Basic Coastal Cruising Second Theory - Terminology Seamanship Seamanship is a broad, rather nebulous term, but its essence is the ability to anticipate and thus avoid trouble. A thoroughly competent seaman should not have a great deal to fear from emergencies, because he or she not only plans how to cope with them, but takes all possible measures to ensure that they will never happen in the first place. 1
Boom Lift vs. Topping Lift Holds The Boom Up When Sail Not Up Boom Lift Short piece of line connecting boom to backstay. Less expensive. Less windage. Less weight aloft. Topping Lift Line running from top of mast to end of boom. Often a full line from deck cleats to top of mast, then to end of boom. Significant advantage when reefing. Mast Backstay Topping Lift Boom Lift Boom Cunningham vs. Downhaul Used To Tension The LuffOf The Mainsail Cunningham More common on racing boats. This is how the J-22 s work. Down Haul An older way of tensioning the mainsail luff. Mast Mast Fixed Gooseneck Boom Cunningham Boom Sliding Gooseneck Bock and Tackle to Pull down the gooseneck. 2
Cunningham vs. Downhaul Cunningham Notice the gooseneck is fixed The black line is the Cunningham, used to tighten the luff of the sail. Cunningham Cringle Cunningham Gooseneck Transom Terminology Rudderpost & Lazarettes Binnacle Through-hull Fitting Bilge 3
Terminology Ketches & Yawls A Ketch the Mizzen mast is forward of the rudder post A Yawl the Mizzen mast is aft of the rudder post Grounding vs. Running Aground Grounding When at anchor, the tide drops leaving you aground. Check the Tide Tables. Running Aground While underway, you hit an area that is shallower than the draft of your boat. Ease the sheets to prevent the boat from driving further aground. Will need to either heel the boat, use the anchor to Kedge of or get a tow. 4
Leeward & Lee Shores Leeward is dependant on where you are. If you are on Boat A, Boat A is to windward of the island. If you are on the island, the island is to leeward of boat A, but windward of boat B. If you are on Boat A, the windward side of the island is your lee shore. Get caught on a lee shore, shipwreck. You can't get off. A Island B Wind Direction Gear & Equipment Although there are many reasons why you should keep gear & equipment correctly stowed, there are two primary reasons. Reduce dangers of gear flying around (1981 Fastnet Race) Equipment can be found quickly during an emergency and will function properly. 5
Safety Harnesses The length of the tether needs to be of reasonable length to allow the sailor to move around the boat (less than 6.5 ft.). This means that the safety harness / tether combination of equipment will not keep the person on the boat, but will keep them attached to the boat should they fall overboard. Jack Lines Jack Lines run from the bow to the stern of a vessel as a connection point for a safety harness tether. 6
When Moving Around The Boat When moving from stern to the bow or back always travel on the windward side of the boat. Pulpit s, Pushpit s& Life Lines Pulpit Chrome railing at the bow of the boat. Stern Pulpit (also internationally known as the Pushpit) chrome railing at the stern of the boat. Lifelines the lines that run between the pulpit and the stern pulpit. Stantions spaced along the deck of the boat holding the lifelines. Typically just the right height to trip you if you were to fall back against them. Use for support only, do not trust them to keep you on the boat. 7
Stanchions Do not grab the top of the stanchions to slow down the boat when coming into a dock. Responsibility of the Skipper Safety of the crew and boat. Maintain a lookout at all times. Ensure the crew s knowledge of operating procedures and the location of all safety equipment. Ensure the proper use of equipment (head, stove, etc). Responsibility of the Crew Obey the directions of the skipper. Maintain a lookout at all times. 8
Increasing Wind What To Do As the wind increases reduce sail size. Genoa and Main Jib and Main Jib and Reefed Main One sail only (either main or jib). If you get strong enough wind that you decide to use one sail, the sail you choose is dependant on your direction relative to the wind. Upwind, use the main. Downwind, use the jib. When To Reef? When you start to lose control of the boat. When you must head up to keep control of the boat. At the first sign of adverse weather. Reef early, reef often-(if you are questioning if you should reef, it is probably too late). Practice reefing when you are out sailing, practice putting a reef in as quickly as you can. Time yourself it is good practice for when you have to actually reef. 9
