Phylum Annelida 1 Trochozoa (autapomorphie) Presence of the trochophore larval stage!! Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Trochophore larva Apical tuft Stomach Ciliary band Mouth Anus 3 Page 1
Animal innovations (symplesiomorphies) 1. Schizocoel, and metanephridia filtering coelomic fluid 2. Dorsal heart and pericardial cavity 1 2 Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Body cavities Schizocoelus Enterocoelus 5 Metanepridia Nephrostome Cilia Tubule Bladder Nephridiopore 6 Page 2
Extant Animalia ~1,300,000 species Parazoa (1.2%) Radiata (0.9%) Protostomia (3.9%) Platyzoa (2.2%) Platyhelminthes (1.9%) Others (0.3%) Lophotrochozoa (9.8%) Mollusca (8.5%) Annelida (0.9%) Others (0.5%) Ecdysozoa (82.0%) Crustecea (3.1%) Chelicerata (7.6%) Atelocerata (70.3%) Others (1.1%) Deuterostomia (4.0%) Chordata (3.5%) Others (0.4%) 7! Annelida (autapomorphies) Metamerisim of mesodermal structures Four bundles of setae formed from Beta-chitin! Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Annelid development 9 Page 3
Chitin O=C-CH 3 O=C-CH 3 NH CH 2 O H NH OH O O OH O OH O O CH 2 O H NH O=C-CH 3 CH 2 O H 10 beta-chitin sheets gama-chitin sheets 11 Annelid phylogeny Echiura Polychaeta Pognophora Clitellata!! Echiura (autapomorphies) Loss or fusion of segments Spoon shaped retractable proboscis 12 Page 4
Echiura - spoon worms Proboscis Gutter Setae Trunk Anus 13 Echiura spoon worms Seta sac Nephridium Nerve cord & Blood vessel Anal sac Gonad Proboscis Gutter Pharynx Intestine Anus 14 Annelid phylogeny Echiura Polychaeta Pognophora Clitellata!! Polychaeta (autapomorphies) Parapodia Absence of permanent gonads Gonads forming in septal walls Complex prostomium 15 Page 5
Nereis (Photo by: Dave Cowles, July 2005) 16 Nereid body wall Notopodium Longitudinal muscles Neuropodium Oblique muscles 17 Nereid body wall Setal bundle Notopodium Aciculum Acicular muscles Neuropodium Oblique muscles 18 Page 6
Nereid movement 19 Polychaete circulation Capillaries Dorsal vessel Dorsolateral Ventral vessel Midlateral Ventrolateral 20 Polychaete reproduction Epitoke segments Atoke segments 21 Page 7
Errant polychaetes Tentacle Palp Eye Cirrus 22 Feeding strategies Suspension feeders Setal nets Scan and trap Mucous nets Ciliary-mucous Tentacle/tube feet Deposit feeders Direct deposit feeders Select deposit feeders 23 Polychaete feeding and digestion (Suspension feeding) 24 Page 8
Chaetopterus Suspension feeding Mouth Ciliated groove Tentacle Wings (Aliform parapodium) Food cup Trunk parapodium Parapodium 25 Chaetopterus Suspension feeding Mouth Enlarged notopodium Fan parapodium Mucus bag with food 26 Polychaete feeding and digestion Suspension feeding (Photo by: Dave Cowles, July 2006) 27 Page 9
Polychaete feeding and digestion Deposit feeding Anus Mouth D. Schories www.guiamarina.com 28 Annelid phylogeny Echiura Polychaeta Pogonophora Clitellata!! Pogonophora (autapomorphies) Loss of the gut Trophosome with symbionts First two segments enlarged Setal segments on opisthosoma 29 Pogonophorans 30 Page 10
Pogonophora Tentacles Cephalic lobe Glandular area Cilia and paired papillae Unpaired papilla Trunk Cilia and enlarged papillae Girdle of setae Papillae Opisthosoma 31 Pogonophora Tentacles Cephalic lobe Glandular area Setae Septa Opisthosoma 32 Chemosythesis CO 2 + 4H 2 S + O 2 [CH 2 O] n + 4S + 3H 2 O 33 Page 11
Annelid phylogeny Echiura Polychaeta Pogonophora Clitellata!! Clitellata (autapomorphies) Clitellum Gonads not metameric Hermaphrodite Eggs in a cocoon Direct development 34 Reproductive system Seminal vesicle Testis Seminal receptacle Sperm funnel Sperm duct Ovary Ovarian funnel 35 Cocoon formation 36 Page 12
Earthworm body wall Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Coelom Seta 37 Earthworm locomotion Longitudinal contracted (setae out) Circular contracted (setae in) 38 Earthworm circulation Dorsosubneural vessel Dorsal vessel Ventral vessel Subneural vessel Aortic arches ( Hearts ) 39 Page 13
Earthworm circulation Intestinal vessel Dorsal vessel Nephridial vessel Ventral vessel Subneural vessel 40 Metanephridium Dorsal vessel Bladder Nephridiopore Nephrostome Ventral vessel 41 Nervous system Suprapharyngeal ganglion Lateral nerve Circumpharyngeal connectives Subpharyngeal ganglion Ventral nerve cord 42 Page 14
Nervous system Giant axon Ventral nerve cord 43 Leeches 44 Leech body wall Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Dorsoventral muscle 45 Page 15
Leech body wall Dorsal sinus Dorsal vessel Ventral vessel Lateral sinus Nerve cord Ventral sinus 46 Leech locomotion 47 Hirudinida feeding and digestion Jaws Pharynx Esophagous 48 Page 16
Hirudinida feeding and digestion Crop Crop cecum Intestine Intestinal cecum Anus 49 Nemertea Nermertea 50 10:17 AM! Nemertea (autapomorphies) Combination of unique proboscis and rhynchocoel Lateral coelomic vessels Vascular plugs! Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Page 17
Nemertean worms Rhynchocoel Proboscis Dorsal vessel Intestine Anus Gonad 52 Proboscis 53 Organ systems Gonopore Gonad Gut Lateral coelomic vessels Lateral nerve cord 54 Page 18
Body wall Epidermis Dermis Proboscis Rhynchocoel Mesenchyme Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle 55 Protonephridia and lateral vessel Lateral coelomic vessel Coelomic fluid Cilia in terminal cell Protonephridia Collecting duct Nephridiopore 56 Pilidium larva Cilia tuft Muscle fiber Nerve fiber Muscle fiber Nerve ring Stomach Esophagus Mouth 57 Page 19
Sipuncula Allen Collins University of California Museum of Paleontology 58! Sipuncula (autapomorphies) Introvert with central disc surrunded by tentacles J shaped coiled gut Compensation sacs Unpaired nongaglionic nerve cord! Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Bryozoa Brachiopoda Phoronida Arthropoda Onychophora Tardigrada Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Sipuncula Tentacles Introvert Trunk 60 Page 20
Sipuncula Compensation sac Metanephridia Ventral nerve cord Tentacles Mouth Retractor muscle Rectum Ascending intestine Descending intestine 61 Urns Mucous with coelomic debris Cilia Urn 62 Page 21