California Current Forage Fishes (Ranked by iomass of the Group) Meso- and bathypelagic fishes - Many short-lived species (lanternfishes, deepsea smelts) Coastal pelagic and migratory fishes -7 mod-lived (sardine, herring, anchovy, mackerels, saury, hake) enthic fishes: (larvae and juveniles) - Many long-lived species (flatfishes, rockfishes, sablefish) Littoral fishes (ELH and adults of some species) - Many short and mod-lived species (smelts, surfperch, croakers, tidepool fishes),
iomass (MMT) of Dominant California Current Exploited Fishes 12 10 Pacific Mackerel 1+ Hake 3+ Sardine 1+ Anchovy 1+ Millions of Metric Tons 8 6 4 2 0 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
Trends in the abundance of groundfish stocks off the west coast 1950 biomass 2.4 million tons 100% 90% ocaccio 80% iomass benthic fishes Chilipepper rockfish 70% English sole Ling cod south Total iomass 60% 50% 40% Pacific Ocean Perch (WA OR) Canary rockfish Arrowtooth Yellowtail rockfish Longspine thornyhead Shortspine thornyhead 30% 20% 10% 0% 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 Widow rockfish Shortbelly rockfish Dover sole Sablefish
Time and Space scales QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Annual SST in Northern aja California and in the Gulf of Alaska (30-33N:116-118W) and (52-54N:140-150W). 19.0 1957-8 1976 1986 9.5 18.5 9.0 Celsius (Northern aja) 18.0 17.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 Northern aja Gulf of Alaska 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 Celsius (Gulf of Alaska) 15.5 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 6.5
Monthly SST off San Francisco 38 N Means of the three warmest (1940,58,92) and 3 coldest years (1910,22,75). 17 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 16 15 SST Celsius 14 13 Winter Summer p p p 12 p p p 11 p p p p p 10 p
Oyashio : West of North Honshu ANNUAL WIND SPEED CU ANNUAL SEA SURFACE TEMPE 1400 OYASHIO E (36-38N : 141-14 22 OYASHIO E (36-38N : 141-1 1200 21 20 1000 19 800 18 600 17 400 16 200 15 0 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 14 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
Summer Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure July July 2004 2004 January 2004
1966-1975 January Wind Stress N Pac Stress Jan 1966-75 QuickTime and a Photo decompressor are needed to see this picture.
1977-1986 January Wind Stress N Pac Stress Jan 1977-86 QuickTime and a Photo decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Figure 5. February and August sea surface temperature differences (1977-86 minus 1966-75). 55 49 February 43 37 31 25 19 13 7 1 N Pac SST diff 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0-0.3-0.6-0.9-1.2-1.5-1.8 115 121 127 133 139 145 151 157 163 169 175 179 173 167 161 155 149 143 137 131 125 119 113 107 55 49 August 43 37 31 25 19 13 7 1 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0-0.3-0.6-0.9-1.2-1.5-1.8 115 121 127 133 139 145 151 157 163 169 175 179 173 167 161 155 149 143 137 131 125 119 113 107
Figure 2. Magnitude of the winter wind stress vector differences (1977-86 minus 1966-75; Pa scaled by 10 ). The stress difference field shows a great increase in the North Pacific Current region of the central Pacific and decreases over much of the rest of the North Pacific, showing that the major wind stress change occurred not at subarctic or tropical latitudes, but at mid-latitudes in association with the greatest change in the pressure gradient. The vertical lines define the central Pacific region utilized in later analyses. Winter Wind Stress (differences 1977-86 minus 1966-75) 150 125 100 75 50 25 0-25 -50-75 -100
Mid-Pacific seasonal wind stress means 66-75 & 77-86 100 Winter Spring Summer Fall 80 60 East Pseudo-Stress 40 20 0 East West -20-40 -60 57 53 49 45 41 37 33 29 25 21 North Latitude 57 53 49 45 41 37 33 29 25 21 North Latitude 57 53 49 45 41 37 33 29 25 21 North Latitude 57 53 49 45 41 37 33 29 25 21 North Latitude 66-75 77-86
Cartoon 1 : Turbulent mixing Japan Looking East at the West Wind Drift Region 3 TURULENT MIXING (WS ) NORTH Wind Speed SOUTH Lighter mixed layer water Denser thermocline water
Cartoon 2 : Ekman Transport Japan Looking East at the West Wind Drift Region 2 EKMAN TRANSPORT (WS ) : DIVERGENCE/CONVERGENCE NORTH Wind Speed Ekman Transport SOUTH Divergence Convergence Lighter mixed layer water Downwelling Upwelling Denser thermocline water
Cartoon 3 : Wind Stress Curl DIVERGENCE OF EKMAN TRANSPORT : WIND STRESS CURL NORTH Wind Speed Ekman Transport Curl Driven Transport SOUTH Lighter mixed layer water Downwelling Upwelling Denser thermocline water
Cartoon 4 : Combined processes Wind Stress 60N Ekman Transport 50N 40N Curl driven Geostrophic Transport 30N 20N NORTH SOUTH Divergence Convergence Upwelling Downwelling Turbulent Mixing
Curl DLE DATA QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Winter SST in mid-pacific 26 1966-75 40 N : 13.7 C 24 22 20 18 16 14 36 N : 16.7 C 1977-86 12 10 8 6 4 56 52 48 44 40 36 Latitude 32 28 24 20
Correlations between mid-pacific eastward wind stress and coastal SST in North America (1950-93) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 P=0.01 0.2 0.1 0-0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4 27 N 33 N SST aja Calif. Sur SSt Southern Calif. ight San Francisco Strait of Juan de Fuca P=0.01 37 N 48 N 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 North Latitude
Upwelling Index Central California Looking South Wind Stress 60N Ekman Transport 50N 40N Curl driven Geostrophic Transport 30N 20N NORTH SOUTH Divergence Convergence Upwelling Downwelling Turbulent Mixing Davidson Current
48N Daily upwelling indices (1999) for the region between the Strait of Juan de Fuca and central aja California (cubic meters per 100 meters of coastline). 600 400 200 0-200 -400-600 45N 42N 39N 36N 33N 30N Upwelling indicies 27N JAN FE MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Upwelling and SST patterns off San Francisco (3 yr running means) SST (Celsius) 14 13 12 F F F F F F F F F Z Z F ZZ F F F Z F Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 1881-1907 1908-30 F 1931-47 1948-57 1958-61 1962-76 1977-95 1996-2002 11 0 20 40 60 80 Southward Stress (Pa scaled by 1000 )
Satellite Chlorophyll Sep97-Mar04 Means Provided by Cara Wilson : PFEL 4.5 4.0 3.5 Chlorophyll 3.0 mg/sq m 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 QCIs AREA Col Mont SC CC Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov MONTH
Area of Maximum Volume 1976 1986 CalCOFI zooplankton volumes Area of Minimum Volume
Subsurface Temperature off Central California Mendelssohn, Schwing and ograd (2003) 16 1966 36 N 127 W (20 m) 1976 1986 15 14 10 O 2 9 36 N 127 W (125 m) 8 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 (c)
Sardine Weight-at-age in California Fishery.76 90 80 70 60 1986 1991 AGE 0 AGE 1 AGE 2 AGE 3 Grams 50 40 30 20 10 0 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003
Egg Survey April 2002 Regional harvest guidelines do not protect against local depletion impacting predators at critical life stages*
Ecosystem Management QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.