Jiffy Slab (Single Line) Reefing Jiffy Slab or single Line Reefing brings the entire sail down in one slab. Modern rigs allow you to put in a half reef by tensioning all the controls (halyards, outhaul, cunningham) Pros Roller Furling - Headsail Very few charter boats in the world do not have roller furling on the headsail(s). Easier to deal with if short handed or with inexperienced crew. An easy way of storing sails without using the lazerette. Cons When reefing (furled partially in), the sail shape is not very good. Equipment is not easy to fix if you have a problem offshore. Expensive to purchase and maintain. 10
Roller Furling - Mainsail Pros Some of the larger charter boats are being outfitted with roller furling mainsails. Easier to deal with if short handed. Cons Equipment is not easy to fix if you have a problem offshore. A lot of weight aloft. Expensive to purchase and maintain. Basic Coastal Cruising Second Theory Compasses How They Work. 11
The Ship s Compass The most important instrument on the boat. Earth s Magnetic Field 12
Making a Compass From A Magnet A compass is nothing more than a magnet balanced on a very low friction pin. The pin always points towards Magnetic North. The card or the boat pivots around the compass needle. Different Types Of Compasses Binnacle Mounted Compass Bulkhead Mounted Compass 13
The Lubber Line What Course Are We On Binnacle Mounted Compass Bulkhead Mounted Compass 14
The Boat Spins Around The Compass Mag North Pole Boat s Course -010 (M) The Boat Spins Around The Compass Mag North Pole Boat s Course 100 (M) 15
The Boat Spins Around The Compass Mag North Pole Boat s Course 190 (M) What Will Affect A Compass s Accuracy Anything that will affect a magnet will affect a compass. Rule of Thumb if it rusts, it will attract a magnet. Iron Yes. Aluminum -No. Electrical Fields (D.C. or A.C.) DC Yes, AC No. Bronze No. Stainless Steel Sometimes (depending on the grade of stainless. Radios Yes. Another compass Yes. 16
Basic Coastal Cruising Second Theory Hypothermia Cause Defined as a loss of body heat from the body core. There are three major areas of heat loss when you are in the water (major blood vessels) Neck Armpit Groin 17
Stay Alive Stay Dry Water conducts heat away from the body 25 times faster than air because it has a greater density (therefore a greater heat capacity). Stay dry = stay alive! Signs and Symptoms of Hypothermia Watch for the "-Umbles"-stumbles, mumbles, fumbles, and grumbles which show changes in motor coordination and levels of consciousness. Another way of determining the severity; On your feet mild. On your butt moderate. On you back severe. 18
Mild Hypothermia Core temperature 98.6-96 degrees F Shivering - not under voluntary control. Can't do complex motor functions (tying knots) can still walk & talk. Moderate Hypothermia Core temperature 95-93 degrees F Dazed consciousness. Loss of fine motor coordination -particularly in hands -can't zip up parka, due to restricted peripheral blood flow. Slurred speech, violent shivering Irrational behavior -Paradoxical Undressing -person starts to take off clothing, unaware s/he is cold I don t care attitude. 19
Severe Hypothermia Core temperature 92-86 degrees and below (immediately life threatening) Shivering occurs in waves, violent then pause, pauses get longer until shivering finally ceases. Person falls to the ground, can't walk, curls up into a fetal position to conserve heat. Muscle rigidity develops. Skin is pale, pupils dilate. Treating Hypothermia The basic principles of re-warming a hypothermic victim are to conserve the heat they have and replace the body fuel they are burning up to generate that heat. If a person is shivering, they have the ability to re-warm themselves at a rate of 2 degrees C per hour. 20
Treating Hypothermia Mild to Medium Reduce Heat Loss Additional layers of clothing. Dry clothing. Increased physical activity. Shelter. Add Fuel & Fluids Carbohydrates, Proteins, Hot liquids (only if fully conscious). Avoid Alcohol, Caffeine & Tobacco/nicotine. Add Heat Fire or other external heat source. Body to body contact. Treating Hypothermia Severe Reduce Heat Loss The idea is to provide a shell of total insulation for the patient. No matter how cold, patients can still internally re-warm themselves much more efficiently than any external re-warming. Make sure the patient is dry, and has a polypropylene layer to minimize sweating on the skin. The person must be protected from any moisture in the environment. 21
Treating Hypothermia Severe Heat can be applied to transfer heat to major arteries -at the neck for the carotid, at the armpits for the brachial, at the groin for the femoral, at the palms of the hands for the arterial arch. Do not massage limbs. Increases the circulation of the cold blood through the body. Hypothermia Wrap 22
