophora Tissue Radial Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Comb plates for locomotion. Organ & Platyhelminthe s Organsystem Aschelminthes Organ- system Annelida Organsystem Organ- Arthropoda system Mollusca Organsystem Echinodermata Organ- system Bilateral Absent Absent Incomplete Absent Absent Flat body, suckers. Bilateral Pseudo coelomate Absent Complete Absent Often worm shaped, Absent elongated. Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Body segment ation like Present rings. Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present Exoskeleton of cuticle, jointed appendages. Bilateral Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present Radial Coelomate Absent Complete Present Present External skeleton shell usually present. Water vascular system, radial symmetry. Heml-chordata Organ- system Bilateral Coelornate Absent Complete Present Present Worm-like with proboscis, collar and trunk. Chordata Organsystem Bilateral Coelomate Present Complete Present Present Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits with limbs or fins.