If You End Up In The Water Alone To Swim or Not to Swim Swimming increases heat loss (increase by 35-50%) and is not recommended, adopt a heat conserving strategy (help or huddle) instead. Drown proofing and treading water also lead to rapid heat loss, avoid if possible. Wear a PFD! Do not remove clothing or shoes, they provide insulation (a jacket can trap air and assists floating). Assume H.E.L.P. Position Heat Escape Lessening Position. Move about only enough to keep head and neck above the surface. Try to cover the areas of heat loss as much as possible. If You End Up In The Water In A Group To Swim or Not to Swim Use same criteria as if in the water by yourself. Huddle Move about only enough to keep head and neck above the surface. Try to cover the areas of heat loss as much as possible. 23
Basic Coastal Cruising Second Theory Miscellaneous Items Combustible Fuels On Board A Vessel Worst Expression To Hear On A Boat 24
Fire!! Fiberglass is hard to get started on fire, but once ignited, almost impossible to put out. In this picture, you can see the intensity of the fire. Common Fuels On A Boat Diesel from the Inboard Engine (not very flammable). Gasoline from the Outboard Engine (very flammable). Kerosene from Heating / Lighting Fixtures (not very flammable). Alcohol (very cold fire not extremely flammable). Propane from Cooking Stove (heavier than air - explosive). Must be stored in an externally vented locker. Methane from the Holding Tanks (explosive). Hydrogen from Charging the Batteries (explosive). 25
Different Types of Fires Aim Fire Extinguisher at the Base of Fire. Class A fueled by materials that, when they burn, leave a residue in the form of ash, such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber, and certain plastics. Can use any type of extinguisher. Class B (most common) involve flammable liquids and gasses, such as gasoline, paint thinner, kitchen grease, propane, and acetylene. Need to use either a B1 or B2 extinguisher. Class C involve energized electrical wiring or equipment (motors, panel boxes). Need to cut of the supply of electricity first. Need to use either a B1 or B2 extinguisher. Recommended Action To Put Out The Fire Try a fire blanket first Easier to clean up. If it works you still have the fire extinguisher. Works with all types of fire by cutting off the supply of oxygen. If you have to use the fire extinguisher, be sure to aim at the base of the fire and sweep back and forth. 26
Fueling Your Boat Shut off all engines and cooking appliances. No smoking. Ventilate. Passengers ashore. Close all hatches. Ground fuel nozzle. Disconnect and take portable tanks ashore. Fuel. Open hatches to vent. Sniff. If you spill fuel, clean up and throw materials away in ventilated area. Fuel or Oil Spills Oil or Fuel leaks will eventually make it into the bilge. Marine suppliers sell oil absorbing sheets. This material soaks up oil and gasoline but repels water. Absorbs from 13 to 25 times its own weight of #2 oil. 27
Dive Flags Red with White Stripe White and Blue U.S. Standard International Code Letter A Flares Illegal in some inland states. Chemical reaction you can t put it out. Never tie to anything always handheld. Hold to Leeward!!!!!!!!! Only use in a real emergency!!!!!!!!!! 28
Beaufort Scale Wind Strength by Observations Strength of the wind can be determined by observing the state of the water. Available on-line at: http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html or http://www.delta-s.org/weer/beaufort.html Gale warning is 34 40 knot sustained wind. The warning available is a rapidly falling barometer. Beaufort Scale 29
Three Items That Create Waves Strength of the wind. Length of time the wind has been blowing. Fetch the distance over open water the wind has been blowing. In Cherry Creek At The Marina North Wind No fetch therefore no waves. West Wind No fetch therefore no waves. South Wind Lots of fetch therefore lots of waves. East Wind Lots of fetch therefore lots of waves. N 30
Actions in Reduced Visibility Slow down. Keep a lookout (realistically, a listen out). Everyone on deck - listening. Sound one long blast plus 2 short every 2 minutes. Raise a radar reflector. Keep track of you course & distance to plot your course. Shallower water preferred (not as many freighters) Other Things To Look Out For Cumulonimbus (High vertical columns of clouds, usually with an anvil shaped top). In many North American locations, these clouds (and the thunderstorms that accompany them) are quite common in the summer months. 31
Towing Slow speed. Keep boats equal wave lengths apart!!! Cleat Hitch Bowline Cleat Hitch Towing Bridle Basic Coastal Cruising Second Theory When Things Go Wrong 32
What Is Standing Rigging? If it is used to hold up the mast and it is not easily adjustable it is standing rigging. Tang Turnbuckle Chainplate If the standing rigging fails it is typically not a very good thing. If The Standing Rigging Fails 33
What To Check With The Standing Rigging All the rigging should have pins & locking pins. What To Check With The Standing Rigging What Is Wrong With This Picture 34
What To Check With The Standing Rigging Check that there are no cracks in the compression fittings. What To Do If The Rigging Fails Position the boat so that the failed rigging Is not under stress. If the forestay fails. Turn the boat downwind. If the backstay fails Turn the boat upwind It a shroud fails. Be sure you are on the tack that the broken shroud is not under tension. Jury rig a fix (using whatever materials you have). Spare halyards Topping Lift 35
Wind Direction When the Engine Quits What should you do? Wind Direction When the Engine Quits What should you do? Wind Direction You have two choices 1. Raise the main 2. Raise the jib 36
The Pull of the Sails (Upwind) Wind Direction Pull from the headsail 1/3 of total effect. Slot effect headsail forcing Wind past the mainsail 1/3 of total effect. Pull from the mainsail 1/3 of total effect. The Pull of the Sails (Mainsail) Wind Direction Pull from the mainsail Since the pull is aft of the mast (the center of the boat), the mainsail is for going upwind. 37
The Pull of the Sails (Headsail) Wind Direction Pull from the Jib Since the pull is forward of the mast (the center of the boat), the jib is for going downwind. Wind Direction When the Engine Quits What should you do? 38
Raising The Mainsail Going Downwind Wind Direction It is impossible to raise the mainsail when you are going downwind. Wind Direction When using the mainsail to go downwind, you can not dump the pressure, you have to turn the boat to go upwind. Raising Sails Going Downwind Wind Direction You can raise the headsail under any point of sail, upwind or downwind. 39
When the Engine Quits Which side of the channel should you be on A, B or C? What should you do? A B C Wind Direction Wind Direction When the Engine Quits Which side of the channel should you be on A, B or C? What should you do? A B C Wind Direction Wind Direction 40
Basic Coastal Cruising Second Theory Getting In & Out Of The Slip Getting In & Out of the Slip This is the area where the most damage can happen the most quickly. 41
Getting In & Out of the Slip Analyze the direction and strength of the wind & current. NOTE: Current will have more effect (difference in density). Think of the type of vessel (how much vessel above and below waterline). Always Remember: You must have water going by the rudder to have control of the boat. In Line Propellers vs. Offset In Forward An In Line propeller will give control (in forward) immediately. An Offset propeller must start to move the boat, before control is available. 42
In Line Propellers vs. Offset In Reverse Both an In Line and Offset propeller must start to move the boat, before control is available. Backing Out Of A Slip Any Motor Wind Direction In reverse gear, the boat will get controlled by wind until enough water is going by the rudder to give control. 43
Changing Into Forward Offset Motor Wind or current pushing boat back to slip. Take 1 ¼ boat lengths to get control of boat. Wind Direction In forward gear, the boat will get controlled by wind until enough water is going by the rudder to give control. Changing Into Forward In Line Motor Wind or current pushing boat back to slip. Take 1 ¼ boat lengths to get control of boat. Wind Direction In forward gear, the fact that the propeller boat is in front of the rudder will give control immediately. 44
Getting Into The Slip Wind pinning the boat to the dock. Think of the mast as the Pivot point of the boat. Remember- you are steering from the stern Wind Direction Getting In & Out of the Slip (3) Wind pinning the boat to the dock. Think of the mast as the Pivot point of the boat. Remember- you are steering from the stern Going out in forward will never work. In order for the bow to turn into the wind, The stern has to go downwind (which it can t do since the dock is there). Must move forward and go out in reverse. 45
Basic Coastal Cruising Second Theory Man Overboard Call Man Overboard Man Overboard (1) Throw a Lifejacket (or throwable) Post a lookout Go away on a Beam Reach. 46
X Man Overboard If the boat is going downwind, you will need to head up. Man Overboard (2) Wind Direction If the boat is going upwind, you will need to bear away. X Man Overboard Beam reach is the only course that is reciprocal, go away on a beam reach, come back on a beam reach. Man Overboard (3) Wind Direction Tacking will keep the boat going upwind. If you gybethe boat, the boat will lose distance downwind. Go back on a beam reach aim to the victim (for a spot just downwind). 47
Man Overboard (4) Wind Direction X Man Overboard Approx 2 Boat Lengths Heave to at the man overboard. -No one needs to tend the boat. - Boat is heeled to leeward provides protection. -Can use block and tackle (main sheet) to help get the man aboard. Man Overboard (ASA) Man Overboard Wind Direction The ASA method varies in one major item. -They approach the man and turn the boat head to wind to recover the man overboard. 48